ASTM D5226-98

Standard Practice for Dissolving Polymer Materials

SCOPE
1.1 This practice outlines the parameters applicable to the preparation of a polymeric solution, such as solvent, concentration, temperature, pressure, time, agitation, and heating mode.
1.2 The proper use of this practice requires a knowledge of solvents and their effect on polymeric materials.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-Nov-1998
• ICS: 83.080.01 - Plastics in general
• Technical Committee: D20 - Plastics
• Drafting Committee: D20.70 - Analytical Methods

Relations

• Replaced By: ASTM D5226-98(2003) - Standard Practice for Dissolving Polymer Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2003
• Referred By: ASTM F2150-19 - Standard Guide for Characterization and Testing of Biomaterial Scaffolds Used in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue-Engineered Medical Products
• Effective Date: 10-Nov-1998
• Referred By: ASTM D2857-22 - Standard Practice for Dilute Solution Viscosity of Polymers
• Effective Date: 10-Nov-1998

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D 5226 – 98
Standard Practice for
Dissolving Polymer Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5226; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope * 4.1.2 Table 1 designates the parameters for container, heat-
ing mode, and type of agitation.
1.1 This practice outlines the parameters applicable to the
preparation of a polymeric solution, such as solvent, concen-
NOTE 2—To illustrate the use of the cell classifications with Table 1, a
tration, temperature, pressure, time, agitation, and heating
2 % solution of poly(vinyl chloride) using cyclohexanone would be
written as:
mode.
1.2 The proper use of this practice requires a knowledge of
PVC2cyclohexanone2202662402BEC
solvents and their effect on polymeric materials.
where:
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
PVC = the abbreviation of the polymer from Annex A1,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
cyclohexanone = the solvent from Annex A1,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
20 = the weight of polymer in tenths of a percent,
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
66 = the temperature in degrees Celsius,
40 = the time in tenths of an hour,
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
B = glass container from Table 1,
NOTE 1—There is no equivalent ISO standard.
E = bath heater from Table 1, and
C = random agitation from Table 1.
2. Referenced Documents
5. Significance and Use
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
5.1 This practice embodies the specifications to describe the
D 1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to
preparation of a polymeric solution.
Plastics
6. Procedure
2.2 Other Document:
Polymer Handbook
6.1 Polymer—Select the applicable polymer from Annex
A1 and write its abbreviation.
3. Terminology
6.2 Solvent—Select the solvent applicable to the polymer
3.1 Definitions are in accordance with Terminology D 883.
from Annex A1.
3.2 Abbreviations are in accordance with Terminology
6.3 Concentration—Write the polymer gram weight in
D 1600.
tenths of a percent per milliliter of solvent.
6.4 Temperature—Write the solution temperature in degrees
4. Summary of Practice
Celsius.
4.1 A polymer solution can be described or prepared using
6.5 Time—Write the time for solution in tenths of an hour.
the cell classifications listing the parameters relative to solvate
6.6 Container—Select the type of container from Table 1.
the polymer. The cell classifications are listed in the following
6.7 Heating Mode—Select the heating mode from Table 1.
order: polymer, solvent, concentration, temperature, time, con-
6.8 Agitation—Select the agitation mode from Table 1.
tainer, heating mode, and agitation.
7. Precision and Bias
4.1.1 A polymer and a list of suggested solvents for making
a solution are listed in Annex A1.
7.1 No statement is made about the precision or bias of this
practice since the procedure is descriptive with no measure-
ments being made.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-20 on Plastics
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.70 on Analytical Methods.
8. Keywords
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 1998. Published January 1999. Originally
published as D 5226 – 92. Last previous edition D 5226 – 97.
8.1 polymer solutions; solution preparation; solutions;
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
solvents
Available from John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 5226
TABLE 1 Parameters
Designation Container Heater Mode Agitation Mode
A unspecified unspecified unspecified
B glass none none
C sealed glass vial oven random
D metal hot plate magnetic stirrer
E fluoropolymer bath propeller blade
F block heater wrist action
G electric mantle ultrasonic
H microwave
ANNEX
(Mandatory Information)
A1. SUGGESTED SOLVENTS FOR POLYMERIC SOLUTIONS
A1.1 Note the following: A1.1.12.2 S.C.=15 to 30%—water (sodium salt).
A1.1.12.3 S.C. = high—benzene/alcohol, benzene/acetone,
A1.1.1 The solvents are listed in random order.
chloroform, pyridine, acetone, esters, tetrahydrofuran.
A1.1.2 An increase in polymer molecular weight reduces
A1.1.13 Cellulose Acetate (CA):
solubility.
A1.1.3 Branching increases the solubility compared to a A1.1.13.1 D.S. = 0.6 to 0.8—water.
linear polymer of the same molecular weight.
A1.1.13.2 D.S. = 1.3 to 1.7—2-methoxyethanol.
A1.1.4 Solubility normally increases with rising tempera-
A1.1.13.3 D.S. = 2.0 to 2.3—methylene chloride/methanol
ture.
@ 80:20, chloroform/methanol, benzyl alcohol, phenols, eth-
A1.1.5 The temperature is for room temperature unless
ylene glycol ethers, dioxane, diethanolamine, pyridine, analine,
noted.
acetone, cyclohexanone, formic acid, acetic acid (glacial),
A1.1.6 The following abbreviations are used:
methyl acetate, ethyl acetate/nitrobenzene, glycol monoethyl
D.S. degree of substitution
ether acetate, nitromethane, tetrahydrofuran.
S.C. substituent content
A1.1.14 Cellulose acetate-butyrate (CAB):
conc. concentrated
A1.1.14.1 D.S. (acetate) = 0.8 and D.S. (butyrate) = 2.35—
A1.2 Solvents:
benzene, toluene (hot), chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, tetra-
A1.1.7 Acrylonitrile-butadiene-acrylate (ABA)—aromatic
chloroethane, methanol (hot), acetone, cyclo-hexanone, diox-
hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, tetrahydrofuran, es-
ane, aliphatic esters, nitroethane.
ters, ketones, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethyl-
A1.1.14.2 D.S. (acetate) = 2.1 and D.S. (butyrate) = 0.7—
acetamide (if high acrylonitrile).
chloroform, dichloroethane, tetrachloroethane, dioxane, ac-
A1.1.8 Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS)—N,N-
etone, cyclohexanone, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, nitroet-
dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide (if high acryloni-
hane.
trile), cyclohexanone (above 35°C), cyclohexanone/acetone,
A1.1.15 Cellulose acetate propionate (CAP)—benzene,
methylcyclohexane/acetone, decahydronaphthalene/dimethyl
dichloromethane, chlorobenzene, acetone, ethyl acetate.
oxalate, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene, lower chlori-
A1.1.16 Cellulose nitrate (CN):
nated hydrocarbons, phenol/acetone, tetrahydrofuran, dimeth-
A1.1.16.1 N = 6.8 %—water.
yltetrahydrofuran, dioxane, methyl ethyl ketone, diisopropyl
A1.1.16.2 N = 10.5 to 12 %—alcohol (lower), alcohol/
ketone, glycol formal, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, methyl-,
diethyl ether, acetone, amyl acetate, ethylene glycol ethers,
ethyl-, n-butyl phthalate, 1-nitropropane, carbon disulfide,
acetic acid (glacial).
tributyl phosphate, phosphorus trichloride.
A1.1.16.3 N = 12.7 %—halogenated hydrocarbons,
A1.1.9 Alkydes—tetrahydrofuran.
ethanol/diethyl ether, acetone, methyl amyl acetone, cyclo-
A1.1.10 Arylonitrile/methyl methacrylate (AMMA)—
hexanone, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl
benzene, toluene, xylene, methylene chloride, chloroform,
lactate, ethylene glycol ether acetates, ethylene carbonate,
ethylene chloride, chlorobenzene, isobutanol (hot), cyclohex-
furan derivatives, nitrobenzene.
anol (hot), B-ethoxyethanol, dioxane, methyl ethyl ketone,
A1.1.17 Cellulose propionate (CP)—benzene, dichloro-
diisopropyl ketone, cyclohexanone, acetic acid, isobutyric acid,
ethane, chlorobenzene, acetone, ethyl acetate.
methyl formate, ethyl acetate, cyclohexyl acetate, isobutyl
propionate, butyl lactate. A1.1.18 Cellulose triacetate (CTA)—methylene chloride,
A1.1.11 Allyl diglycol carbonate (ADC)—benzene, chloro- methylene chloride/ethanol @ 80:20, chloroform, chloroform/
form, acetone. alcohol, trichloroethane, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, acetone,
A1.1.12 Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC): acetone/water @ 80:20, methyl acetate, ethylene glycol ether
A1.1.12.1 S.C. = 5 to 10 %—alkali. acetates, ethylene carbonate.
D 5226
A1.1.19 Diene-modified ethylene-propylene (EPDM)— acetic anhydride, citraconic anhydride, g-butyrolactone, diox-
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, toluene @ 75°C, 1,2,4-trichloro- anone, p-dioxanedione, ethylene oxalate, ethylene carbonate,
benzene @ 135°C.
propylene carbonate, 2-oxazolidone, 1-methyl-2-pyridone, 1,5-
A1.1.20 Epoxy, epoxide (EP)—tetrahydrofuran.
dimethyl-2-pyrrolidone, E-caprolactam, N,N-dimethyl-
A1.1.21 Ethyl cellulose (EC):
formamide, dimethylthioformamide, N-methyl-B-
A1.1.21.1 D.S. = 0.5 to 0.7—aqueous alkali.
cyanoethylformamide, cyanoaceticacid, a-cyano-acetamide,
A1.1.21.2 D.S. = 1.0 to 1.5—pyridene, formic acid, water
N-methylacetamide, N,N-diethylacetamide, N,N-
(cold), cuoxam.
dimethylacetamide, dimethylmethoxyacetamide, N,N-
A1.1.21.3 D.S. = 2—methylene chloride, chloroform,
dimethyl-a,a,a-trifluoroacetamide, N,N-dimethylpropionate,
dichloroethylene, chlorohydrins, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran.
N,N,N8,N8-tetramethyloxamide, hydroxyacetonitrile, chloro-
A1.1.21.4 D.S. = 2.3—benzene, toluene, alkyl halogenids,
acetonitrile/water, B-hydroxypropionitrile, malonitrile, fuma-
alcohols, furan derivatives, ketones, acetic esters, carbon
ronitrile, succinonitrile, adiponitrile, bis(2-cyanoethyl)ether,
disulfide, nitromethane.
bis(2-cyanoethyl)sulfide, bis(4-cyanobutyl)sulfone, 1,3,3,5-
A1.1.21.5 D.S. = 3.0—benzene, toluene, methylene chlo-
tetracyanopentane, nitromethane/water (94:6), 1,1,1-trichloro-
ride, alcohols, esters.
3-nitro-2-propane, tri(2-cyanoethyl)nitromethane, 3-,4-
A1.1.22 Ethylene/ethyl acrylate (EEA)—aromatic hydrocar-
nitrophenol, methylene dithiocyanate, trimethylene
bons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, tetrahydrofuran, esters, ke-
dithiocyanate, dimethyl sulfoxide, tetramethylene sulfoxide,
tones.
dimethyl sulfone, ethyl methyl sulfone, 2-hydroxyethyl methyl
A1.1.23 Ethylene/methacrylic acid (EMA)—water, aqueous
sulfone, ethylene-1,2-bis-(ethyl sulfone), dimethyl phosphite,
hydrogen chloride (0.002 M above 30°C), dilute aqueous
diethyl phosphite, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, p-phenol sulfonic
sodium hydroxide.
acid, conc. aqueous lithium chloride, conc. aqueous zinc
A1.1.24 Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE)—
chloride, conc. aqueous aluminum perchlorate, conc. aqueous
perfluorokerosene (350°C).
sodium thiocyanate, conc. aqueous calcium thiocyanate, mol-
A1.1.25 Ethylene/vinyl acetate (EVA)—benzene, toluene,
ten quaternary ammonium salts and their aqueous solutions.
chloroform, carbon tetrachloride/ethanol, dichloroethylene/
A1.1.31 Polyamide (nylon) (PA):
ethanol @ 20:80, chlorobenzene, methanol, ethanol/water,
n-butanol/water, allyl alcohol, 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanol, benzyl
A1.1.31.1 6—m-cresol, chlorophenol, formic acid, acetic
alcohol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, tetrahydrofuran, dimeth-
acid, trichloroacetic acid, ethylene carbonate, sulfuric acid,
yltetrahydrofuran, dioxane, glycol ethers, glycol ether esters,
phosphoric acid, hexamethyltrisphosphoramide, hexafluor-
acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, acetic acid, lower aliphatic acids,
oisopropanol.
vinyl acetate, acetals, acetonitrile, nitromethane, N,N-
A1.1.31.2 6:6 (at room temperature)—trifluoroethanol,
dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, 1,2,4-
trichloroethanol, phenol, cresols, chloral hydrate, formic acid,
trichlorobenzene @ 135°C (if high ethylene content).
halogenated acetic acids, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen cyanide/
A1.1.26 Liquid Crystal Polymers (LCP)—50:50 1,2,4-
methanol, liquid sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid,
trichlorobenzene/phenol @ 175°C, pentafluorophenol.
saturated solution of alcohol-soluble salts, for example, cal-
A1.1.27 Melamine-formaldehyde (MF):
cium chloride, magnesium chloride, in methanol, hexafluor-
A1.1.27.1 Very low molecular weight—alcohol, water.
oisopropanol.
A1.1.27.2 Intermediates—pyridine, formalin, formic acids,
A1.1.31.3 6:6 (at temperatures of 120 to 140°C)—benzyl
dilute and concentrated acids.
alcohol, ethylene chlorohydrin, 1,3-chloropropanol, 2-butene-
A1.1.27.3 High molecular weight—m-cresol @ 100°C,
1,4-diol, diethylene glycol, acetic acid, formamide,
N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N-methyl
N-acetylmorpholine, dimethyl sulfoxide.
pyrrolidone @ 85 to 100°C.
A1.1.28 Phenol-formaldehyde (PF): A1.1.31.4 6:10—chlorobenzene, hexafluoroisopropanol,
A1.1.28.1 Novalks and low molecular weight— dimethyl succinate (79°C).
hydrocarbons, diethyl ether, acetone, esters, 4-tert-butylphenol
A1.1.31.5 11:—higher primary alcohols, N,N-
and 4-phenylphenol polymers, drying oils, tetrahydrofuran,
dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, hexafluoroisopro-
methanol.
panol.
A1.1.28.2 Final resins—molten phenols (with some decom-
A1.1.32 Polyamide + Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PA/
position).
PET)—pentafluorophenol.
A1.1.28.3 Fully cured resins.
A1.1.33 Poly(butadiene)—tetrahydrofuran, toluene, chloro-
A1.1.29 Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA):
form.
A1.1.29.1 Atactic—methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, me-
A1.1.34 Polybutadiene-acrylonitrile (PBAN)—benzene, ha-
thyoxyethanol, dioxane, formamide, N,N-dimethyl-
formamide, water, dilute alkali solution. logenated hydrocarbons, aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and aromatic
A1.1.29.2 Isotactic—dioxane/water @ 80:20. hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, tetrahydrofuran,
higher ketones, higher aliphatic esters, N,N-
A1.1.30 Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)—o-, m-, p-phenylene di-
dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide (if high acryloni-
amine, N-formylhexamethyleneimine, N-nitrosopiperidine,
maleic anhydride, chloromaleic anhydride, succinic anhydride, trile content).
D 5226
A1.1.35 Polybutadiene-styrene (PBS)—benzene, haloge- A1.1.54 Poly(4-methylpentene-1), isotactic (PMP)—see
nated hydrocarbons, aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and aromatic Poly(ethylene).
hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, tetrahydrofuran,
A1.1.55 Polymonochlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE)—
higher ketones, higher aliphatic esters.
cyclohexane (235°C), benzene (200°C), toluene (142°C),
A1.1.36 Poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT)—m-cresol @
p-xylene (140°C), 1,1,1-trichloroethane (120°C), carbon tetra-
100°C, hexafluoroisopropanol.
chloride (114°C), 1,2,3-trifluoropentachloropropane, 1,1,2,2-
A1.1.37 Polybutene-1 (PB)—see polyethylene.
tetrafluoro-3,3,4,4-tetrachlorocyclobutane, 1,2-
A1.1.38 Polycarbonate (PC)—benzene, chloroform, ac-
dichlorotrifluorobenzene, 2,5-dinitrotrifluorobenzene (130°C),
etone, tetrahydrofuran, methylene chloride.
mesitylene (140°C), hexamethyltrisphosphoramide.
A1.1.39 Polychloroprene (neoprene)—tetrahydrofuran,
A1.1.56 Polyoxymethylene, polyacetal (POM) (at elevated
...