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ASTM E1349-06(2022)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45°:0° or 0°:45°) Geometry

Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45°:0° or 0°:45°) Geometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The most direct and accessible methods for obtaining the color coordinates of object colors are by instrumental measurement using spectrophotometers or spectrocolorimeters with either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring systems. This test method provides procedures for such measurement by spectrophotometry using a bidirectional (0:45 or 45:0) optical measuring system. The method for color and color difference measurement using filter colorimeters is contained in Test Method E1347.  
5.2 This test method is especially suitable for measurement of the following types of specimens for the indicated uses (see also Guide E179 and Practice E805):  
5.2.1 Object-color specimens of any gloss level for color assessment.  
5.2.2 Object-color specimens with physically flat, smooth surfaces from which to obtain data for use in computer colorant formulation.  
5.2.3 Retroreflective specimens.
Note 1: To ensure inter-instrument agreement in the measurement of specimens with intermediate gloss, for formulation, or of retroreflective specimens, significantly tighter tolerances than those given in Practice E1164, Influx and Efflux Conditions, 45°:Normal (45:0) and Normal:45° (0:45) Reflectance Factor section, may be required for the instrument angles of illumination and viewing. Information on the required tolerances is being developed.  
5.3 This test method is not recommended for measurement of specimens with bare metal surfaces for color assessment, for which the use of hemispherical measurement geometry, as with an integrating-sphere type instrument, is preferable (see Guide E179).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the instrumental measurement of the reflection properties and color of object-color specimens by use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with a bidirectional optical measuring system, such as annular, circumferential, or uniplanar 45:0 or 0:45 geometry.  
1.2 This test method is generally suitable for any non-fluorescent, flat object-color specimen. It is especially recommended for measuring retroreflective specimens and specimens of intermediate gloss.  
1.3 Procedures required for the measurement of fluorescent object color are given in Practice E991 and Practice E2153.  
1.4 Procedures required for the measurement of color using filter colorimeters are contained in Test Method E1347 and this standard does not address those instruments.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Sep-2022
ICS
17.180.20 - Colours and measurement of light
Technical Committee
E12 - Color and Appearance
Drafting Committee
E12.02 - Spectrophotometry and Colorimetry
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM E2214-20 - Standard Practice for Specifying and Verifying the Performance of Color-Measuring Instruments
Effective Date
01-May-2020
Refers
ASTM E1347-06(2020) - Standard Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Measurement by Tristimulus Colorimetry
Effective Date
01-May-2020

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ASTM E1349-06(2022) - Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45°:0° or 0°:45°) GeometryASTM E1349-06(2022) - Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45°:0° or 0°:45°) Geometry
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ASTM E1349-06(2022) - Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45°:0° or 0°:45°) Geometry
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1349 −06 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Test Method for
Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using
1
Bidirectional (45°:0° or 0°:45°) Geometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1349; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for
Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties
1.1 This test method covers the instrumental measurement
of Materials
of the reflection properties and color of object-color specimens
E284 Terminology of Appearance
by use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with a
E308 PracticeforComputingtheColorsofObjectsbyUsing
bidirectional optical measuring system, such as annular,
the CIE System
circumferential, or uniplanar 45:0 or 0:45 geometry.
E694 Specification for Laboratory Glass Volumetric Appa-
1.2 This test method is generally suitable for any non-
ratus
fluorescent, flat object-color specimen. It is especially recom-
E805 Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of
mendedformeasuringretroreflectivespecimensandspecimens
Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
of intermediate gloss.
E991 Practice for Color Measurement of Fluorescent Speci-
mens Using the One-Monochromator Method
1.3 Procedures required for the measurement of fluorescent
object color are given in Practice E991 and Practice E2153. E1164 PracticeforObtainingSpectrometricDataforObject-
Color Evaluation
1.4 Procedures required for the measurement of color using
E1345 Practice for Reducing the Effect of Variability of
filter colorimeters are contained inTest Method E1347 and this
Color Measurement by Use of Multiple Measurements
standard does not address those instruments.
E1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
surement by Tristimulus Colorimetry
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E1767 Practice for Specifying the Geometries of Observa-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
tion and Measurement to Characterize the Appearance of
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Materials
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
E2153 Practice for Obtaining Bispectral Photometric Data
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
for Evaluation of Fluorescent Color
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
E2214 Practice for Specifying and Verifying the Perfor-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
mance of Color-Measuring Instruments
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3. Terminology
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.1 Definitions:
2. Referenced Documents 3.1.1 ThedefinitionscontainedinGuideE179,Terminology
2 E284, Practice E1164, Practice E1767, and Practice E2214 are
2.1 ASTM Standards:
applicable to this test method.
D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and
Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color
4. Summary of Test Method
Coordinates
4.1 Thistestmethodprovidesaprocedureformeasuringthe
reflectance factors of reflecting object-color specimens by
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color
usingaspectrophotometerorspectrocolorimeterequippedwith
and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.02 on
Spectrophotometry and Colorimetry.
a bidirectional optical measuring system.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2022. Published November 2022. Originally
4.2 When the specimens exhibit directionality, and an in-
approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as E1349 – 06 (2018).
DOI: 10.1520/E1349-06R22.
strument with uniplanar geometry is used, information on
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
directionality may be obtained by measuring the specimens at
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
more than one rotation angle, typically at two angles 90° apart
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. as described in Practice E1345. When such information is not
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1349 − 06 (20
...

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5.1 Many competent measurement laboratories comply with accepted quality system requirements such as ISO 9001, QS 9000, or ISO 17025. When using standard test methods, the measurement results should agree with those from other similar laboratories within the combined uncertainty limits of the laboratories’ measurement systems. It is for this reason that quality system requirements demand that a statement of the uncertainty of the test results accompany every test result.  
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5.1 This test method provides procedures for obtaining tristimulus values, luminance factors and chromaticity coordinates of fluorescent-retroreflective materials by bispectral colorimetry using a 45:0 or 0:45 optical measuring system.  
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5.1 The color displayed on a VDU is an important aspect of the reproduction of colored images. The VDU is often used as the design, edit, and approval medium. Images are placed into the computer by some sort of capture device, such as a camera or scanner, modified by the computer operator, and sent on to a printer or color separation generator, or even to a paint dispenser or textile dyer. The color of the final product is to have some well-defined relationship to the original. The most common medium for establishing the relationship between input, edit, and output color (device-independent color space) is the CIE tristimulus space. This guide identifies the procedures for deriving a model that relates the digital computer settings of a VDU to the CIE tristimulus values of the colored light emitted by the primaries.
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1.1 This guide is intended for use in establishing the operating characteristics of a visual display unit (VDU), such as a cathode ray tube (CRT). Those characteristics define the relationship between the digital information supplied by a computer, which defines an image, and the resulting spectral radiant exitance and CIE tristimulus values. The mathematical description of this relationship can be used to provide a nearby device-independent model for the accurate display of color and colored images on the VDU. The CIE tristimulus values referred to here are those calculated from the CIE 1931 2° standard colorimetric (photopic) observer.  
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5.1 The Natural Colour System is a color notation system that builds on how a human being sees color. An NCS notation represents a specific color percept and describes the color as perceived; it is not dependent on limitations caused by pigments, light rays or nerve signals that have given rise to this perception. The NCS system is used internationally in such fields as architecture, corporate identity, cosmetics, education, fashion and textile forecasting and production, interior design and product design. The Natural Colour System describes colors exactly as they are seen. Any of the millions of colors that exist can be defined within the NCS system and given a precise notation. When the NCS system is known, it is possible to judge the attributes of a color by its NCS notation; for example, how much blackness, how much chromaticness, and what hue? This helps to communicate and check specifications and to identify colors. Some examples of the use of NCS are: (1) Architects and designers use the NCS color samples to select colors for all kind of products and materials; (2) They also use the NCS notation to analyze the colors in use in a particular area and to document their specifications; (3) Companies use the NCS color samples as the production standards for their products; (4) Paint manufacturers and other industries use the NCS notation and the NCS color samples to visualize the color of their products to customers, and (5) Companies use the NCS samples as high quality color standards in corporate identity programs and manuals.
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1.1 The Natural Colour System (NCS) (see 1.7) provides a color notation system that can be used to communicate color. This practice introduces the Natural Colour System, its terminology, and conversion to and from CIE tristimulus values.  
1.2 The system described in this standard includes color percepts that appear to belong to the surface of a material, provided the surface is not perceived to be fluorescent or to exhibit directional color effects.  
1.3 The system does not include colors that appear to belong to translucent or luminescent objects (so-called volume colors and luminous colors), nor does it include other visual properties of the surface layer, such as gloss and texture. An NCS notation does not describe the physical or chemical properties of an object.  
1.4 This practice also specifies the conditions for visual or instrumental determination of the NCS notation of a color sample, defines the relationships between psychometrically determined NCS notations and the corresponding CIE color coordinates which are to be used in this context.  
1.5 For the accuracy requirements associated with NCS standards and NCS color samples, the user is referred to Swedish Standard SS 19104. The colored illustrations in this standard shall not be used as standard color samples in any way. Color illustrations that are shown on screen or in printouts may be significantly different than the original NCS color samples with the same NCS Notation due to limited color reproduction capabilities in screens and printers.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 Acknowledgement—NCS, Natural Colour System is a trademark of the NCS Colour AB Stockholm, Sweden and is protected by copyright (www.ncscolour.com). All rights reserved. Original NCS color samples are only available form NCS Colour AB or any authorized NCS distributor. Commercial use of the NCS System requires a license from NCS Colour AB.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The most direct and accessible methods for obtaining the color coordinates of object colors are by instrumental measurement using spectrophotometers or colorimeters with either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring systems. This test method provides procedures for such measurement by transmittance spectrophotometry using a hemispherical optical measuring system.  
5.2 This test method is especially suitable for measurement of the following types of specimens (see also Guide E179 and Practice E805):  
5.2.1 Fully transparent specimens (free from turbidity, haze, or translucency), and  
5.2.2 Translucent or hazy specimens, provided that the specimen can be placed flush against the transmission port of the integrating sphere.  
5.3 This test method is not recommended for measurement of retroreflective transparent or translucent specimens, or samples that are fluorescent.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of the transmission properties and color of object-color specimens by the use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with a hemispherical optical measuring system, such as an integrating sphere.  
1.2 This test method is generally suitable for all fully transparent specimens without regard for the specimen position relative to the transmission port of the instrument. Translucent specimens, however, must be placed flush against the transmission port of the sphere.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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