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ASTM E698-04

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Arrhenius Kinetic Constants for Thermally Unstable Materials

Standard Test Method for Arrhenius Kinetic Constants for Thermally Unstable Materials

SCOPE
1.1 This method covers the determination of the overall kinetic parameters for exothermic reactions.
1.2 The kinetic parameters are obtained from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves (see Section 3).
1.3 This technique is applicable to reactions whose behavior can be described by the Arrhenius equation and the general rate law.
1.4 Limitations—There are cases where this technique is not applicable. Limitations may be indicated by curves departing from a straight line (see 11.2) or the isothermal aging test not closely agreeing with the results predicted by the calculated kinetic values. In particular, this method is not applicable to reactions that are partially inhibited. The technique may not work with reactions that include simultaneous or consecutive reaction steps. This method may not apply to materials that undergo phase transitions if the reaction rate is significant at the transition temperature.
1.5 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2004
ICS
19.040 - Environmental testing
Technical Committee
E27 - Hazard Potential of Chemicals
Drafting Committee
E27.02 - Thermal Stability and Condensed Phases
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E698-01 - Standard Test Method for Arrhenius Kinetic Constants for Thermally Unstable Materials
Effective Date
01-Nov-2004
Replaced By
ASTM E698-05 - Standard Test Method for Arrhenius Kinetic Constants for Thermally Unstable Materials
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005
Referred By
ASTM E1232-07(2019) - Standard Test Method for Temperature Limit of Flammability of Chemicals
Effective Date
01-Nov-2004
Referred By
ASTM E2781-16 - Standard Practice for Evaluation of Methods for Determination of Kinetic Parameters by Calorimetry and Differential Scanning Calorimetry
Effective Date
01-Nov-2004
Referred By
ASTM E1981-22 - Standard Guide for Assessing Thermal Stability of Materials by Methods of Accelerating Rate Calorimetry
Effective Date
01-Nov-2004
Referred By
ASTM E2041-23 - Standard Test Method for Estimating Kinetic Parameters by Differential Scanning Calorimeter Using the Borchardt and Daniels Method
Effective Date
01-Nov-2004
Referred By
ASTM E3142-18a(2023) - Standard Test Method for Thermal Lag of Thermal Analysis Apparatus
Effective Date
01-Nov-2004
Referred By
ASTM E3174-22 - Standard Practice for Determination of Kinetic Reaction Model Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry
Effective Date
01-Nov-2004
Referred By
ASTM E2012-06(2020) - Standard Guide for the Preparation of a Binary Chemical Compatibility Chart
Effective Date
01-Nov-2004
Referred By
ASTM E2070-13(2018) - Standard Test Methods for Kinetic Parameters by Differential Scanning Calorimetry Using Isothermal Methods
Effective Date
01-Nov-2004
Referred By
ASTM E2890-21 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Kinetic Parameters and Reaction Order for Thermally Unstable Materials by Differential Scanning Calorimetry Using the Kissinger and Farjas Methods
Effective Date
01-Nov-2004
Referred By
ASTM E1231-19 - Standard Practice for Calculation of Hazard Potential Figures of Merit for Thermally Unstable Materials
Effective Date
01-Nov-2004
Referred By
ASTM E2254-23 - Standard Test Method for Storage Modulus Calibration of Dynamic Mechanical Analyzers
Effective Date
01-Nov-2004
Referred By
ASTM E1445-08(2015) - Standard Terminology Relating to Hazard Potential of Chemicals
Effective Date
01-Nov-2004

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ASTM E698-04 - Standard Test Method for Arrhenius Kinetic Constants for Thermally Unstable MaterialsASTM E698-04 - Standard Test Method for Arrhenius Kinetic Constants for Thermally Unstable Materials
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ASTM E698-04 - Standard Test Method for Arrhenius Kinetic Constants for Thermally Unstable Materials
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E698–04
Standard Test Method for
Arrhenius Kinetic Constants for Thermally Unstable
Materials Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry and the
1
Flynn/Wall/Ozawa Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E698; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The kinetics of exothermic reactions are important in assessing the potential of materials and
systems for thermal explosion. This method provides a means for determining Arrhenius activation
energiesandpre-exponentialfactorsusingdifferentialthermalmethods.Thismethodisoneofseveral
methodsbeingdevelopedbyASTMCommitteeE27forchemicalreactions.Thismethodistobeused
in conjunction with other tests to characterize the hazard potential of chemicals.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This method covers the determination of the overall 2.1 ASTM Standards:
kinetic parameters for exothermic reactions using the Flynn/ E473 Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis
Wall/Ozawa method and differential scanning calorimetry. E537 Method for Assessing the Thermal Stability of
1.2 Thistechniqueisapplicabletoreactionswhosebehavior Chemicals by Method of Thermal Analysis
canbedescribedbytheArrheniusequationandthegeneralrate E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
law. Determine the Precision of a Test Method
1.3 Limitations—Therearecaseswherethistechniqueisnot E967 Practice for Temperature Calibration of Differential
applicable. Limitations may be indicated by curves departing ScanningCalorimetersandDifferentialThermalAnalyzers
from a straight line (see 11.2) or the isothermal aging test not E968 Practice for Heat Flow Calibration of Differential
closely agreeing with the results predicted by the calculated Scanning Calorimeters
kinetic values. In particular, this method is not applicable to E1142 TerminologyRelatingtoThermophysicalProperties
reactions that are partially inhibited. The technique may not E1445 Terminology Relating to Hazardous Potential of
work with reactions that include simultaneous or consecutive Chemicals
reaction steps. This method may not apply to materials that E1860 Method for Elapsed Time Calibration of Thermal
undergo phase transitions if the reaction rate is significant at Analyzers
the transition temperature. E1970 Practice for Statistical Treatment of Thermoanalyti-
1.4 SI units are the standard. cal Data
1.5 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera-
3. Terminology
tions, and equipment. This standard does not purport to
address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its 3.1 Technical terms used in this test method are defined in
Terminologies E473, E1142, and E1445.
use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-
4. Summary of Test Method
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.1 Asampleisplacedinasuitablecontainerandpositioned
in a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC).
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E27 on Hazard
2
Potential of Chemicals and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E27.02 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Hazard Potential of Chemicals. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2004. Published December 2004. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
approved in 1979. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as E698–01. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E698–04
4.2 The sample equipment temperature is increased at a noise, on the Y-axis and any fraction of the temperature signal,
linear rate and any exothermic reaction peaks recorded. including noise, on the X-axis.
4.3 Steps 4.1 and 4.2 are repeated for several heating rates
6.3 Containers (pans, crucibles, vials, etc), which are inert
-1
in the range from 1 to 10 K min .
to the specimen and reference materials and which are suitable
4.4 Temperatures at which the reaction peak maxima occur
structural shape and integrity to contain the specimen and
are plotted as a function of their respective heating rates.
reference in accordance with the specific requirements of this
4.5 Kinetic values calculated from the peak temperature-
method.
heating rate relationship are used to predict a reaction half-life
6.4 A balance, with a capacity of at least 100 mg, t
...

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5.1 The kinetic parameters combined with the general rate law and the reaction enthalpy can be used for the determination of thermal hazard using Practice E1231  (1).4
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ASTM G90-23(Practice)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Results obtained from this practice can be used to compare the relative durability of materials subjected to the specific test cycle used. No accelerated test can be specified as a perfect simulation of natural or field exposures. Results obtained from this practice can be considered as representative of natural weathering only when a sufficient magnitude of mathematical correlation exists between exposures.  
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SCOPE
1.1 Linear Fresnel reflector concentrators using the sun as source are utilized in the accelerated outdoor exposure testing of materials.  
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5.1 The use of this apparatus is intended to induce property changes consistent with the end use conditions, including the effects of the UV portion of sunlight, moisture, and heat. Typically, these exposures would include moisture in the form of condensing humidity. Exposures are not intended to simulate the deterioration caused by localized weather phenomena, such as atmospheric pollution, biological attack, and saltwater exposure. Alternatively, the exposure may simulate the effects of sunlight through window glass. (Warning—Refer to Practice G151 for full cautionary guidance applicable to all laboratory weathering devices.)  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice is limited to the basic principles for operating a fluorescent UV lamp and water apparatus; on its own, it does not deliver a specific result.  
1.2 It is intended to be used in conjunction with a practice or method that defines specific exposure conditions for an application along with a means to evaluate changes in material properties. This practice is intended to reproduce the weathering effects that occur when materials are exposed to sunlight (either direct or through window glass) and moisture as rain or dew in actual usage. This practice is limited to the procedures for obtaining, measuring, and controlling conditions of exposure.
Note 1: Practice G151 describes general procedures to be used when exposing nonmetallic materials in accelerated test devices that use laboratory light sources.
Note 2: A number of exposure procedures are listed in an appendix; however, this practice does not specify the exposure conditions best suited for the material to be tested.  
1.3 Test specimens are exposed to fluorescent UV light under controlled environmental conditions. Different types of fluorescent UV lamp sources are described.
Note 3: In this standard, the terms UV light and UV radiation are used interchangeably.  
1.4 Specimen preparation and evaluation of the results are covered in ASTM methods or specifications for specific materials. General guidance is given in Practice G151 and ISO 4892-1.
Note 4: General information about methods for determining the change in properties after exposure and reporting these results is described in ISO 4582 and Practice D5870.  
1.5 This practice is not intended for corrosion testing of bare metals.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard is technically similar to ISO 4892-3 and ISO 16474-3.  
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ASTM D6677-18(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluating Adhesion by Knife

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4.1 Coatings, to perform satisfactorily, must adhere to the substrates on which they are applied. This test method has been found useful as a simple means of assessing the adhesion of coatings. Although this method is a qualitative (subjective) test it has been used in industry for many years and can provide valuable information.  
4.2 Other adhesion test methods may be useful in obtaining quantitative results. See Test Methods D2197, D3359, D4541, and D7234.  
4.3 The Performance Evaluation Scale (see Table 1) is based on both the degree of difficulty to remove the coating from the substrate and the size of removed coating chip.  
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4.5 A coating that has a high degree of cohesive strength may appear to have worse adhesion than one that is brittle and hence fractures easily when probed.  
4.6 This method is not to be used on overly thick coatings, that is, those which cannot be cut to the substrate with a utility knife in one stroke.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for assessing the adhesion of coating films to substrate by using a knife.  
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1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
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ASTM F2111-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Measuring Intergranular Attack or End Grain Pitting on Metals Caused by Aircraft Chemical Processes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 If not properly qualified, chemicals and chemical processes can attack metals used during aircraft maintenance and production. It is important to qualify only processes and chemical formulas that do not have any deleterious effects on aircraft metallic skins, fittings, components, and structures. This test procedure is used to detect and measure intergranular attack or pitting depth caused by aircraft maintenance chemical processes, hence, this test procedure is useful in selecting a process that will not cause intergranular attack or end grain pitting on aircraft alloys.  
4.2 The purpose of this practice is to aid in the qualification or process conformance testing or production of maintenance chemicals for use on aircraft.  
4.2.1 Actual aircraft processes in the production environment shall give the most representative results; however, the test results cannot be completely evaluated with respect to ambient conditions which normally vary from day to day. Additionally, when testing chemicals requiring dilutions, water quality and composition can play a role in the corrosion rates and mechanism affecting the results.  
4.2.2 Some examples of maintenance and production chemicals include: organic solvents, paint strippers, cleaners, deoxidizers, water-based or semi-aqueous cleaners, or etching solutions and chemical milling solutions.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for testing and measuring intergranular attack (IGA) and end grain pitting on aircraft metals and alloys caused by maintenance or production chemicals.  
1.2 The standard does not purport to address all qualification testing parameters, methods, critical testing, or criteria for aircraft production or maintenance chemical qualifications. Specific requirements and acceptance testing along with associated acceptance criteria shall be found where applicable in procurement specifications, materials specifications, appropriate process specifications, or previously agreed upon specifications.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7560-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Fiber Length Percentages in Hydraulic Erosion Control Products (HECPs)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The fiber length of an HECP plays a role in the ability of the HECP to effectively be mixed and applied. This standard can be used by manufacturers to evaluate their manufacturing process (quality assurance/quality control). Laboratories can also use this method for quality assurance/quality control and also conformance to criteria testing.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by these test methods is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of these test methods are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 Hydraulic erosion control product (HECP) fibers are manufactured and processed to specific length and width dimensions to facilitate the hydraulic application and to prevent clogging of the pump, recirculation pipes, nozzles, and tips. This test method is used to determine the length of the fibers on a percentage basis in an HECP.  
1.2 This test method can be used to evaluate an HECP during and after manufacturing. The results can be used for comparative evaluations of the manufacturing process.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. Sieve designations are shown in both the standard and alternative designations.  
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in the standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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