ASTM C162-05(2010)
(Terminology)Standard Terminology of Glass and Glass Products
Standard Terminology of Glass and Glass Products
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C162 − 05(Reapproved 2010)
Standard Terminology of
Glass and Glass Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C162; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Abbe´ value 5 ~n 2 1!/~n 2 n !
d F C
where n is the refractive index for the helium line at
d
1.1 This terminology defines terms generally used in the
587.6 nm and n and n are the refractive indices for the
F C
glass industry.
hydrogen lines at 486.1 and 656.3 nm, respectively. See syn-
onymous term nu-value and related term dispersion.
1.2 In some cases in which a usage is specific to a certain
industry, that is spelled out within the definition. For complete-
acid polishing—the polishing of a glass surface by acid
ness and historical purposes, terms that are outdated are listed
treatment.
as being archaic. The reader is cautioned that some companies
air bells—bubbles of irregular shape formed generally during
or industries may define or use terms differently than the way
the pressing or molding operations in the manufacture of
these terms are defined within this terminology.
optical glass.
1.3 Other sources of glass glossaries are Glass Association
of North America’s Glazing Manual, Engineering Standards
alabaster glass—a milky-white glass that diffuses light with-
Manual for Tempered Glass, Laminated Glass Design Guide,
out fiery color.
and ASTM Committee C-14 standards.
alcove—a narrow channel to convey molten glass from refiner
to forehearth or to the revolving pot where it is gathered by
2. Referenced Documents
the Owens machine.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C148 Test Methods for Polariscopic Examination of Glass
alkali—an industrial term for the oxide of sodium or potas-
Containers
sium; less frequently of lithium.
C336 Test Method for Annealing Point and Strain Point of
ampoule—aglasscontainerdesignedtobefilledandsealedby
Glass by Fiber Elongation
fusion of the glass neck.
C338 Test Method for Softening Point of Glass
C598 Test Method for Annealing Point and Strain Point of
anneal—to attain acceptably low stresses, or desired structure,
Glass by Beam Bending
or both, in glass by controlled cooling from a suitable
C1048 Specification for Heat-Strengthened and Fully Tem-
temperature.
pered Flat Glass
C1172 Specification for Laminated Architectural Flat Glass annealing—a controlled cooling process for glass designed to
reduceresidualstresstoacommerciallyacceptableleveland
3. Terminology
modify structure.
Abbé value—the reciprocal dispersive power, a value used in
annealing point (A.P.)—thattemperaturecorrespondingeither
optical design, expressed mathematically as:
to a specific rate of elongation of a glass fiber when
measured by Test Method C336, or a specific rate of
midpoint deflection of a glass beam when measured by Test
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C14 on Glass
Method C598. At the annealing point of glass, internal
and Glass Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C14.01 on
stresses are substantially relieved in a matter of minutes.
Nomenclature and Definitions.
Current edition approved March 1, 2010. Published March 2010. Originally
annealing range—the range of glass temperature in which
approved in 1941. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as C162 – 05. DOI:
10.1520/C0162-05R10.
stress in glass can be relieved at a commercially practical
Available from Glass Association of North America (GANA), 2945 SW
rate. For purposes of comparing glasses, the annealing range
Wanamaker Drive, Ste A, Topeka, KS 66614-5321. http://www.glasswebsite.com.
is assumed to correspond with the temperature between the
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM annealing point (A.P.) and the strain point (St.P.).
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. antimony—an industrial term for an oxide of antimony.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C162 − 05 (2010)
arch, n—a part of a melter; a crown. bent glass—flat glass that has been shaped while hot into a
body having curved surfaces.
arch, v—to heat a pot in a pot arch.
beveling—the process of edge finishing flat glass to a bevel
arrest mark—See dwell mark.
angle.
arsenic—an industrial term for an oxide of arsenic.
bicheroux process—{archaic} an intermittent process for
aventurine—glass containing colored, opaque spangles of
making plate glass, in which the glass is cast between rolls,
nonglassy material.
onto driven conveyer rolls, or a flat moving table.
back wall—the wall at the charging end of a melter.
binder—(1) for a continuous filament process, a constituent of
a fiber glass sizing that couples the fiber to the composite
baffle—a mold part used to close the delivery or baffle hole in
matrix.
a blank mold.
(2)forinsulation,materialappliedtoglassfiberstohold
baffle mark—amarkorseamonabottleresultingfromamold
them in a desired arrangement.
joint between blank mold and baffle.
blank—(1)apreliminaryshapefromwhichafinishedarticleis
baffle wall—a wall used to deflect gases or flames in a melter.
further formed, molded, or cut.
See shadow wall.
(2) a semi-finished piece of glass for making an optical
element, such as a lens or prism. Also known as a pressing.
baghouse—achambercontainingbagfiltersfortheremovalof
particles from a process exhaust stream.
blanket feed—a method for charging batch designed to
produce an even distribution of batch across the width of the
bait—the tool dipped into molten glass to start any drawing
melter.
operation.
blank mold—the metal mold that first shapes the glass in the
barrel, glass container—{archaic} See sidewall, glass con-
manufacture of hollow ware.
tainer.
base—{archaic} the bottom of a bottle.
blending-batch—{archaic} stepwise changes in batch compo-
sition to arrive at the final change in finished glass.
basic fiber—unprocessed glass fibers directly from the form-
ing equipment.
blister—a relatively large gaseous inclusion in glass.
batch—(1) the recipe of batch ingredients.
bloach—{archaic} an imperfection resulting from incom-
(2) the raw materials weighed but unmixed.
pletely grinding plate glass, caused by a low place in the
(3) the raw materials, properly proportioned and mixed,
plate which retains part of the original rough surface.
for delivery to the furnace.
blocking—(1) shaping a gather of glass in a cavity of wood or
batch charger—a mechanical device for introducing batch to
metal.
the melter.
(2) archaic, promoting mixing and fining of glass by
immersion of a wooden block or other object to create
batch feeder—See batch charger.
bubbles.
batch house—the place where batch materials are received,
(3) reprocessing to remove surface imperfections.
handled, weighed, and mixed.
(4) archaic, mounting of glass for grinding and polish-
bath—synonymous with float bath. ing.
(5 ) archaic, idling a furnace at reduced temperatures.
bead—(1) an enlarged, rounded raised section on a glass
See hot hold.
article.
(2) a small piece of glass tubing bonded around a wire block mold—a one-piece mold.
lead.
block reek, rake—{archaic} a scratch imperfection caused by
(3) in fiber glass, a tear drop-shaped glass mass which
cullet lodged in the felt in the polishing operation.
forms as a result of the interruption of the fiber forming
process below an orifice.
bloom—(1) a visible surface film resulting from attack by the
atmosphere or from the deposition of particulate or vapor
bearer arch—See rider arch.
condensates. (See also smoked.)
bearing surface—the outside surface of an item of glassware
(2) a blemish in float glass appearing on the bottom (tin
on which it rests when in its normal upright position.
contact) surface after reheating as a result of the presence of
beltmarks—See chain marks. tin diffused into the surface.
bench—See siege.
blow-and-blow process—the process of forming hollow ware
bending stress—a stress system that simultaneously imposes a
in which both the preliminary and final shapes are formed by
compressive component at one surface, graduating to an
air pressure.
imposed tensile component at the opposite surface of a glass
section. blower—one who forms glass by blowing. (See also gaffer.)
C162 − 05 (2010)
blow head—partofaformingmachineservingtointroduceair bump check—See percussion cone.
under pressure to blow any hollow glass article.
burner block—a refractory block with one or more orifices
through which fuel is admitted to a furnace.
blow-over—thethin-walled bubble formed above ablowmold
in hand-shop operation to facilitate bursting-off.
burn-off—the process of severing an unwanted portion of a
glass article by fusing the glass.
blowpipe—the pipe used by a glassmaker for gathering and
blowing by mouth.
burnt lime—calcined limestone (CaO · MgO, dolomitic), or
CaO (calcitic), or a mixture of these.
blowing iron—See blowpipe.
blown glass—glassware shaped by air pressure, as by com-
bursting-off—the breaking of the blowover.
pressed air or by mouth blowing.
bushing—(1) a liner in the feeder orifice for molten glass.
blow mold—the metal mold in which a blown glass article is
(2) a precious metal or refractory/metal structure with
finally shaped.
single or multiple hole(s) through which glass flows and is
attenuated into fiber(s).
body—the attribute of molten glass, associated with viscosity
and homogeneity, which is conducive to workability.
butterfly bruise—See percussion cone.
cabal glass—a glass consisting primarily of the oxides of
boil—(1) {archaic} an imperfection; a gaseous inclusion larger
calcium, boron, and aluminum.
in size than a seed.
(2) turbulence caused by gases escaping from the
campaign—the working life of a melting furnace between
melting batch.
major cold repairs.
boost melting—See electric boosting.
canal—that part of a melting furnace leading from the fining
boot—a suspended enclosure in the nose of a melter protecting
area to the forming area. See channel and forehearth.
a portion of the surface and serving as a gathering opening.
cane—solid glass rods.
borax glass—vitreous anhydrous sodium tetraborate
(Na B O ).
2 4 7
cap, n—(1) another name for crown.
(2) a type of bottle closure.
borosilicate glass—a silicate glass with B O content above 4
2 3
weight percent, characterized by a moderate to low thermal
cap, v—{archaic} to cut off the ends of a glass cylinder.
expansion, long in viscosity versus temperature, and low in
carnival glass—glass having an iridescent coloration obtained
density.
byfiringmetallicsaltsappliedontoacoloredglassbody.See
bowl—See spout.
lusters.
breast wall—(1) the entire side wall of a melter between the
flux block and the crown, but not including the ends. carry-in—manual lehr loading.
(2) refractory wall between pillars of a pot furnace and
cased glass—glassware whose surface layer has a different
in front of or surrounding the front of a pot.
composition from that of the main glass body.
breezing—{archaic} buckwheat anthracite coal or coarse sand
casehardened—a term sometimes used for tempered glass.
spread on the siege before setting of pots.
(See tempered glass.)
bridge—the structure formed by the end walls of the adjacent
casting—a process of shaping glass by pouring molten glass
melterandrefinercompartmentsofameltingfurnaceandthe
into molds, onto tables, or between rollers.
covers spanning the gap between the end walls.
cat eye—an imperfection; an elongated bubble containing a
bridge cover—See bridge wall cover.
piece of foreign matter.
bridge wall cover—refractory blocks spanning the space
between the bridge walls.
cat scratch—an imperfection; surface irregularities on glass-
ware resembling the marks of a cat’s claws.
bridgewall—that part of a melting furnace forming a bridge or
separation between melter and refiner.
centering—an operation on lens elements wherein the element
is optically aligned with the axis of rotation and the edges
bruise—synonymous with percussion cone.
ground concentric with the optical axis.
bulb edge—the heavy rounded edge or bead of flat glass.
ceramic glass enamel (also ceramic enamel or glass
bull’s eye—(1) a tempered solid cylindrical sight glass.
enamel)—a decorative, usually colored, vitreous inorganic
(2) the glass left by the punty in the center of a flat disk
coating for bonding to glass at temperatures above 425°C
of glass made by the hand blown crown process.
(800°F).
(3) in flat glass, an optical distortion that arises from a
polishing depression or a solid inclusion trapped between chain marks—marks made on the bottoms of glass articles as
layers of laminated glass. they ride through a lehr on a chain belt slightly overheated.
C162 − 05 (2010)
channel—(1)incontainerglass,thatpartofaforehearthwhich contact stress—the tensile stress component imposed at a
carries the glass from the melter to the flow spout and in glass surface immediately surrounding the contact area
which temperature adjustments are made. between the glass surface and an object generating a locally
(2) in fiber glass, the structure to deliver glass from the applied force.
melter to the refiner or forehearth.
continuous filament—a single glass fiber of sufficiently small
diametertobeflexibleenoughfortextileuses andofgreator
charge, n—See batch (3).
indefinite length.
charge, v—to add batch to a melter.
continuous furnace—synonymous with melter.
chatter sleek—{archaic} See frictive track.
cooling-down period—{archaic} (1) the time elapsing after a
check—an imperfection; a surface crack in a glass article.
covered pot is opened before the glass is cool enough to
checkers—(1) an open structure of firebrick serving as a heat
work.
exchanger.
(2) period between fining stage and the removal of the
(2) slang for regenerators of this type.
glass from the furnace.
(3) slang for refractory brick used in such a construc-
cooling rate—See setting rate.
tion.
cord—a generally attenuated glassy inclusion with properties
chemical durability—the lasting quality (both physical and
differing from those of the surrounding glass.
chemical) of a glass surface. It is frequently evaluated, after
corrugated glass—glass rolled to produce a corrugated con-
prolonged weathering or storing, in terms of chemical and
tour.
physical changes in the glass surface, or in terms of changes
in the contents of a vessel.
crackled—glassware, the surface of which has been intention-
ally cracked
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.