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ASTM D7397-21

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels (Miniaturized Optical Method)

Standard Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels (Miniaturized Optical Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The cloud point of petroleum products and biodiesel fuels is an index of the lowest temperature of their utility for certain applications. Wax crystals of sufficient quantity can plug filters used in some fuel systems.  
5.2 Petroleum blending operations require a precise measurement of the cloud point.  
5.3 This test method can determine the temperature of the test specimen at which wax crystals have formed sufficiently to be observed as a cloud with a resolution of 0.1 °C.  
5.4 This test method provides results that are equivalent to Test Method D5773/IP 446. The temperature results of this test method have been found to be warmer than those of Test Method D2500/IP 219 by an average of 0.49 °C; however, no sample specific bias was observed.  
5.5 Similar to Test Method D5773/IP 446, this test method determines cloud point in a shorter period of time than Test Method D2500/IP 219.
Note 1: In cases of samples with cloud points near ambient temperatures, time savings may not be realized.
Note 2: This test method eliminates most of the operator time required of Test Method D2500/IP 219.
Note 3: The only utility required by the apparatus described in this test method is electricity with power consumption of approximately 20 W. The electric power can come from an alternating current source (wall receptacle) or direct current source such as a battery or a cigarette lighter plug in a vehicle.
Note 4: The apparatus described by this test method can be made much smaller and lighter than that of Test Methods D5773/IP 446 and D2500/IP 219, allowing full portability.
Note 5: The apparatus used in the 2006 interlaboratory study weighed approximately 1 kg and occupied the space of a small lunch box. See Section 13.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the cloud point of petroleum products and biodiesel fuels that are transparent in layers 40 mm in thickness by an automatic instrument.  
1.2 This test method covers the range of temperatures from –60 °C to +20 °C with temperature resolution of 0.1 °C; however, the range of temperatures included in the 2006 interlaboratory cooperative test program only covered the temperature range of –35 °C to +12 °C. See Section 13.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Dec-2020
ICS
75.080 - Petroleum products in general
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.07 - Flow Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D7397-21 - Standard Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels (Miniaturized Optical Method)ASTM D7397-21 - Standard Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels (Miniaturized Optical Method)
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REDLINE ASTM D7397-21 - Standard Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels (Miniaturized Optical Method)REDLINE ASTM D7397-21 - Standard Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels (Miniaturized Optical Method)
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7397 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Cloud Point of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels
1
(Miniaturized Optical Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7397; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
Petroleum Products
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the cloud
D5773 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products
point of petroleum products and biodiesel fuels that are
and Liquid Fuels (Constant Cooling Rate Method)
transparent in layers 40 mm in thickness by an automatic
D6751 Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100)
instrument.
for Middle Distillate Fuels
1.2 This test method covers the range of temperatures from 3
2.2 Energy Institute Standards:
–60 °C to +20 °C with temperature resolution of 0.1 °C;
IP 219 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products
however, the range of temperatures included in the 2006
IP 446 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products
interlaboratory cooperative test program only covered the
temperature range of –35 °C to +12 °C. See Section 13. 3. Terminology
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as 3.1 Definitions:
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this 3.1.1 biodiesel, n—fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters of
standard. long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal
fats, designated B100.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Biodiesel is typically produced by a
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
reactionofavegetableoiloranimalfatwithanalcoholsuchas
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
methanol or ethanol in the presence of a catalyst to yield
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mono-alkylestersandglycerin,whichisremoved.Thefinished
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
biodiesel derives approximately 10 % of its mass from the
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
reacted alcohol. The alcohol used in the reaction may or may
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
not come from renewable resources.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- 3.1.2 biodiesel blend (BXX), n—a homogeneous mixture of
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical hydrocarbon oils and mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. acids.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—In the abbreviation, BXX, the XX rep-
2. Referenced Documents resents the volume percentage of biodiesel fuel in the blend.
2 3.1.2.2 Discussion—The mono-alkyl esters of long chain
2.1 ASTM Standards:
fattyacids(thatis,biodiesel)usedinthemixtureshallmeetthe
D2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products
requirements of Specification D6751.
and Liquid Fuels
3.1.2.3 Discussion—Diesel fuel, fuel oil, and non-aviation
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
gas turbine oil are examples of hydrocarbon oils.
Petroleum Products
3.1.3 biodiesel fuel, n—synonym for biodiesel.
3.1.4 cloud point, n—in petroleum products and biodiesel
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on fuels, the temperature of a liquid specimen when the smallest
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
observable cluster of wax crystals first occurs upon cooling
Subcommittee D02.07 on Flow Properties.
under prescribed conditions.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2021. Published January 2021. Originally
3.1.4.1 Discussion—The cloud point occurs when the tem-
approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as D7397 – 20. DOI:
10.1520/D7397-21.
perature of the specimen is low enough to cause wax crystals
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,
the ASTM website. U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.uk.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

------------------
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7397 − 20 D7397 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Cloud Point of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels
1
(Miniaturized Optical Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7397; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the cloud point of petroleum products and biodiesel fuels that are transparent in
layers 40 mm in thickness by an automatic instrument.
1.2 This test method covers the range of temperatures from –60 °C to +20 °C with temperature resolution of 0.1 °C; however, the
range of temperatures included in the 2006 interlaboratory cooperative test program only covered the temperature range of –35 °C
to +12 °C. See Section 13.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D5773 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels (Constant Cooling Rate Method)
D6751 Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100) for Middle Distillate Fuels
3
2.2 Energy Institute Standards:
IP 219 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products
IP 446 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.07 on Flow Properties.
Current edition approved June 1, 2020Jan. 1, 2021. Published June 2020January 2021. Originally approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 20172020 as
D7397 – 17.D7397 – 20. DOI: 10.1520/D7397-20. 10.1520/D7397-21.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR, U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.uk.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7397 − 21
3.1.1 biodiesel, n—fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats,
designated B100.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—
Biodiesel is typically produced by a reaction of a vegetable oil or animal fat with an alcohol such as methanol or ethanol in the
presence of a catalyst to yield mono-alkyl esters and glycerin, which is removed. The finished biodiesel derives approximately
10 % of its mass from the reacted alcohol. The alcohol used in the reaction may or may not come from renewable resources.
3.1.2 biodiesel blend, blend (BXX), n—blend of biodiesel fuel with diesel fuels and fuel oils.a homogeneous mixture of
hydrocarbon oils and mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—
In the abbreviation, BXX, the XX represents the volume percentage of biodiesel fuel in the blend.
3.1.2.2 Discussion—
The mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids (that is, biodiesel) used in the mixture shall meet the requirements of Specification
D6751.
3.1.2.3 Discussion—
Diesel fuel, fuel oil, and non-aviation gas turbine oil are examples of hydrocarbon oils.
3.1.3 biodiesel fuel, n—synonym for biodiesel.
3.1.
...

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Standard Test Method for Determination of Light Hydrocarbons in Stabilized Crude Oils by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Knowledge of the boiling point distribution of stabilized crude oils is important for the marketing, scheduling, and processing of crude oil in the petroleum industry. Test Method D7169 and IP 545 purport to give such a distribution in crude oils, but are susceptible to significant errors in the light ends portion of the distribution as well as in the mass recovery of the whole crude oil due to the interference imposed by the diluent solvent. This test method allows for more accurate determination of the front end of the boiling point distribution curve, in addition to providing important C1 to C9 (nonane) component level information, and more accurate mass recovery at C9 (nonane).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method specifies a method to determine the boiling range distribution of hydrocarbons in stabilized crude oil up to and including n-nonane. A stabilized crude oil is defined as having a Reid Vapor Pressure equivalent to or less than 82.7 kPa. The results of this test method can be combined with those from Test Method D7169 and IP 545 to give a full boiling point distribution of a crude oil (see Appendix X3).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5443-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Paraffin, Naphthene, and Aromatic Hydrocarbon Type Analysis in Petroleum Distillates Through 200 °C by Multi-Dimensional Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A knowledge of the composition of hydrocarbon refinery streams is useful for process control and quality assurance.  
5.2 Aromatics in gasoline are soon to be limited by federal mandate. This test method can be used to provide such information.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics by carbon number in low olefinic hydrocarbon streams having final boiling points of 200 °C or less. Hydrocarbons with boiling points greater than 200 °C and less than 270 °C are reported as a single group. Olefins, if present, are hydrogenated and the resultant saturates are included in the paraffin and naphthene distribution. Aromatics boiling at C9 and above are reported as a single aromatic group.  
1.2 This test method is not intended to determine individual components except for benzene and toluene that are the only C6 and C7 aromatics, respectively, and cyclopentane that is the only C5 naphthene. The lower limit of detection for a single hydrocarbon component or group is 0.05 % by mass.  
1.3 This test method is applicable to hydrocarbon mixtures including virgin, catalytically converted, thermally converted, alkylated and blended naphtha.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4.1 The abbreviation for SI unit “coulomb” is “C”.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8 and Table 1.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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