ASTM D4814-16ee1
(Specification)Standard Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
Standard Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
ABSTRACT
This specification describes the various characteristics and requirements of automotive fuels for use over a wide range of operating conditions in ground vehicles equipped with spark-ignition engines. It provides for a variation of the volatility and water tolerance of automotive fuel in accordance with seasonal climatic changes at the locality where the fuel is used. This specification neither necessarily includes all types of fuels that are satisfactory for automotive vehicles, nor necessarily excludes fuels that can perform unsatisfactorily under certain operating conditions or in certain equipment. The spark-ignition engine fuels covered here are gasoline and its blends with oxygenates, such as alcohols and ethers, and not fuels that contain an oxygenate as the primary component, such as fuel methanol (M85). This specification does not address the emission characteristics of reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. However, in addition to the legal requirements, reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel should meet the performance requirements as well.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the establishment of requirements of liquid automotive fuels for ground vehicles equipped with spark-ignition engines.
1.2 This specification describes various characteristics of automotive fuels for use over a wide range of operating conditions. It provides for a variation of the volatility and water tolerance of automotive fuel in accordance with seasonal climatic changes at the locality where the fuel is used. For the period May 1 through Sept. 15, the maximum vapor pressure limits issued by the United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are specified for each geographical area except Alaska and Hawaii. Variation of the antiknock index with seasonal climatic changes and altitude is discussed in Appendix X1. This specification neither necessarily includes all types of fuels that are satisfactory for automotive vehicles, nor necessarily excludes fuels that can perform unsatisfactorily under certain operating conditions or in certain equipment. The significance of each of the properties of this specification is shown in Appendix X1.
1.3 The spark-ignition engine fuels covered in this specification are gasoline and its blends with oxygenates, such as alcohols and ethers and where gasoline is the primary component by volume in the blend. The concentrations and types of oxygenates are not specifically limited in this specification. The composition of both unleaded and leaded fuel is limited by economic, legal, and technical consideration, but their properties, including volatility, are defined by this specification. In many countries, regulatory authorities having jurisdiction have set laws and regulations that limit the concentration of oxygenates and certain other compounds found in spark-ignition engine fuel. In the United States, oxygenate types and concentrations are limited to those approved under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) substantially similar rule (see X3.3.1), waivers, and partial waivers including some restrictions on vehicle and equipment use (see X3.3.2). With regard to fuel properties, including volatility, this specification can be more or less restrictive than the EPA rules, regulations, and waivers. Refer to Appendix X3 for discussions of EPA rules relating to fuel volatility, lead and phosphorous contents, sulfur content, benzene content, deposit control additive certification, and use of oxygenates in blends with unleaded gasoline. Contact the EPA for the latest versions of the rules and additional requirements.
1.4 This specification does not address the emission characteristics of reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. Reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel is required in some areas to lower emissions from automotive vehicles, and its characteristics are described in the research report on reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel.2 However, in addition...
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´1
Designation:D4814 −16e
Standard Specification for
1
Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4814; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1
ε NOTE—Eq 3, Eq 4, Eq X1.6, and Eq X1.7 were corrected editorially in January 2017.
1. Scope* Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) substantially simi-
lar rule (see X3.3.1), waivers, and partial waivers including
1.1 This specification covers the establishment of require-
some restrictions on vehicle and equipment use (see X3.3.2).
ments of liquid automotive fuels for ground vehicles equipped
With regard to fuel properties, including volatility, this speci-
with spark-ignition engines.
fication can be more or less restrictive than the EPA rules,
1.2 This specification describes various characteristics of
regulations,andwaivers.RefertoAppendixX3fordiscussions
automotive fuels for use over a wide range of operating
of EPA rules relating to fuel volatility, lead and phosphorous
conditions.Itprovidesforavariationofthevolatilityandwater
contents, sulfur content, benzene content, deposit control
tolerance of automotive fuel in accordance with seasonal
additive certification, and use of oxygenates in blends with
climatic changes at the locality where the fuel is used. For the
unleaded gasoline. Contact the EPA for the latest versions of
period May 1 through Sept. 15, the maximum vapor pressure
the rules and additional requirements.
limits issued by the United States (U.S.) Environmental Pro-
1.4 This specification does not address the emission char-
tectionAgency (EPA) are specified for each geographical area
acteristics of reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. Refor-
except Alaska and Hawaii. Variation of the antiknock index
mulated spark-ignition engine fuel is required in some areas to
with seasonal climatic changes and altitude is discussed in
lower emissions from automotive vehicles, and its character-
Appendix X1. This specification neither necessarily includes
istics are described in the research report on reformulated
all types of fuels that are satisfactory for automotive vehicles,
2
spark-ignition engine fuel. However, in addition to the legal
nor necessarily excludes fuels that can perform unsatisfactorily
requirements found in this research report, reformulated spark-
undercertainoperatingconditionsorincertainequipment.The
ignition engine fuel should meet the performance requirements
significance of each of the properties of this specification is
found in this specification.
shown in Appendix X1.
1.5 Thisspecificationrepresentsadescriptionofautomotive
1.3 The spark-ignition engine fuels covered in this specifi-
fuel as of the date of publication. The specification is under
cation are gasoline and its blends with oxygenates, such as
continuous review, which can result in revisions based on
alcohols and ethers and where gasoline is the primary compo-
changes in fuel, automotive requirements, or test methods, or a
nent by volume in the blend. The concentrations and types of
combination thereof. All users of this specification, therefore,
oxygenates are not specifically limited in this specification.
should refer to the latest edition.
Thecompositionofbothunleadedandleadedfuelislimitedby
economic, legal, and technical consideration, but their
NOTE 1—If there is any doubt as to the latest edition of Specification
D4814, contact ASTM International Headquarters.
properties, including volatility, are defined by this specifica-
tion. In many countries, regulatory authorities having jurisdic-
1.6 Tests applicable to gasoline are not necessarily appli-
tion have set laws and regulations that limit the concentration
cable to its blends with oxygenates. Consequently, the type of
of oxygenates and certain other compounds found in spark-
fuel under consideration must first be identified in order to
ignition engine fuel. In the United States, oxygenate types and
select applicable tests. Test Method D4815 provides a proce-
concentrations are limited to those approved under the U.S.
dure for determining oxygenate concentration in mass percent.
Test Method D4815 also includes procedures for calculating
mass oxygen content and oxygenate concentration in volume
1
percent. Appendix X4 provides a procedure for calculating the
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.A0.01 on Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends.
2
Curr
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: D4814 − 16e D4814 − 16e
Standard Specification for
1
Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4814; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1
ε NOTE—Eq 3, Eq 4, Eq X1.6, and Eq X1.7 were corrected editorially in January 2017.
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification covers the establishment of requirements of liquid automotive fuels for ground vehicles equipped with
spark-ignition engines.
1.2 This specification describes various characteristics of automotive fuels for use over a wide range of operating conditions.
It provides for a variation of the volatility and water tolerance of automotive fuel in accordance with seasonal climatic changes
at the locality where the fuel is used. For the period May 1 through Sept. 15, the maximum vapor pressure limits issued by the
United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are specified for each geographical area except Alaska and Hawaii.
Variation of the antiknock index with seasonal climatic changes and altitude is discussed in Appendix X1. This specification neither
necessarily includes all types of fuels that are satisfactory for automotive vehicles, nor necessarily excludes fuels that can perform
unsatisfactorily under certain operating conditions or in certain equipment. The significance of each of the properties of this
specification is shown in Appendix X1.
1.3 The spark-ignition engine fuels covered in this specification are gasoline and its blends with oxygenates, such as alcohols
and ethers and where gasoline is the primary component by volume in the blend. The concentrations and types of oxygenates are
not specifically limited in this specification. The composition of both unleaded and leaded fuel is limited by economic, legal, and
technical consideration, but their properties, including volatility, are defined by this specification. In many countries, regulatory
authorities having jurisdiction have set laws and regulations that limit the concentration of oxygenates and certain other compounds
found in spark-ignition engine fuel. In the United States, oxygenate types and concentrations are limited to those approved under
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) substantially similar rule (see X3.3.1), waivers, and partial waivers including
some restrictions on vehicle and equipment use (see X3.3.2). With regard to fuel properties, including volatility, this specification
can be more or less restrictive than the EPA rules, regulations, and waivers. Refer to Appendix X3 for discussions of EPA rules
relating to fuel volatility, lead and phosphorous contents, sulfur content, benzene content, deposit control additive certification, and
use of oxygenates in blends with unleaded gasoline. Contact the EPA for the latest versions of the rules and additional
requirements.
1.4 This specification does not address the emission characteristics of reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. Reformulated
spark-ignition engine fuel is required in some areas to lower emissions from automotive vehicles, and its characteristics are
2
described in the research report on reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. However, in addition to the legal requirements found
in this research report, reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel should meet the performance requirements found in this
specification.
1.5 This specification represents a description of automotive fuel as of the date of publication. The specification is under
continuous review, which can result in revisions based on changes in fuel, automotive requirements, or test methods, or a
combination thereof. All users of this specification, therefore, should refer to the latest edition.
NOTE 1—If there is any doubt as to the latest edition of Specification D4814, contact ASTM International Headquarters.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.A0.01 on Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends.
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2016. Published December 2016. Originally approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D4814 – 16d. DOI:
10.1520/D4814-16E.10.1520
...
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