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ASTM A343/A343M-03

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Alternating-Current Magnetic Properties of Materials at Power Frequencies Using Wattmeter-Ammeter-Voltmeter Method and 25-cm Epstein Test Frame

Standard Test Method for Alternating-Current Magnetic Properties of Materials at Power Frequencies Using Wattmeter-Ammeter-Voltmeter Method and 25-cm Epstein Test Frame

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is a fundamental method for evaluating the magnetic performance of flat-rolled magnetic materials in either as-sheared or stress-relief annealed condition.
This test method is suitable for design, specification acceptance, service evaluation, and research and development.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers tests for the magnetic properties of basic flat-rolled magnetic materials at power frequencies (25 to 400 Hz) using a 25-cm Epstein test frame and the 25-cm double-lap-jointed core. It covers the determination of core loss, rms exciting power, rms and peak exciting current, and several types of ac permeability and related properties of flat-rolled magnetic materials under ac magnetization.
1.2 This test method shall be used in conjunction with Practice A 34/A 34M.
1.3 This test method provides a test for core loss and exciting current at moderate and high magnetic flux densities up to 15 kG [1.5 T] on nonoriented electrical steels and up to 18 kG [1.8 T] on grain-oriented electrical steels.
1.4 The frequency range of this test method is normally that of the commercial power frequencies 50 to 60 Hz. With proper instrumentation, it is also acceptable for measurements at other frequencies from 25 to 400 Hz.
1.5 This test method also provides procedures for calculating ac impedance permeability from measured values of rms exciting current and for ac peak permeability from measured peak values of total exciting currents at magnetic field strengths up to about 150 Oe [12000 A/m].
1.6 Explanation of symbols and abbreviated definitions appear in the text of this test method. The official symbols and definitions are listed in Terminology A 340.
1.7 The values and equations stated in either customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in brackets except in the sections concerning calculations where there are separate sections for the respective unit systems. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this standard.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Jun-2003
ICS
17.220.20 - Measurement of electrical and magnetic quantities
Technical Committee
A06 - Magnetic Properties
Drafting Committee
A06.01 - Test Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM A343-97 - Standard Test Method for Alternating-Current Magnetic Properties of Materials at Power Frequencies Using Wattmeter-Ammeter-Voltmeter Method and 25-cm Epstein Test Frame
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003
Replaced By
ASTM A343/A343M-03(2008) - Standard Test Method for Alternating-Current Magnetic Properties of Materials at Power Frequencies Using Wattmeter-Ammeter-Voltmeter Method and 25-cm Epstein Test Frame
Effective Date
01-May-2008
Referred By
ASTM A889/A889M-14(2020) - Standard Test Method for Alternating-Current Magnetic Properties of Materials at Low Magnetic Flux Density Using the Voltmeter-Ammeter-Wattmeter-Varmeter Method and 25-cm Epstein Frame
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003
Referred By
ASTM A804/A804M-04(2021) - Standard Test Methods for Alternating-Current Magnetic Properties of Materials at Power Frequencies Using Sheet-Type Test Specimens
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003
Referred By
ASTM A340-23 - Standard Terminology of Symbols and Definitions Relating to Magnetic Testing
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003
Referred By
ASTM A345-19 - Standard Specification for Flat-Rolled Electrical Steels for Magnetic Applications
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003
Referred By
ASTM A773/A773M-21 - Standard Test Method for Direct Current Magnetic Properties of Low Coercivity Magnetic Materials Using Hysteresigraphs
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003
Referred By
ASTM A876-17e1 - Standard Specification for Flat-Rolled, Grain-Oriented, Silicon-Iron, Electrical Steel, Fully Processed Types
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003
Referred By
ASTM A932/A932M-01(2019) - Standard Test Method for Alternating-Current Magnetic Properties of Amorphous Materials at Power Frequencies Using Wattmeter-Ammeter-Voltmeter Method with Sheet Specimens
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003
Referred By
ASTM A683-16 - Standard Specification for Nonoriented Electrical Steel, Semiprocessed Types
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003
Referred By
ASTM A1036-04(2020) - Standard Guide for Measuring Power Frequency Magnetic Properties of Flat-Rolled Electrical Steels Using Small Single Sheet Testers
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003
Referred By
ASTM A1086-20 - Standard Specification for Thin-Gauge Nonoriented Electrical Steel Fully Processed Types
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003
Referred By
ASTM A348/A348M-05(2021) - Standard Test Method for Alternating Current Magnetic Properties of Materials Using the Wattmeter-Ammeter-Voltmeter Method, 100 to 10 000 Hz and 25-cm Epstein Frame
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003
Referred By
ASTM A596/A596M-21 - Standard Test Method for Direct-Current Magnetic Properties of Materials Using the Point by Point (Ballistic) Method and Ring Specimens
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003
Referred By
ASTM A912/A912M-11(2019) - Standard Test Method for Alternating-Current Magnetic Properties of Amorphous Materials at Power Frequencies Using Wattmeter-Ammeter-Voltmeter Method with Toroidal Specimens
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003

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ASTM A343/A343M-03 - Standard Test Method for Alternating-Current Magnetic Properties of Materials at Power Frequencies Using Wattmeter-Ammeter-Voltmeter Method and 25-cm Epstein Test FrameASTM A343/A343M-03 - Standard Test Method for Alternating-Current Magnetic Properties of Materials at Power Frequencies Using Wattmeter-Ammeter-Voltmeter Method and 25-cm Epstein Test Frame
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ASTM A343/A343M-03 - Standard Test Method for Alternating-Current Magnetic Properties of Materials at Power Frequencies Using Wattmeter-Ammeter-Voltmeter Method and 25-cm Epstein Test Frame
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: A 343/A 343M – 03
Standard Test Method for
Alternating-Current Magnetic Properties of Materials at
Power Frequencies Using Wattmeter-Ammeter-Voltmeter
1
Method and 25-cm Epstein Test Frame
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationA343/A343M;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyear
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope of the other. Combining values from the two systems may
result in nonconformance with this standard.
1.1 Thistestmethodcoverstestsforthemagneticproperties
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ofbasicflat-rolledmagneticmaterialsatpowerfrequencies(25
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
to 400 Hz) using a 25-cm Epstein test frame and the 25-cm
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
double-lap-jointed core. It covers the determination of core
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
loss, rms exciting power, rms and peak exciting current, and
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
several types of ac permeability and related properties of
flat-rolled magnetic materials under ac magnetization.
2. Referenced Documents
1.2 This test method shall be used in conjunction with
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Practice A34/A34M.
2 A34/A34M Practice for Sampling and Procurement Test-
1.3 This test method provides a test for core loss and
3
ing of Magnetic Materials
exciting current at moderate and high magnetic flux densities
A340 Terminology of Symbols and Definitions Relating to
up to 15 kG [1.5T] on nonoriented electrical steels and up to
3
Magnetic Testing
18 kG [1.8T] on grain-oriented electrical steels.
A 677/A 677M Specification for Nonoriented Electrical
1.4 Thefrequencyrangeofthistestmethodisnormallythat
3
Steel Fully Processed Types
of the commercial power frequencies 50 to 60 Hz.With proper
A 683/A 683M Specification for Nonoriented Electrical
instrumentation,itisalsoacceptableformeasurementsatother
3
Steel, Semiprocessed Types
frequencies from 25 to 400 Hz.
A 876/A 876M Specification for Flat-Rolled, Grain-
1.5 This test method also provides procedures for calculat-
Oriented, Silicon-Iron, Electrical Steel, Fully Processed
ing ac impedance permeability from measured values of rms
3
Types
exciting current and for ac peak permeability from measured
A889/A889M Test Method for Alternating-Current Mag-
peak values of total exciting currents at magnetic field
netic Properties of Materials at Low Inductions Using the
strengths up to about 150 Oe [12 000 A/m].
Wattmeter-Varmeter-Ammeter-Voltmeter Method and
1.6 Explanation of symbols and abbreviated definitions
3
25-cm (250-mm) Epstein Frame
appear in the text of this test method. The official symbols and
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
definitions are listed in Terminology A340.
4
ASTM Test Methods
1.7 The values and equations stated in either customary
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
(cgs-emu and inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded
4
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
separatelyasstandard.Withinthisstandard,SIunitsareshown
E1338 Guide for the Identification of Metals andAlloys In
in brackets except in the sections concerning calculations
5
Computerized Material Property Databases
where there are separate sections for the respective unit
systems. The values stated in each system may not be exact
3. Significance and Use
equivalents;therefore,eachsystemshallbeusedindependently
3.1 Thistestmethodisafundamentalmethodforevaluating
the magnetic performance of flat-rolled magnetic materials in
either as-sheared or stress-relief annealed condition.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A06 on
3.2 This test method is suitable for design, specification
Magnetic Properties and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA6.01 on Test
acceptance, service evaluation, and research and development.
Methods.
Current edition approved June 10, 2003. Published July 2003. Originally
approved in 1949. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as A343–97.
2 3
SeeBurgwin,S.L.,“MeasurementofCoreLossandA-CPermeabilitywiththe Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.04.
4
25-cm Epstein Frame,” Proceedings, American Society for Testing and Materials, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
5
ASTEA Vol 41, 1941, p. 779. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.05.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
A 343/A 343M – 03
4. Test Specimens 6. Apparatus
4.1 The specimens for this test shall be selected
...

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5.2 Relative complex permittivity (relative complex dielectric constant), , is the proportionality factor that relates the electric field to the electric flux density, and which depends on intrinsic material properties such as molecular polarizability, charge mobility, and so forth:
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Note 1: In common usage the word “relative” is frequently dropped. The real part of complex relative permittivity ( ) is often referred to as simply relative permittivity, permittivity, or dielectric constant. The imaginary part of complex relative permittivity ( ) is often referred to as the loss factor. In anisotropic media, permittivity is described by a three dimensional tensor.
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1.2 This measurement method is valid over a frequency range of approximately 1 GHz to over 20 GHz. These limits are not exact and depend on the size of the specimen, the size of coaxial air line used as a specimen holder, and on the applicable frequency range of the network analyzer used to make measurements. The size of specimen dimension is limited by test frequency, intrinsic specimen electromagnetism properties, and the request of algorithm. For a given air line size, the upper frequency is also limited by the onset of higher order modes that invalidate the dominant-mode transmission line model and the lower frequency is limited by the smallest measurable phase shift through a specimen. Being a non-resonant method, the selection of any number of discrete measurement frequencies in a measurement band would be suitable. The coaxial fixture is preferred over rectangular waveguide fixtures when broadband data are desired with a single sample or when only small sample volumes are available, particularly for lower frequency measurements.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units of in inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems is likely to result in non conformance with the standard. The equations shown here assume an e+jωt harmonic time convention.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to ...

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ASTM
ASTM E2884-22(Guide)
Standard Guide for Eddy Current Testing of Electrically Conducting Materials Using Conformable Sensor Arrays

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Eddy current methods are used for nondestructively locating and characterizing discontinuities and geometric property variations in magnetic or nonmagnetic electrically conducting materials. Conformable eddy current sensor arrays permit examination of planar and non-planar materials but usually require suitable fixtures to hold the sensor array near the surface of the material of interest, such as a layer of foam behind the sensor array along with a rigid support structure.  
5.2 In operation, the sensor arrays are standardized with measurements in air or a reference part, or both. Responses measured from the sensor array may be converted into physical property values, such as lift-off, electrical conductivity, or magnetic permeability, or a combination thereof. Proper instrument operation is verified by ensuring that these measurement responses or property values are within a prescribed range. Performance verification is performed periodically. Performance verification on a discontinuity-free reference standard or regions of the material being examined that do not contain discontinuities ensures that the electrical and geometric properties, such as electrical conductivity, layer thickness, or lift-off, or a combination thereof, are appropriate for the sensor array. Performance verification on a discontinuity-containing reference standard ensures that the sensor array response to the discontinuity is appropriate.  
5.3 The sensor array dimensions, including the size and number of sense elements, and the operating frequency are selected based on the type of examination being performed. The depth of penetration of eddy currents into the material under examination depends upon the frequency of the signal, the electrical conductivity and magnetic permeability of the material, and some dimensions of the sensor array. The depth of penetration is equal to the conventional skin depth at high frequencies but is also related to the sensor array dimensions at low frequen...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the use of conformable eddy current sensor arrays for nondestructive examination of electrically conducting materials for discontinuities and material quality. The discontinuities include surface breaking and subsurface cracks and pitting as well as near-surface and hidden-surface material loss. The material quality includes coating or layer thickness, electrical conductivity, magnetic permeability, surface roughness, and other properties that vary with the electrical conductivity or magnetic permeability.  
1.2 This guide is intended for use on nonmagnetic and magnetic metals as well as composite materials with an electrically conducting component, such as reinforced carbon-carbon composite or polymer matrix composites with carbon fibers.  
1.3 This guide applies to planar as well as non-planar materials with and without insulating coating layers.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D3382-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Energy and Integrated Charge Transfer Due to Partial Discharges (Corona) Using Bridge Techniques

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are useful in research and quality control for evaluating insulating materials and systems since they provide for the measurement of charge transfer and energy loss due to partial discharges(4) (5) (6).  
5.2 Pulse measurements of partial discharges indicate the magnitude of individual discharges. However, if there are numerous discharges per cycle it is occasionally important to know their charge sum, since this sum is related to the total volume of internal gas spaces that are discharging, if it is assumed that the gas cavities are simple capacitances in series with the capacitances of the solid dielectrics (7) (8).  
5.3 Internal (cavity-type) discharges are mainly of the pulse (spark-type) with rapid rise times or the pseudoglow-type with long rise times, depending upon the discharge governing parameters existing within the cavity. If the rise times of the pseudoglow discharges are too long , they will evade detection by pulse detectors as covered in Test Method D1868. However, both the pseudoglow discharges irrespective of the length of their rise time as well as pulseless glow are readily measured either by Method A or B of Test Methods D3382.  
5.4 Pseudoglow discharges have been observed to occur in air, particularly when a partially conducting surface is involved. It is possible that such partially conducting surfaces will develop with polymers that are exposed to partial discharges for sufficiently long periods to accumulate acidic degradation products. Also in some applications, like turbogenerators, where a low molecular weight gas such as hydrogen is used as a coolant, it is possible that pseudoglow discharges will develop.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover two bridge techniques for measuring the energy and integrated charge of pulse and pseudoglow partial discharges:  
1.2 Test Method A makes use of capacitance and loss characteristics such as measured by the transformer ratio-arm bridge or the high-voltage Schering bridge (Test Methods D150). Test Method A has been found useful to obtain the integrated charge transfer and energy loss due to partial discharges in a dielectric from the measured increase in capacitance and tan δ with voltage. (See also IEEE 286 and IEEE 1434)  
1.3 Test Method B makes use of a somewhat different bridge circuit, identified as a charge-voltage-trace (parallelogram) technique, which indicates directly on an oscilloscope the integrated charge transfer and the magnitude of the energy loss due to partial discharges.  
1.4 Both test methods are intended to supplement the measurement and detection of pulse-type partial discharges as covered by Test Method D1868, by measuring the sum of both pulse and pseudoglow discharges per cycle in terms of their charge and energy.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precaution statements are given in Section 7.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5388-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Indirect Measurements of Discharge by Step-Backwater Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is particularly useful for determining the discharge when it cannot be measured directly (such as during high flow conditions) by some type of current meter to obtain velocities and with sounding weights to determine the cross section (refer to Test Method D3858). This test method requires only one high-water elevation, unlike the slope-area test method that requires numerous high-water marks to define the fall in the reach. It can be used to determine a stage-discharge relation without data from several high-water events.  
5.1.1 The user is encouraged to verify the theoretical stage-discharge relation with direct current-meter measurements when possible.  
5.1.2 To develop a rating curve, plot stage versus discharge for several discharges and their computed stages on a rating curve together with direct current-meter measurements.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the computation of discharge of water in open channels or streams using representative cross-sectional characteristics, the water-surface elevation of the upstream-most cross section, and coefficients of channel roughness as input to gradually-varied flow computations.2  
1.2 This test method produces an indirect measurement of the discharge for one flow event, usually a specific flood. The computed discharge may be used to define a point on the stage-discharge relation.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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