ASTM C162-05(2015)
(Terminology)Standard Terminology of Glass and Glass Products
Standard Terminology of<brk type="line"/> Glass and Glass Products
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C162 − 05 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Terminology of
Glass and Glass Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C162; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
587.6 nm and n and n are the refractive indices for the
1. Scope
F C
hydrogen lines at 486.1 and 656.3 nm, respectively. See syn-
1.1 This terminology defines terms generally used in the
onymous term nu-value and related term dispersion.
glass industry.
acid polishing—the polishing of a glass surface by acid
1.2 In some cases in which a usage is specific to a certain
treatment.
industry, that is spelled out within the definition. For complete-
ness and historical purposes, terms that are outdated are listed
air bells—bubbles of irregular shape formed generally during
as being archaic. The reader is cautioned that some companies
the pressing or molding operations in the manufacture of
or industries may define or use terms differently than the way
optical glass.
these terms are defined within this terminology.
alabaster glass—a milky-white glass that diffuses light with-
1.3 Other sources of glass glossaries are Glass Association
out fiery color.
of North America’s Glazing Manual, Engineering Standards
alcove—a narrow channel to convey molten glass from refiner
Manual for Tempered Glass, Laminated Glass Design Guide,
to forehearth or to the revolving pot where it is gathered by
and ASTM Committee C-14 standards.
the Owens machine.
2. Referenced Documents
alkali—an industrial term for the oxide of sodium or potas-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
sium; less frequently of lithium.
C148 Test Methods for Polariscopic Examination of Glass
Containers
ampoule—aglasscontainerdesignedtobefilledandsealedby
C336 Test Method for Annealing Point and Strain Point of
fusion of the glass neck.
Glass by Fiber Elongation
anneal—to attain acceptably low stresses, or desired structure,
C338 Test Method for Softening Point of Glass
or both, in glass by controlled cooling from a suitable
C598 Test Method for Annealing Point and Strain Point of
temperature.
Glass by Beam Bending
C1048 Specification for Heat-Strengthened and Fully Tem-
annealing—a controlled cooling process for glass designed to
pered Flat Glass
reduceresidualstresstoacommerciallyacceptableleveland
C1172 Specification for Laminated Architectural Flat Glass
modify structure.
3. Terminology
annealing point (A.P.)—thattemperaturecorrespondingeither
to a specific rate of elongation of a glass fiber when
Abbé value—the reciprocal dispersive power, a value used in
measured by Test Method C336, or a specific rate of
optical design, expressed mathematically as:
midpoint deflection of a glass beam when measured by Test
Abbe´ value 5 n 2 1 / n 2 n
~ ! ~ !
d F C
Method C598. At the annealing point of glass, internal
where n is the refractive index for the helium line at
d
stresses are substantially relieved in a matter of minutes.
1 annealing range—the range of glass temperature in which
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C14 on Glass
and Glass Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C14.01 on
stress in glass can be relieved at a commercially practical
Nomenclature and Definitions.
rate. For purposes of comparing glasses, the annealing range
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2015. Published November 2015. Originally
is assumed to correspond with the temperature between the
approved in 1941. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as C162 – 05 (2010).
annealing point (A.P.) and the strain point (St.P.).
DOI: 10.1520/C0162-05R15.
Available from Glass Association of North America (GANA), 2945 SW
antimony—an industrial term for an oxide of antimony.
Wanamaker Drive, Ste A, Topeka, KS 66614-5321. http://www.glasswebsite.com.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM arch, n—a part of a melter; a crown.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. arch, v—to heat a pot in a pot arch.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C162 − 05 (2015)
arrest mark—See dwell mark. bicheroux process—{archaic} an intermittent process for
arsenic—an industrial term for an oxide of arsenic. making plate glass, in which the glass is cast between rolls,
onto driven conveyer rolls, or a flat moving table.
aventurine—glass containing colored, opaque spangles of
nonglassy material.
binder—(1) for a continuous filament process, a constituent of
a fiber glass sizing that couples the fiber to the composite
back wall—the wall at the charging end of a melter.
matrix.
baffle—a mold part used to close the delivery or baffle hole in
(2) for insulation, material applied to glass fibers to hold
a blank mold. them in a desired arrangement.
baffle mark—amarkorseamonabottleresultingfromamold
blank—(1)apreliminaryshapefromwhichafinishedarticleis
joint between blank mold and baffle.
further formed, molded, or cut.
(2) a semi-finished piece of glass for making an optical
baffle wall—a wall used to deflect gases or flames in a melter.
element, such as a lens or prism. Also known as a pressing.
See shadow wall.
blanket feed—a method for charging batch designed to
baghouse—achambercontainingbagfiltersfortheremovalof
produce an even distribution of batch across the width of the
particles from a process exhaust stream.
melter.
bait—the tool dipped into molten glass to start any drawing
blank mold—the metal mold that first shapes the glass in the
operation.
manufacture of hollow ware.
barrel, glass container—{archaic} See sidewall, glass con-
blending-batch—{archaic} stepwise changes in batch compo-
tainer.
sition to arrive at the final change in finished glass.
base—{archaic} the bottom of a bottle.
basic fiber—unprocessed glass fibers directly from the form- blister—a relatively large gaseous inclusion in glass.
ing equipment.
bloach—{archaic} an imperfection resulting from incom-
batch—(1) the recipe of batch ingredients.
pletely grinding plate glass, caused by a low place in the
(2) the raw materials weighed but unmixed.
plate which retains part of the original rough surface.
(3) the raw materials, properly proportioned and mixed, for
blocking—(1) shaping a gather of glass in a cavity of wood or
delivery to the furnace.
metal.
batch charger—a mechanical device for introducing batch to
(2) archaic, promoting mixing and fining of glass by
the melter.
immersion of a wooden block or other object to create
bubbles.
batch feeder—See batch charger.
(3) reprocessing to remove surface imperfections.
batch house—the place where batch materials are received,
(4) archaic, mounting of glass for grinding and polishing.
handled, weighed, and mixed.
(5 ) archaic, idling a furnace at reduced temperatures.
bath—synonymous with float bath.
See hot hold.
bead—(1) an enlarged, rounded raised section on a glass
block mold—a one-piece mold.
article.
block reek, rake—{archaic} a scratch imperfection caused by
(2) a small piece of glass tubing bonded around a wire lead.
(3) in fiber glass, a tear drop-shaped glass mass which forms cullet lodged in the felt in the polishing operation.
as a result of the interruption of the fiber forming process
bloom—(1) a visible surface film resulting from attack by the
below an orifice.
atmosphere or from the deposition of particulate or vapor
bearer arch—See rider arch.
condensates. (See also smoked.)
bearing surface—the outside surface of an item of glassware
(2) a blemish in float glass appearing on the bottom (tin
on which it rests when in its normal upright position. contact) surface after reheating as a result of the presence of
tin diffused into the surface.
beltmarks—See chain marks.
bench—See siege.
blow-and-blow process—the process of forming hollow ware
bending stress—a stress system that simultaneously imposes a
in which both the preliminary and final shapes are formed by
compressive component at one surface, graduating to an
air pressure.
imposed tensile component at the opposite surface of a glass
blower—one who forms glass by blowing. (See also gaffer.)
section.
blow head—partofaformingmachineservingtointroduceair
bent glass—flat glass that has been shaped while hot into a
under pressure to blow any hollow glass article.
body having curved surfaces.
beveling—the process of edge finishing flat glass to a bevel blow-over—thethin-walledbubbleformedaboveablowmold
angle. in hand-shop operation to facilitate bursting-off.
C162 − 05 (2015)
blowpipe—the pipe used by a glassmaker for gathering and burn-off—the process of severing an unwanted portion of a
blowing by mouth. glass article by fusing the glass.
burnt lime—calcined limestone (CaO · MgO, dolomitic), or
blowing iron—See blowpipe.
CaO (calcitic), or a mixture of these.
blown glass—glassware shaped by air pressure, as by com-
pressed air or by mouth blowing.
bursting-off—the breaking of the blowover.
blow mold—the metal mold in which a blown glass article is
bushing—(1) a liner in the feeder orifice for molten glass.
finally shaped.
(2) a precious metal or refractory/metal structure with single
or multiple hole(s) through which glass flows and is attenu-
body—the attribute of molten glass, associated with viscosity
ated into fiber(s).
and homogeneity, which is conducive to workability.
butterfly bruise—See percussion cone.
boil—(1) {archaic} an imperfection; a gaseous inclusion larger
cabal glass—a glass consisting primarily of the oxides of
in size than a seed.
calcium, boron, and aluminum.
(2) turbulence caused by gases escaping from the melting
batch.
campaign—the working life of a melting furnace between
major cold repairs.
boost melting—See electric boosting.
canal—that part of a melting furnace leading from the fining
boot—a suspended enclosure in the nose of a melter protecting
area to the forming area. See channel and forehearth.
a portion of the surface and serving as a gathering opening.
cane—solid glass rods.
borax glass—vitreous anhydrous sodium tetraborate
(Na B O ).
2 4 7
cap, n—(1) another name for crown.
(2) a type of bottle closure.
borosilicate glass—a silicate glass with B O content above 4
2 3
weight percent, characterized by a moderate to low thermal
cap, v—{archaic} to cut off the ends of a glass cylinder.
expansion, long in viscosity versus temperature, and low in
carnival glass—glass having an iridescent coloration obtained
density.
byfiringmetallicsaltsappliedontoacoloredglassbody.See
bowl—See spout.
lusters.
breast wall—(1) the entire side wall of a melter between the
carry-in—manual lehr loading.
flux block and the crown, but not including the ends.
(2) refractory wall between pillars of a pot furnace and in cased glass—glassware whose surface layer has a different
front of or surrounding the front of a pot.
composition from that of the main glass body.
casehardened—a term sometimes used for tempered glass.
breezing—{archaic} buckwheat anthracite coal or coarse sand
(See tempered glass.)
spread on the siege before setting of pots.
casting—a process of shaping glass by pouring molten glass
bridge—the structure formed by the end walls of the adjacent
into molds, onto tables, or between rollers.
melterandrefinercompartmentsofameltingfurnaceandthe
covers spanning the gap between the end walls.
cat eye—an imperfection; an elongated bubble containing a
piece of foreign matter.
bridge cover—See bridge wall cover.
bridge wall cover—refractory blocks spanning the space
cat scratch—an imperfection; surface irregularities on glass-
between the bridge walls.
ware resembling the marks of a cat’s claws.
bridgewall—that part of a melting furnace forming a bridge or centering—an operation on lens elements wherein the element
separation between melter and refiner. is optically aligned with the axis of rotation and the edges
ground concentric with the optical axis.
bruise—synonymous with percussion cone.
ceramic glass enamel (also ceramic enamel or glass
bulb edge—the heavy rounded edge or bead of flat glass.
enamel)—a decorative, usually colored, vitreous inorganic
coating for bonding to glass at temperatures above 425°C
bull’s eye—(1) a tempered solid cylindrical sight glass.
(800°F).
(2) the glass left by the punty in the center of a flat disk of
glass made by the hand blown crown process.
chain marks—marks made on the bottoms of glass articles as
(3) in flat glass, an optical distortion that arises from a
they ride through a lehr on a chain belt slightly overheated.
polishing depression or a solid inclusion trapped between
channel—(1)incontainerglass,thatpartofaforehearthwhich
layers of laminated glass.
carries the glass from the melter to the flow spout and in
bump check—See percussion cone.
which temperature adjustments are made.
burner block—a refractory block with one or more orifices (2) in fiber glass, the structure to deliver glass from the
through which fuel is admitted to a furnace. melter to the refiner or forehearth.
C162 − 05 (2015)
charge, n—See batch (3). continuous furnace—synonymous with melter.
charge, v—to add batch to a melter.
cooling-down period—{archaic} (1) the time elapsing after a
covered pot is opened before the glass is cool enough to
chatter sleek—{archaic} See frictive track.
work.
check—an imperfection; a surface crack in a glass article.
(2) period between fining stage and the removal of the
glass from the furnace.
checkers—(1) an open structure of firebrick serving as a heat
exchanger.
cooling rate—See setting rate.
(2) slang for regenerators of this type.
cord—a generally attenuated glassy inclusion with properties
(3) slang for refractory brick used in such a construction.
differing from those of the surrounding glass.
chemical durability—the lasting quality (both physical and
corrugated glass—glass rolled to produce a corrugated con-
chemical) of a glass surface. It is frequently evaluated, after
tour.
prolonged weathering or storing, in terms of chemical and
physical changes in the glass surface, or in terms of changes
crackled—glassware, the surface of which has been intention-
in the contents of a vessel.
ally cracked by water immersion and partially healed by
reheating before final shaping.
chemically strengthened—glass that has been ion-exchanged
to produce a
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C162 − 05 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Terminology of
Glass and Glass Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C162; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
587.6 nm and n and n are the refractive indices for the
1. Scope
F C
hydrogen lines at 486.1 and 656.3 nm, respectively. See syn-
1.1 This terminology defines terms generally used in the
onymous term nu-value and related term dispersion.
glass industry.
acid polishing—the polishing of a glass surface by acid
1.2 In some cases in which a usage is specific to a certain
treatment.
industry, that is spelled out within the definition. For complete-
ness and historical purposes, terms that are outdated are listed
air bells—bubbles of irregular shape formed generally during
as being archaic. The reader is cautioned that some companies
the pressing or molding operations in the manufacture of
or industries may define or use terms differently than the way
optical glass.
these terms are defined within this terminology.
alabaster glass—a milky-white glass that diffuses light with-
1.3 Other sources of glass glossaries are Glass Association
out fiery color.
of North America’s Glazing Manual, Engineering Standards
alcove—a narrow channel to convey molten glass from refiner
Manual for Tempered Glass, Laminated Glass Design Guide,
to forehearth or to the revolving pot where it is gathered by
and ASTM Committee C-14 standards.
the Owens machine.
2. Referenced Documents
alkali—an industrial term for the oxide of sodium or potas-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
sium; less frequently of lithium.
C148 Test Methods for Polariscopic Examination of Glass
Containers
ampoule—a glass container designed to be filled and sealed by
C336 Test Method for Annealing Point and Strain Point of
fusion of the glass neck.
Glass by Fiber Elongation
anneal—to attain acceptably low stresses, or desired structure,
C338 Test Method for Softening Point of Glass
or both, in glass by controlled cooling from a suitable
C598 Test Method for Annealing Point and Strain Point of
temperature.
Glass by Beam Bending
C1048 Specification for Heat-Strengthened and Fully Tem-
annealing—a controlled cooling process for glass designed to
pered Flat Glass
reduce residual stress to a commercially acceptable level and
C1172 Specification for Laminated Architectural Flat Glass
modify structure.
3. Terminology
annealing point (A.P.)—that temperature corresponding either
to a specific rate of elongation of a glass fiber when
Abbé value—the reciprocal dispersive power, a value used in
measured by Test Method C336, or a specific rate of
optical design, expressed mathematically as:
midpoint deflection of a glass beam when measured by Test
Abbe´ value5 ~n 2 1!/~n 2 n !
d F C
Method C598. At the annealing point of glass, internal
where n is the refractive index for the helium line at
d
stresses are substantially relieved in a matter of minutes.
annealing range—the range of glass temperature in which
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C14 on Glass
and Glass Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C14.01 on stress in glass can be relieved at a commercially practical
Nomenclature and Definitions.
rate. For purposes of comparing glasses, the annealing range
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2015. Published November 2015. Originally
is assumed to correspond with the temperature between the
approved in 1941. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as C162 – 05 (2010).
annealing point (A.P.) and the strain point (St.P.).
DOI: 10.1520/C0162-05R15.
Available from Glass Association of North America (GANA), 2945 SW
antimony—an industrial term for an oxide of antimony.
Wanamaker Drive, Ste A, Topeka, KS 66614-5321. http://www.glasswebsite.com.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
arch, n—a part of a melter; a crown.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. arch, v—to heat a pot in a pot arch.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C162 − 05 (2015)
arrest mark—See dwell mark. bicheroux process—{archaic} an intermittent process for
making plate glass, in which the glass is cast between rolls,
arsenic—an industrial term for an oxide of arsenic.
onto driven conveyer rolls, or a flat moving table.
aventurine—glass containing colored, opaque spangles of
nonglassy material.
binder—(1) for a continuous filament process, a constituent of
a fiber glass sizing that couples the fiber to the composite
back wall—the wall at the charging end of a melter.
matrix.
baffle—a mold part used to close the delivery or baffle hole in (2) for insulation, material applied to glass fibers to hold
a blank mold.
them in a desired arrangement.
baffle mark—a mark or seam on a bottle resulting from a mold
blank—(1) a preliminary shape from which a finished article is
joint between blank mold and baffle.
further formed, molded, or cut.
(2) a semi-finished piece of glass for making an optical
baffle wall—a wall used to deflect gases or flames in a melter.
element, such as a lens or prism. Also known as a pressing.
See shadow wall.
blanket feed—a method for charging batch designed to
baghouse—a chamber containing bag filters for the removal of
produce an even distribution of batch across the width of the
particles from a process exhaust stream.
melter.
bait—the tool dipped into molten glass to start any drawing
blank mold—the metal mold that first shapes the glass in the
operation.
manufacture of hollow ware.
barrel, glass container—{archaic} See sidewall, glass con-
blending-batch—{archaic} stepwise changes in batch compo-
tainer.
sition to arrive at the final change in finished glass.
base—{archaic} the bottom of a bottle.
basic fiber—unprocessed glass fibers directly from the form-
blister—a relatively large gaseous inclusion in glass.
ing equipment.
bloach—{archaic} an imperfection resulting from incom-
batch—(1) the recipe of batch ingredients.
pletely grinding plate glass, caused by a low place in the
(2) the raw materials weighed but unmixed.
plate which retains part of the original rough surface.
(3) the raw materials, properly proportioned and mixed, for
blocking—(1) shaping a gather of glass in a cavity of wood or
delivery to the furnace.
metal.
batch charger—a mechanical device for introducing batch to
(2) archaic, promoting mixing and fining of glass by
the melter.
immersion of a wooden block or other object to create
bubbles.
batch feeder—See batch charger.
(3) reprocessing to remove surface imperfections.
batch house—the place where batch materials are received,
(4) archaic, mounting of glass for grinding and polishing.
handled, weighed, and mixed.
(5 ) archaic, idling a furnace at reduced temperatures.
bath—synonymous with float bath.
See hot hold.
bead—(1) an enlarged, rounded raised section on a glass
block mold—a one-piece mold.
article.
(2) a small piece of glass tubing bonded around a wire lead. block reek, rake—{archaic} a scratch imperfection caused by
cullet lodged in the felt in the polishing operation.
(3) in fiber glass, a tear drop-shaped glass mass which forms
as a result of the interruption of the fiber forming process
bloom—(1) a visible surface film resulting from attack by the
below an orifice.
atmosphere or from the deposition of particulate or vapor
bearer arch—See rider arch.
condensates. (See also smoked.)
bearing surface—the outside surface of an item of glassware (2) a blemish in float glass appearing on the bottom (tin
on which it rests when in its normal upright position.
contact) surface after reheating as a result of the presence of
tin diffused into the surface.
beltmarks—See chain marks.
bench—See siege.
blow-and-blow process—the process of forming hollow ware
bending stress—a stress system that simultaneously imposes a
in which both the preliminary and final shapes are formed by
compressive component at one surface, graduating to an
air pressure.
imposed tensile component at the opposite surface of a glass
blower—one who forms glass by blowing. (See also gaffer.)
section.
blow head—part of a forming machine serving to introduce air
bent glass—flat glass that has been shaped while hot into a
under pressure to blow any hollow glass article.
body having curved surfaces.
beveling—the process of edge finishing flat glass to a bevel blow-over—the thin-walled bubble formed above a blow mold
angle. in hand-shop operation to facilitate bursting-off.
C162 − 05 (2015)
blowpipe—the pipe used by a glassmaker for gathering and burn-off—the process of severing an unwanted portion of a
blowing by mouth. glass article by fusing the glass.
burnt lime—calcined limestone (CaO · MgO, dolomitic), or
blowing iron—See blowpipe.
CaO (calcitic), or a mixture of these.
blown glass—glassware shaped by air pressure, as by com-
pressed air or by mouth blowing.
bursting-off—the breaking of the blowover.
blow mold—the metal mold in which a blown glass article is
bushing—(1) a liner in the feeder orifice for molten glass.
finally shaped.
(2) a precious metal or refractory/metal structure with single
or multiple hole(s) through which glass flows and is attenu-
body—the attribute of molten glass, associated with viscosity
ated into fiber(s).
and homogeneity, which is conducive to workability.
butterfly bruise—See percussion cone.
boil—(1) {archaic} an imperfection; a gaseous inclusion larger
cabal glass—a glass consisting primarily of the oxides of
in size than a seed.
calcium, boron, and aluminum.
(2) turbulence caused by gases escaping from the melting
batch.
campaign—the working life of a melting furnace between
major cold repairs.
boost melting—See electric boosting.
canal—that part of a melting furnace leading from the fining
boot—a suspended enclosure in the nose of a melter protecting
area to the forming area. See channel and forehearth.
a portion of the surface and serving as a gathering opening.
cane—solid glass rods.
borax glass—vitreous anhydrous sodium tetraborate
(Na B O ).
2 4 7
cap, n—(1) another name for crown.
(2) a type of bottle closure.
borosilicate glass—a silicate glass with B O content above 4
2 3
weight percent, characterized by a moderate to low thermal
cap, v—{archaic} to cut off the ends of a glass cylinder.
expansion, long in viscosity versus temperature, and low in
carnival glass—glass having an iridescent coloration obtained
density.
by firing metallic salts applied onto a colored glass body. See
bowl—See spout. lusters.
breast wall—(1) the entire side wall of a melter between the
carry-in—manual lehr loading.
flux block and the crown, but not including the ends.
(2) refractory wall between pillars of a pot furnace and in
cased glass—glassware whose surface layer has a different
front of or surrounding the front of a pot. composition from that of the main glass body.
casehardened—a term sometimes used for tempered glass.
breezing—{archaic} buckwheat anthracite coal or coarse sand
(See tempered glass.)
spread on the siege before setting of pots.
casting—a process of shaping glass by pouring molten glass
bridge—the structure formed by the end walls of the adjacent
into molds, onto tables, or between rollers.
melter and refiner compartments of a melting furnace and the
covers spanning the gap between the end walls.
cat eye—an imperfection; an elongated bubble containing a
piece of foreign matter.
bridge cover—See bridge wall cover.
bridge wall cover—refractory blocks spanning the space
cat scratch—an imperfection; surface irregularities on glass-
between the bridge walls.
ware resembling the marks of a cat’s claws.
bridgewall—that part of a melting furnace forming a bridge or
centering—an operation on lens elements wherein the element
separation between melter and refiner.
is optically aligned with the axis of rotation and the edges
ground concentric with the optical axis.
bruise—synonymous with percussion cone.
ceramic glass enamel (also ceramic enamel or glass
bulb edge—the heavy rounded edge or bead of flat glass.
enamel)—a decorative, usually colored, vitreous inorganic
coating for bonding to glass at temperatures above 425°C
bull’s eye—(1) a tempered solid cylindrical sight glass.
(800°F).
(2) the glass left by the punty in the center of a flat disk of
glass made by the hand blown crown process.
chain marks—marks made on the bottoms of glass articles as
(3) in flat glass, an optical distortion that arises from a
they ride through a lehr on a chain belt slightly overheated.
polishing depression or a solid inclusion trapped between
channel—(1) in container glass, that part of a forehearth which
layers of laminated glass.
carries the glass from the melter to the flow spout and in
bump check—See percussion cone.
which temperature adjustments are made.
burner block—a refractory block with one or more orifices (2) in fiber glass, the structure to deliver glass from the
through which fuel is admitted to a furnace. melter to the refiner or forehearth.
C162 − 05 (2015)
charge, n—See batch (3). continuous furnace—synonymous with melter.
charge, v—to add batch to a melter.
cooling-down period—{archaic} (1) the time elapsing after a
covered pot is opened before the glass is cool enough to
chatter sleek—{archaic} See frictive track.
work.
check—an imperfection; a surface crack in a glass article.
(2) period between fining stage and the removal of the
checkers—(1) an open structure of firebrick serving as a heat glass from the furnace.
exchanger.
cooling rate—See setting rate.
(2) slang for regenerators of this type.
cord—a generally attenuated glassy inclusion with properties
(3) slang for refractory brick used in such a construction.
differing from those of the surrounding glass.
chemical durability—the lasting quality (both physical and
corrugated glass—glass rolled to produce a corrugated con-
chemical) of a glass surface. It is frequently evaluated, after
tour.
prolonged weathering or storing, in terms of chemical and
physical changes in the glass surface, or in terms of changes
crackled—glassware, the surface of which has been intention-
in the contents of a vessel.
ally cracked by water immersion and partially healed by
reheating before final shaping.
chemically strengthened—glass that has been ion-exchanged
to produce a compressiv
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C162 − 05 (Reapproved 2010) C162 − 05 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Terminology of
Glass and Glass Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C162; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This terminology defines terms generally used in the glass industry.
1.2 In some cases in which a usage is specific to a certain industry, that is spelled out within the definition. For completeness
and historical purposes, terms that are outdated are listed as being archaic. The reader is cautioned that some companies or
industries may define or use terms differently than the way these terms are defined within this terminology.
1.3 Other sources of glass glossaries are Glass Association of North America’s Glazing Manual, Engineering Standards
2 2
Manual for Tempered Glass, Laminated Glass Design Guide, and ASTM Committee C-14 standards.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C148 Test Methods for Polariscopic Examination of Glass Containers
C336 Test Method for Annealing Point and Strain Point of Glass by Fiber Elongation
C338 Test Method for Softening Point of Glass
C598 Test Method for Annealing Point and Strain Point of Glass by Beam Bending
C1048 Specification for Heat-Strengthened and Fully Tempered Flat Glass
C1172 Specification for Laminated Architectural Flat Glass
3. Terminology
Abbé value—the reciprocal dispersive power, a value used in optical design, expressed mathematically as:
Abbe´ value 5 ~n 2 1!/~n 2 n !
d F C
where n is the refractive index for the helium line at 587.6 nm and n and n are the refractive indices for the hydrogen
d F C
lines at 486.1 and 656.3 nm, respectively. See synonymous term nu-value and related term dispersion.
acid polishing—the polishing of a glass surface by acid treatment.
air bells—bubbles of irregular shape formed generally during the pressing or molding operations in the manufacture of optical
glass.
alabaster glass—a milky-white glass that diffuses light without fiery color.
alcove—a narrow channel to convey molten glass from refiner to forehearth or to the revolving pot where it is gathered by the
Owens machine.
alkali—an industrial term for the oxide of sodium or potassium; less frequently of lithium.
ampoule—a glass container designed to be filled and sealed by fusion of the glass neck.
anneal—to attain acceptably low stresses, or desired structure, or both, in glass by controlled cooling from a suitable temperature.
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C14 on Glass and Glass Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C14.01 on
Nomenclature and Definitions.
Current edition approved March 1, 2010Nov. 1, 2015. Published March 2010November 2015. Originally approved in 1941. Last previous edition approved in 20052010
as C162 – 05.C162 – 05 (2010). DOI: 10.1520/C0162-05R10.10.1520/C0162-05R15.
Available from Glass Association of North America (GANA), 2945 SW Wanamaker Drive, Ste A, Topeka, KS 66614-5321. http://www.glasswebsite.com.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C162 − 05 (2015)
annealing—a controlled cooling process for glass designed to reduce residual stress to a commercially acceptable level and modify
structure.
annealing point (A.P.)—that temperature corresponding either to a specific rate of elongation of a glass fiber when measured by
Test Method C336, or a specific rate of midpoint deflection of a glass beam when measured by Test Method C598. At the
annealing point of glass, internal stresses are substantially relieved in a matter of minutes.
annealing range—the range of glass temperature in which stress in glass can be relieved at a commercially practical rate. For
purposes of comparing glasses, the annealing range is assumed to correspond with the temperature between the annealing point
(A.P.) and the strain point (St.P.).
antimony—an industrial term for an oxide of antimony.
arch, n—a part of a melter; a crown.
arch, v—to heat a pot in a pot arch.
arrest mark—See dwell mark.
arsenic—an industrial term for an oxide of arsenic.
aventurine—glass containing colored, opaque spangles of nonglassy material.
back wall—the wall at the charging end of a melter.
baffle—a mold part used to close the delivery or baffle hole in a blank mold.
baffle mark—a mark or seam on a bottle resulting from a mold joint between blank mold and baffle.
baffle wall—a wall used to deflect gases or flames in a melter.
See shadow wall.
baghouse—a chamber containing bag filters for the removal of particles from a process exhaust stream.
bait—the tool dipped into molten glass to start any drawing operation.
barrel, glass container—{archaic} See sidewall, glass container.
base—{archaic} the bottom of a bottle.
basic fiber—unprocessed glass fibers directly from the forming equipment.
batch—(1) the recipe of batch ingredients.
(2) the raw materials weighed but unmixed.
(3) the raw materials, properly proportioned and mixed, for delivery to the furnace.
batch charger—a mechanical device for introducing batch to the melter.
batch feeder—See batch charger.
batch house—the place where batch materials are received, handled, weighed, and mixed.
bath—synonymous with float bath.
bead—(1) an enlarged, rounded raised section on a glass article.
(2) a small piece of glass tubing bonded around a wire lead.
(3) in fiber glass, a tear drop-shaped glass mass which forms as a result of the interruption of the fiber forming process
below an orifice.
bearer arch—See rider arch.
bearing surface—the outside surface of an item of glassware on which it rests when in its normal upright position.
beltmarks—See chain marks.
bench—See siege.
bending stress—a stress system that simultaneously imposes a compressive component at one surface, graduating to an imposed
tensile component at the opposite surface of a glass section.
bent glass—flat glass that has been shaped while hot into a body having curved surfaces.
beveling—the process of edge finishing flat glass to a bevel angle.
bicheroux process—{archaic} an intermittent process for making plate glass, in which the glass is cast between rolls, onto driven
conveyer rolls, or a flat moving table.
C162 − 05 (2015)
binder—(1) for a continuous filament process, a constituent of a fiber glass sizing that couples the fiber to the composite matrix.
(2) for insulation, material applied to glass fibers to hold them in a desired arrangement.
blank—(1) a preliminary shape from which a finished article is further formed, molded, or cut.
(2) a semi-finished piece of glass for making an optical element, such as a lens or prism. Also known as a pressing.
blanket feed—a method for charging batch designed to produce an even distribution of batch across the width of the melter.
blank mold—the metal mold that first shapes the glass in the manufacture of hollow ware.
blending-batch—{archaic} stepwise changes in batch composition to arrive at the final change in finished glass.
blister—a relatively large gaseous inclusion in glass.
bloach—{archaic} an imperfection resulting from incompletely grinding plate glass, caused by a low place in the plate which
retains part of the original rough surface.
blocking—(1) shaping a gather of glass in a cavity of wood or metal.
(2) archaic, promoting mixing and fining of glass by immersion of a wooden block or other object to create bubbles.
(3) reprocessing to remove surface imperfections.
(4) archaic, mounting of glass for grinding and polishing.
(5 ) archaic, idling a furnace at reduced temperatures.
See hot hold.
block mold—a one-piece mold.
block reek, rake—{archaic} a scratch imperfection caused by cullet lodged in the felt in the polishing operation.
bloom—(1) a visible surface film resulting from attack by the atmosphere or from the deposition of particulate or vapor
condensates. (See also smoked.)
(2) a blemish in float glass appearing on the bottom (tin contact) surface after reheating as a result of the presence of tin
diffused into the surface.
blow-and-blow process—the process of forming hollow ware in which both the preliminary and final shapes are formed by air
pressure.
blower—one who forms glass by blowing. (See also gaffer.)
blow head—part of a forming machine serving to introduce air under pressure to blow any hollow glass article.
blow-over—the thin-walled bubble formed above a blow mold in hand-shop operation to facilitate bursting-off.
blowpipe—the pipe used by a glassmaker for gathering and blowing by mouth.
blowing iron—See blowpipe.
blown glass—glassware shaped by air pressure, as by compressed air or by mouth blowing.
blow mold—the metal mold in which a blown glass article is finally shaped.
body—the attribute of molten glass, associated with viscosity and homogeneity, which is conducive to workability.
boil—(1) {archaic} an imperfection; a gaseous inclusion larger in size than a seed.
(2) turbulence caused by gases escaping from the melting batch.
boost melting—See electric boosting.
boot—a suspended enclosure in the nose of a melter protecting a portion of the surface and serving as a gathering opening.
borax glass—vitreous anhydrous sodium tetraborate (Na B O ).
2 4 7
borosilicate glass—a silicate glass with B O content above 4 weight percent, characterized by a moderate to low thermal
2 3
expansion, long in viscosity versus temperature, and low in density.
bowl—See spout.
breast wall—(1) the entire side wall of a melter between the flux block and the crown, but not including the ends.
(2) refractory wall between pillars of a pot furnace and in front of or surrounding the front of a pot.
breezing—{archaic} buckwheat anthracite coal or coarse sand spread on the siege before setting of pots.
bridge—the structure formed by the end walls of the adjacent melter and refiner compartments of a melting furnace and the covers
spanning the gap between the end walls.
C162 − 05 (2015)
bridge cover—See bridge wall cover.
bridge wall cover—refractory blocks spanning the space between the bridge walls.
bridgewall—that part of a melting furnace forming a bridge or separation between melter and refiner.
bruise—synonymous with percussion cone.
bulb edge—the heavy rounded edge or bead of flat glass.
bull’s eye—(1) a tempered solid cylindrical sight glass.
(2) the glass left by the punty in the center of a flat disk of glass made by the hand blown crown process.
(3) in flat glass, an optical distortion that arises from a polishing depression or a solid inclusion trapped between layers of
laminated glass.
bump check—See percussion cone.
burner block—a refractory block with one or more orifices through which fuel is admitted to a furnace.
burn-off—the process of severing an unwanted portion of a glass article by fusing the glass.
burnt lime—calcined limestone (CaO · MgO, dolomitic), or CaO (calcitic), or a mixture of these.
bursting-off—the breaking of the blowover.
bushing—(1) a liner in the feeder orifice for molten glass.
(2) a precious metal or refractory/metal structure with single or multiple hole(s) through which glass flows and is attenuated
into fiber(s).
butterfly bruise—See percussion cone.
cabal glass—a glass consisting primarily of the oxides of calcium, boron, and aluminum.
campaign—the working life of a melting furnace between major cold repairs.
canal—that part of a melting furnace leading from the fining area to the forming area. See channel and forehearth.
cane—solid glass rods.
cap, n—(1) another name for crown.
(2) a type of bottle closure.
cap, v—{archaic} to cut off the ends of a glass cylinder.
carnival glass—glass having an iridescent coloration obtained by firing metallic salts applied onto a colored glass body. See
lusters.
carry-in—manual lehr loading.
cased glass—glassware whose surface layer has a different composition from that of the main glass body.
casehardened—a term sometimes used for tempered glass. (See tempered glass.)
casting—a process of shaping glass by pouring molten glass into molds, onto tables, or between rollers.
cat eye—an imperfection; an elongated bubble containing a piece of foreign matter.
cat scratch—an imperfection; surface irregularities on glassware resembling the marks of a cat’s claws.
centering—an operation on lens elements wherein the element is optically aligned with the axis of rotation and the edges ground
concentric with the optical axis.
ceramic glass enamel (also ceramic enamel or glass enamel)—a decorative, usually colored, vitreous inorganic coating for
bonding to glass at temperatures above 425°C (800°F).
chain marks—marks made on the bottoms of glass articles as they ride through a lehr on a chain belt slightly overheated.
channel—(1) in container glass, that part of a forehearth which carries the glass from the melter to the flow spout and in which
temperature adjustments are made.
(2) in fiber glass, the structure to deliver glass from the melter to the refiner or forehearth.
charge, n—See batch (3).
charge, v—to add batch to a melter.
C162 − 05 (2015)
chatter sleek—{archaic} See frictive track.
check—an imperfection; a surface crack in a glass article.
checkers—(1) an open structure of firebrick serving as a heat exchanger.
(2) slang for regenerators of this type.
(3) slang for refractory brick used in such a construction.
chemical durability—the lasting quality (both physical and chemical) of a glass surface. It is frequently evaluated, after prolonged
weathering or storing, in terms of chemical and physical changes in the glass surface, or in terms of changes in the contents of
a vessel.
chemically strengthened—glass that has been ion-exchanged to produce a compressive stress layer at the treated surface.
chill mark—a wrinkled surface condition on glassware resulting from uneven cooling in the forming process.
chip—an imperfection due to breakage of a small fragment out of an otherwise regular surface.
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