ASTM G132-96(2007)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Pin Abrasion Testing
Standard Test Method for Pin Abrasion Testing
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The amount of wear in any system will, in general, depend upon a number of system factors such as the applied load, machine characteristics, sliding speed, sliding distance, the environment, and material properties. The primary value of this wear test method lies in predicting the relative ranking of materials. This test method imposes conditions that cause measurable mass losses and it is intended to rank materials for applications in which moderate to severe abrasion occurs. Test materials should be reasonably resistant to such abrasion. Since this abrasion test does not attempt to duplicate all of the conditions that may be experienced in service (for example, abrasive particle size, shape, hardness, speed, load, and presence of a corrosive environment), there is no assurance that this test method will predict the wear rate of a given material under conditions differing from those in this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure for determining the wear resistance of a material when relative motion is caused between an abrasive cloth, paper, or plastic film and a contacting pin of the test material. The principal factors and conditions requiring attention when using this type of apparatus to measure wear are discussed.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:G132 −96(Reapproved 2007)
Standard Test Method for
Pin Abrasion Testing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G132; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope G99Test Method for Wear Testing with a Pin-on-Disk
Apparatus
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure for
determining the wear resistance of a material when relative
3. Terminology
motion is caused between an abrasive cloth, paper, or plastic
3.1 Refer to Terminology G40 for definitions of terms
film and a contacting pin of the test material. The principal
related to this test method.
factors and conditions requiring attention when using this type
of apparatus to measure wear are discussed.
4. Summary of Test Method
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
4.1 For the pin abrasion test method, two pin specimens are
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
required.Oneisofthetestmaterial.Theotherisofareference
only.
material. Each pin, in turn, is positioned perpendicular to the
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
abrasivesurface,whichusuallyismountedon,orsupportedby,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
a flat circular disk, another flat surface, or the cylindrical
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
surface of a drum. The test machine permits relative motion
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
between the abrasive surface and the pin surface. The wear
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
track of a pin describes a continuous, non-overlapping path
such as a spiral, helix, or saw-tooth curve, preferably with a
2. Referenced Documents
displacement between successive passes sufficient to allow the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
other pin to trace a parallel track in the intervening space. Fig.
A128/A128MSpecification for Steel Castings, Austenitic 1 shows some possible arrangements. The pin specimen is
Manganese
pressedagainsttheabrasivesurfacewithaspecifiedloadingby
A514/A514M Specification for High-Yield-Strength, means of dead weights or another suitable loading system.
Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Plate, Suitable for
Rotation of the pin about its axis during testing is optional.
Welding Note, however, that results with and without pin rotation or
E122PracticeforCalculatingSampleSizetoEstimate,With
with different loading systems may differ.
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
4.2 The amount of wear is determined by weighing both
Lot or Process
specimens before and after testing. Mass loss values should be
E177Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
converted to volume losses using the best available values of
ASTM Test Methods
specimen densities. The use of length changes to indicate the
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
amount of wear is not recommended for the purposes of this
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
test method, and no procedure for processing such data is
F732Test Method for Wear Testing of Polymeric Materials
included in this test method.
Used in Total Joint Prostheses
4.3 Wear results are reported as a volume loss and as the
G40Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
wear volume normalized with respect to the applied normal
load, to the wear path length, and to the mean wear of the
referencespecimenonthesametypeofabrasive.Thereference
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear
specimenwearisincludedinthecalculationinordertocorrect
and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.30 on Abrasive
Wear.
for abrasivity variations (see 4.5 and 10.2).
Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published September 2007. Originally
4.4 Various sizes and types of abrasive have been used.
approvedin1995.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2001asG132–96(2001).DOI:
10.1520/G0132-96R07.
These include silicon carbide, alumina, emery, garnet, flint, or
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
other silicas, and synthetic compounds, but wear results
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
normally will differ with different types of abrasive (see Table
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. X3.1). The abrasive is bonded to a cloth, paper, or plastic film
Copyright ©ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959. United States
G132−96 (2007)
FIG. 1 Four Configurations of Pin Abrasion Testing Machines
(usuallypolyester)backingthatismountedonorsupportedby resistances of materials or where the wear of a reference
a smooth, firm surface (for example, disk, other flat, or material is used as the basis for ranking the abrasivities of
cylinder). For purposes of this test method, a garnet is the abrasive materials.
preferred abrasive and has given good correlations with many
5. Significance and Use
types of abrasive services (1). The field experience has
5.1 The amount of wear in any system will, in general,
included a wide variety of abrasive minerals, ranging from
depend upon a number of system factors such as the applied
coarse rock to fine ore, rounded or crushed, with high or light
load, machine characteristics, sliding speed, sliding distance,
loading.
theenvironment,andmaterialproperties.Theprimaryvalueof
4.5 In this test method, the primary role of the reference
this wear test method lies in predicting the relative ranking of
material is to correct for variations in the abrasivity of the
materials. This test method imposes conditions that cause
abrasive cloth or paper. Because of abrasivity variability, the
measurable mass losses and it is intended to rank materials for
reference material wear in a particular test may deviate from
applications in which moderate to severe abrasion occurs.Test
the overall mean for tests using the same abrasive. The
materialsshouldbereasonablyresistanttosuchabrasion.Since
reference material’s function here differs from that in other
this abrasion test does not attempt to duplicate all of the
tests where a direct comparison between the test material and
conditions that may be experienced in service (for example,
reference material is used as a basis for ranking the abrasion
abrasive particle size, shape, hardness, speed, load, and pres-
enceofacorrosiveenvironment),thereisnoassurancethatthis
3 testmethodwillpredictthewearrateofagivenmaterialunder
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of
this standard. conditions differing from those in this test method.
G132−96 (2007)
6. Apparatus dinal axis (that is, perpendicular to the abrasive surface), even
if rotated. The pin must be restrained from lateral deflection
6.1 General Description—Refer to Fig. 1 where schematic
due to pin drag. A means of applying a load to the pin,
drawings of typical pin-on-disk, pin-on-table, pin-on-belt, and
4 preferably by dead weights, shall be provided.
pin-on-drum wear testing systems are shown. In each of the
systems, the end of a pin, which may or may not be rotating 6.6 Wear Measuring System—The balance used to measure
about its axis, is pressed against an abrasive surface with the mass loss of specimens shall have a sensitivity of 0.0001 g
application of a prescribed normal force while relative motion or better.
occurs between the pin and the abrasive surface. By moving
7. Test Specimens, Abrasive, and Sample Preparation
either the abrasive surface or the pin, or both, the pin
progressively moves over unused abrasive for a prescribed
7.1 Materials—The test method may be applied to a variety
wear track length.
of wear-resistant materials. The only requirement is that
specimenshavingsuitabledimensionscanbepreparedandthat
NOTE1—Otherdescriptionsofcontemporarypin-on-disk,pin-on-table,
theywillwithstandthestressesimposedduringthetestwithout
and pin-on-drum systems may be found in Practice F732, Test Method
G99, and Ref (2).
failureorexcessiveflexure.Thistestmethodisnotintendedfor
a material that would be unsuitable for a wear-resistant
6.1.1 The wear path is normally a spiral on disks, a
application.
combination of linear segments on other flats, an oval helix on
7.1.1 Experienceduringthedevelopmentofthistestmethod
belts, and a cylindrical helix on drums. Successive wear track
has shown that the use of Specification A514/A514M, Type B
passesofthetestpinshouldbespacedfarenoughapartsothat
steel of Hardness 269 HB, as the reference material has very
the reference pin can be tested on unused abrasive in a path
adequately corrected for abrasivity variations. It is therefore
adjacent and parallel to that of the test pin. If, as in some
specifically recommended for that purpose. If another refer-
machines,insufficientunusedabrasivespaceisleftbetweenthe
ence material is used, it must be fully described and charac-
tracks, the wear track of the reference pin should be generated
terized in the report of results.
intwoequalpartslocatedimmediatelybeforeandafterthetest
pin track (see 9.10).
7.2 Test Specimens—Pin specimens used with a pin-on-
drummachineduringthedevelopmentofthistestmethodwere
6.2 Machine Rigidity—The testing machine must be suffi-
circular cylinders, 6.35 mm in diameter and approximately 3
ciently rigid and stable to keep vibrations from affecting wear
cmlong.Moregenerally,typicalpindiametersrangefrom2to
test results. The load capacities of bearings should be large
10mm.Specimensofsquarecrosssectionalsohavebeenused.
relative to the loads carried. The surface that supports the
Pin ends are conformed to the abrasive surface by wearing in
abrasive should be rigid. Additional guidance concerning
as part of the test procedure (see 9.3), so the starting shape is
rigidityrequirementsforweartestingmaybefoundinRef (3).
not critical. However, flat ends are most common and, in most
6.3 Drive System—Adrive system capable of maintaining a
cases, require shorter times and path lengths for wearing in.
constantsteady-statespeedoftheabrasiverelativetothepinis
7.2.1 Test specimens shall be free from scale which could
needed.Forthepin-on-diskmachine,therotationalspeedmust
flake off and interfere with the specimen-abrasive contact.
vary inversely with the radial distance of the pin from the
Porosity, unless it is an inherent characteristic of the material
disk’s center in order for the linear speed to be constant. For
being tested, may adversely affect test results and should be
the pin-on-table machine, there inevitably must be a point of
avoided.The shank of a specimen that must be gripped should
rest and transient deceleration and acceleration periods at each
besmoothandregularlyshaped.Agroundsurfaceroughnessof
end of each stroke, and the translational speed can be constant
1 µm (40 µin.) R or less is usually adequate.
a
only between the acceleration and deceleration periods. The
7.3 Abrasive—The abrasive recommended is a 105-µm
transient periods should be kept as short as possible. If the pin
(150-grit) garnet, bonded to cloth, paper, or plastic (for
is rotated, its rotational speed should be constant.
example,polyesterfilm)withanimalglueorsyntheticresin,or
6.4 Cycle Counter—The test machine shall be equipped
both. The abrasive coverage is 50 to 70% of the surface area,
with a device that will count and record the number of
uniformly distributed. Normally, the abrasive cloth, paper, or
revolutions in the case of a disk, drum, or belt, or the number 5
film is obtained from a commercial producer. If other particle
ofstrokesorcyclesinthecaseofanonrotatingflat.Thisdevice
sizes of the same or another mineral are used, they should be
should also have the capability to shut off the machine after a
in the range from 65 to 175 µm (220 to 80 grit).
preselected number of revolutions, strokes, or cycles.
7.4 Abrasivity—The abrasivity of a particular abrasive
6.5 Pin Specimen Holder—A chuck, collet, or other device
cloth, paper, or film normally is not uniform over its surface
is required to securely hold the pin. The holder must move
nor is the mean abrasivity of different pieces of the same type
freely, with negligible friction, in the direction of its longitu-
Acceptable cloths, papers, and films coated with garnet or other minerals may
Many lathes should be adaptable for pin-on-drum testing. The sole source of beobtainedfromauthorizeddistributorsofthe3MCo.Inquiriesmaybedirectedto
supply of the pin-on-disk machine known to the committee at this time is Falex the General Offices, 3M Center, St. Paul, MN 55102. The sole source of supply of
Corp., 1020 Airpark Dr., Sugar Grove, IL 60554. If you are aware of alternative thematerialsknowntothecommitteeatthistimeis3MCompany.Ifyouareaware
suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM Headquarters.
Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible
1 1
technical committee, which you may attend. technical committee, which you may attend.
G132−96 (2007)
of material necessarily the same.Variations in abrasivity range However, most of the wearing in can be done on previously
upto 620%fromtheoverallmean.Correctionsforabrasivity used abrasive, finishing up on fresh abrasive.
variations are made by normalizing the results of individual
9.4 If necessary, mount fresh abrasive material in the test
teststothemeanwearofthereferencematerialovermanytests
machine.
(see 10.2).
9.5 Weigh the pins to the nearest 0.0001 g (0.1 mg).
8. Test Parameters
9.6 Insert a pin specimen securely in the holder. Do not
allow the pin to protrude more than 4 mm. If the pin was not
8.1 Load—The magnitude of the normal force, in newtons,
rotated as it was worn in, it must be carefully repositioned in
at the wearing contact. Based on the nominal contact area of
the same orientation on any curved surface.
the specimen, the nominal contact pressure should be within
therangefrom1to2.5MPa.Ithasbeenshown (1)that,within
9.7 Apply the prescribed force on the pin perpendicular to
thisrange,thewearisessentiallyproportionaltotheloading.A
the abrasive surface.
nominal contact pressure of about 2 MPa allows minimal use
9.8 Set the cycle counter to the appropriate number of
of abrasive by limiting the requisite path length w
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