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ASTM E1880-06

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Tissue Cryosection Analysis with SIMS

Standard Practice for Tissue Cryosection Analysis with SIMS

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Pressing cryosections flat onto a conducting substrate has been one of the most challenging problems in SIMS analysis of cryogenically prepared tissue specimens. Frozen cryosections often curl or peel off, or both, from the substrate during freeze-drying. The curling of cryosections results in an uneven sample surface for SIMS analysis. Furthermore, if freeze-dried cryosections are not attached tightly to the substrate, the impact of the primary ion beam may result in further curling and even dislodging of the cryosection from the substrate. These problems render SIMS analysis difficult, frustrating and time consuming. The use of indium as a substrate for pressing cryosections flat has provided a practical approach for analyzing cryogenically prepared tissue specimens.(1)
The procedure described herein has been successfully used for SIMS imaging of calcium and magnesium transport and localization of anticancer drugs in animal models (2, 3, 4, 5)
The procedure described here is amenable to soft tissues of both animal and plant origin.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides the Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) analyst with a method for analyzing tissue cryosections in the imaging mode of the instrument. This practice is suitable for frozen-freeze-dried and frozen-hydrated cryosection analysis.
1.2 This practice does not describe methods for optimal freezing of the specimen for immobilizing diffusible chemical species in their native intracellular sites.
1.3 This practice does not describe methods for obtaining cryosections from a frozen specimen.
1.4 This practice is not suitable for any plastic embedded tissues.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2006
ICS
17.180.01 - Optics and optical measurements in general
Technical Committee
E42 - Surface Analysis
Drafting Committee
E42.06 - SIMS
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1880-97(2002) - Standard Practice for Tissue Cryosection Analysis with SIMS
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006

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ASTM E1880-06 - Standard Practice for Tissue Cryosection Analysis with SIMSASTM E1880-06 - Standard Practice for Tissue Cryosection Analysis with SIMS
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ASTM E1880-06 - Standard Practice for Tissue Cryosection Analysis with SIMS
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1880 − 06
StandardPractice for
1
Tissue Cryosection Analysis with SIMS
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1880; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope analysis need to be mounted flat on an electrically conducting
substrate. Cryosections should remain flat and adhere well to
1.1 This practice provides the Secondary Ion Mass Spec-
the substrate for SIMS analysis. This is achieved by pressing
trometry (SIMS) analyst with a method for analyzing tissue
frozen cryosections into an indium substrate. Indium, being a
cryosections in the imaging mode of the instrument. This
malleable metal (Moh hardness = 1.2,Young’s modulus = 10.6
practice is suitable for frozen-freeze-dried and frozen-hydrated
GPa), provides a “cushion” for pressing and holding the frozen
cryosection analysis.
cryosections flat for SIMS analysis. Indium substrates are
1.2 This practice does not describe methods for optimal
prepared by pressing sheet indium onto a polished silicon
freezing of the specimen for immobilizing diffusible chemical
wafer.An approximately 1 µm thick layer of indium (99.999 %
species in their native intracellular sites.
purity) is then vapor deposited on this surface. This top layer
1.3 This practice does not describe methods for obtaining provides “fluffy” indium that helps in holding cryosections flat
for SIMS analysis.
cryosections from a frozen specimen.
1.4 This practice is not suitable for any plastic embedded
5. Significance and Use
tissues.
5.1 Pressing cryosections flat onto a conducting substrate
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
has been one of the most challenging problems in SIMS
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
analysis of cryogenically prepared tissue specimens. Frozen
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
cryosections often curl or peel off, or both, from the substrate
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
during freeze-drying. The curling of cryosections results in an
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
uneven sample surface for SIMS analysis. Furthermore, if
freeze-dried cryosections are not attached tightly to the
2. Referenced Documents
substrate, the impact of the primary ion beam may result in
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
further curling and even dislodging of the cryosection from the
E673 Terminology Relating to SurfaceAnalysis (Withdrawn
substrate. These problems render SIMS analysis difficult,
3
2012)
frustrating and time consuming. The use of indium as a
substrate for pressing cryosections flat has provided a practical
3. Terminology
approach for analyzing cryogenically prepared tissue speci-
4
3.1 Definitions:
mens (1).
3.1.1 SeeTerminology E673 for definitions of terms used in
5.2 The procedure described herein has been successfully
SIMS.
used for SIMS imaging of calcium and magnesium transport
and localization of anticancer drugs in animal models (2, 3, 4,
4. Summary of Practice
5).
4.1 This practice describes a method for the analysis of
5.3 The procedure described here is amenable to soft tissues
tissue cryosections with SIMS. Tissue cryosections for SIMS
of both animal and plant origin.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E42 on Surface 6. Apparatus
Analysis and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E42.06 on SIMS.
6.1 The procedure described here can be used for tissue
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2006. Published November 2006. Originally
approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E1880 – 97 (2002). cryosection analysis with virtually any SIMS instrument.
DOI: 10.1520/E1880-06.
6.2 A cold stage in the SIMS instrument is needed to
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM analyze frozen-hydrated specimens (6).
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3 4
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of
www.astm.org. this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1880 − 06
7. Procedure indium substrate can be freeze-dried by transferring the indium
substrate to a freeze-drier.
7.1 Prepare the indium substrate by pressing sheet indium
7.1.2 Upon completion of freeze-drying, the freeze-drier
...

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ASTM E1880-12(2020)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Tissue Cryosection Analysis with SIMS

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Pressing cryosections flat onto a conducting substrate has been one of the most challenging problems in SIMS analysis of cryogenically prepared tissue specimens. Frozen cryosections often curl or peel off, or both, from the substrate during freeze-drying. The curling of cryosections results in an uneven sample surface for SIMS analysis. Furthermore, if freeze-dried cryosections are not attached tightly to the substrate, the impact of the primary ion beam may result in further curling and even dislodging of the cryosection from the substrate. These problems render SIMS analysis difficult, frustrating and time consuming. The use of indium as a substrate for pressing cryosections flat has provided a practical approach for analyzing cryogenically prepared tissue specimens (1).4  
5.2 The procedure described herein has been successfully used for SIMS imaging of calcium and magnesium transport and localization of anticancer drugs in animal models (2, 3, 4, 5).  
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1.1 This practice provides the Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) analyst with a method for analyzing tissue cryosections in the imaging mode of the instrument. This practice is suitable for frozen-freeze-dried and frozen-hydrated cryosection analysis.  
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4.1 This guide is intended as a source of tutorial and reference information that can be used during establishment of computed radiography techniques and procedures by qualified CR personnel for specific applications. All materials presented within this guide may not be suited for all levels of computed radiographic personnel.  
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1.1 This guide provides general tutorial information regarding the fundamental and physical principles of computed radiography (CR), definitions and terminology required to understand the basic CR process. An introduction to some of the limitations that are typically encountered during the establishment of techniques and basic image processing methods are also provided. This guide does not provide specific techniques or acceptance criteria for specific end-user inspection applications. Information presented within this guide may be useful in conjunction with those standards of 1.2.  
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5.2 Use—This test method is acceptable for use on any transparent part. It is primarily intended for use on large, curved, or thick parts either pre- or post-installation (for example, windscreens on aircraft).
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1.1 This test method describes an apparatus and procedure that is suitable for measuring the transmissivity of large, thick, or curved transparent parts including parts already installed. This test method is limited to transparencies that are relatively neutral with respect to wavelength (not highly colored).  
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ASTM E3029-15(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determining Relative Spectral Correction Factors for Emission Signal of Fluorescence Spectrometers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Calibration of the responsivity of the detection system for emission (EM) as a function of EM wavelength (λEM), also referred to as spectral correction of emission, is necessary for successful quantification when intensity ratios at different EM wavelengths are being compared or when the true shape or peak maximum position of an EM spectrum needs to be known. Such calibration methods are given here and summarized in Table 1. This type of calibration is necessary because the spectral responsivity of a detection system can change significantly over its useful wavelength range (see Fig. 1). It is highly recommended that the wavelength accuracy (see Test Method E388) and the linear range of the detection system (see Guide E2719 and Test Method E578) be determined before spectral calibration is performed and that appropriate steps are taken to insure that all measured intensities during this calibration are within the linear range. For example, when using wide slit widths in the monochromators, attenuators may be needed to attenuate the excitation beam or emission, thereby, decreasing the fluorescence intensity at the detector. Also note that when using an EM polarizer, the spectral correction for emission is dependent on the polarizer setting. (2) It is important to use the same instrument settings for all of the calibration procedures mentioned here, as well as for subsequent sample measurements.  
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SCOPE
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5.1 The gauge is intended to provide a means for measuring image or detector unsharpness and basic spatial resolution of the image or detector as independently as practicable from the imaging system and contrast sensitivity limitations. When the duplex gauge is positioned directly on the film or the digital detector and not on the test object, then the determined unsharpness corresponds to the inherent film or detector unsharpness (Udetector) and the determined basic spatial resolution corresponds to the basic spatial detector resolution SRbdetector.
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5.1 The nighttime retroreflective properties of pavement markings are known to improve driving safety. Retroreflective composite optics have been developed to improve retroreflectivity in dry and rainy wet conditions. For customers purchasing these materials it’s important to verify the consistency and performance. This guide provides a set of laboratory procedures which can be selected individually or together to evaluate lot-to-lot consistency of composite optics of the same type and manufacturer. These are not in-service performance procedures and don’t necessarily predict in-service performance.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide presents a series of options for evaluating lot-to-lot consistency of retroreflective composite optics of the same type and form from the same manufacturer and does not recommend any specific course of action to be taken. This guide is meant to increase the awareness of information and approaches and is not meant to recommend any specific course of action per ASTM’s Form and Style for ASTM Standards definition for a Guide.  
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Standard Practice for Tissue Cryosection Analysis with SIMS

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Pressing cryosections flat onto a conducting substrate has been one of the most challenging problems in SIMS analysis of cryogenically prepared tissue specimens. Frozen cryosections often curl or peel off, or both, from the substrate during freeze-drying. The curling of cryosections results in an uneven sample surface for SIMS analysis. Furthermore, if freeze-dried cryosections are not attached tightly to the substrate, the impact of the primary ion beam may result in further curling and even dislodging of the cryosection from the substrate. These problems render SIMS analysis difficult, frustrating and time consuming. The use of indium as a substrate for pressing cryosections flat has provided a practical approach for analyzing cryogenically prepared tissue specimens (1).4  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides the Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) analyst with a method for analyzing tissue cryosections in the imaging mode of the instrument. This practice is suitable for frozen-freeze-dried and frozen-hydrated cryosection analysis.  
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1.3 This practice does not describe methods for obtaining cryosections from a frozen specimen.  
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Standard Test Method for Measuring Angular Displacement of Multiple Images in Transparent Parts

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 With the advent of thick, highly angled aircraft transparencies, multiple imaging has been more frequently cited as an optical problem by pilots. Secondary images (of outside lights), often varying in intensity and displacement across the windscreen, can give the pilot deceptive optical cues of his altitude, velocity, and approach angle, increasing his visual workload. Current specifications for multiple imaging in transparencies are vague and not quantitative. Typical specifications state “multiple imaging shall not be objectionable.”  
5.2 The angular separation of the secondary and primary images has been shown to relate to the pilot's acceptability of the windscreen. This procedure provides a way to quantify angular separation so a more objective evaluation of the transparency can be made. This procedure is of use for research of multiple imaging, quantifying aircrew complaints, or as the basis for windscreen specifications.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measuring the angular separation of secondary images from their respective primary images as viewed from the design eye position of an aircraft transparency. Angular separation is measured at 49 points within a 20 by 20° field of view. This procedure is designed for performance on any aircraft transparency in a laboratory or in the field. However, the procedure is limited to a dark environment. Laboratory measurements are done in a darkened room and field measurements are done at night (preferably between astronomical dusk and astronomical dawn).  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard possibly involves hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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Standard Test Method for Measuring Binocular Disparity in Transparent Parts

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5.1 Diplopia or doubling of vision occurs when there is sufficient binocular disparity present so that the bounds of Panum's area (the area of single vision) is exceeded. This condition arises whenever one object is significantly closer (or farther) than another so that looking at one will cause the image of the other to appear double. This can be easily demonstrated: Close one eye and look at a clock (or other object) on a distant wall. Now place your thumb to one side of the image of the clock. Now open both eyes. If you look at the clock, you should see two thumbs. If you look at your thumb, you should see two clocks.  
5.2 Complaints from pilots flying aircraft equipped with wide field of view head up displays (HUDs), such as the LANTIRN HUD, indicated that they were experiencing discomfort (eye fatigue, headaches, and so forth) or seeing either two targets or two pippers (aiming symbols on the HUD) when using the HUD. Subsequent investigations revealed that the problem arose from the fact that the aircraft transparency and the HUD significantly changed the optical distances of the target and the HUD imagery so that binocular disparity, which exceeded Panum's area was induced. Use of this test method provides a procedure by which the amount of binocular disparity being experienced by a human operator due to the presence of a transparent part in their field of view may be easily and precisely measured.
SCOPE
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