17.180.01 - Optics and optical measurements in general
ICS 17.180.01 Details
Optics and optical measurements in general
Optik und optische Messungen im allgemeinen
Optique et mesurage optique en général
Optika in optična merjenja na splošno
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 17.180.01 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Optics and optical measurements in general". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 66 standards classified under ICS 17.180.01 (Optics and optical measurements in general). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
This document gives general guidance on evaluating the sources of error in optical transfer function (OTF) equipment and in using this information to estimate errors in a measurement of OTF. It also gives guidance on assessing and specifying a general uncertainty for a specific measuring equipment, as well as recommending methods of routine assessment. The main body of this document deals exclusively with the modulation transfer function (MTF) part of the OTF. The phase transfer function (PTF) is dealt with relatively briefly in Annex A.
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This document gives general guidance for the construction and use of equipment for measurement of the optical transfer function (OTF) of imaging systems. This document specifies important factors that can influence the measurement of the OTF and gives general rules for equipment performance requirements and environmental controls. It specifies important precautions that should be taken to ensure accurate measurements and correction factors to be applied to the collected data. The OTF measuring equipment described in this document is restricted to that which analyses the radiation distribution in the image plane of the optical imaging system under test. Interferometer-based instruments are outside the scope of this document.
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This document specifies reference wavelengths to be used for the characterization of optical materials, optical systems and instruments, and ophthalmic lenses. It defines the associated principal refractive indices and principal dispersions, as well as the Abbe numbers with regard to these reference wavelengths and principal dispersions.
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This document specifies reference wavelengths to be used for the characterization of optical materials, optical systems and instruments, and ophthalmic lenses. It defines the associated principal refractive indices and principal dispersions, as well as the Abbe numbers with regard to these reference wavelengths and principal dispersions.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies reference wavelengths to be used for the characterization of optical materials, optical systems and instruments, and ophthalmic lenses. It defines the associated principal refractive indices and principal dispersions, as well as the Abbe numbers with regard to these reference wavelengths and principal dispersions.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended as a source of tutorial and reference information that can be used during establishment of computed radiography techniques and procedures by qualified CR personnel for specific applications. All materials presented within this guide may not be suited for all levels of computed radiographic personnel.
4.2 This guide is intended to build upon an established basic knowledge of radiographic fundamentals (that is, film systems) as may be found in Guide E94. Similarly, materials presented within this guide are not intended as “all-inclusive” but are intended to address basic CR topics and issues that complement a general knowledge of computed radiography as described in 1.2 and 3.2.28.
4.3 Materials presented within this guide may be useful in the development of end-user training programs designed by qualified CR personnel or activities that perform similar functions. Computed radiography is considered a rapidly advancing inspection technology that will require the user maintain knowledge of the latest CR apparatus and technique innovations. Section 11 of this guide contains technical reference materials that may be useful in further advancement of knowledge associated with computed radiography.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides general tutorial information regarding the fundamental and physical principles of computed radiography (CR), definitions and terminology required to understand the basic CR process. An introduction to some of the limitations that are typically encountered during the establishment of techniques and basic image processing methods are also provided. This guide does not provide specific techniques or acceptance criteria for specific end-user inspection applications. Information presented within this guide may be useful in conjunction with those standards of 1.2.
1.2 CR techniques for general inspection applications may be found in Practice E2033. Technical qualification attributes for CR systems may be found in Practice E2445. Criteria for classification of CR system technical performance levels may be found in Practice E2446. Reference Images Standards E2422, E2660, and E2669 contain digital reference acceptance illustrations.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Significance—This test method provides a means to measure the transmissivity of parts in the field (already installed on aircraft) and of large, thick or curved parts physically difficult to measure using Test Method D1003.
5.2 Use—This test method is acceptable for use on any transparent part. It is primarily intended for use on large, curved, or thick parts either pre- or post-installation (for example, windscreens on aircraft).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes an apparatus and procedure that is suitable for measuring the transmissivity of large, thick, or curved transparent parts including parts already installed. This test method is limited to transparencies that are relatively neutral with respect to wavelength (not highly colored).
1.2 Since the transmissivity (transmission coefficient) is a ratio of two luminance values, it has no units. The units of luminance recorded in the intermediate steps of this test method are not critical; any recognized units of luminance (for example, foot-lamberts or candelas per square metre) are acceptable for use, as long as use is consistent.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document specifies the characteristics of the system of physical photometry established by the CIE and accepted as the basis for the measurement of light. It defines the photometric quantities, units and standards that make up the CIE system of physical photometry and that have been officially accepted by the Comité International des Poids et Mesures (CIPM). This comprises: — the definition of photometric quantities, symbols and units; — the definition of CIE spectral luminous efficiency functions for photopic vision, scotopic vision, mesopic vision and 10° photopic vision; — the definition of CIE photometric observers that conforms to these functions; — the definition of maximum luminous efficacy for photopic vision, mesopic vision, scotopic vision and 10° photopic vision.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Calibration of the responsivity of the detection system for emission (EM) as a function of EM wavelength (λEM), also referred to as spectral correction of emission, is necessary for successful quantification when intensity ratios at different EM wavelengths are being compared or when the true shape or peak maximum position of an EM spectrum needs to be known. Such calibration methods are given here and summarized in Table 1. This type of calibration is necessary because the spectral responsivity of a detection system can change significantly over its useful wavelength range (see Fig. 1). It is highly recommended that the wavelength accuracy (see Test Method E388) and the linear range of the detection system (see Guide E2719 and Test Method E578) be determined before spectral calibration is performed and that appropriate steps are taken to insure that all measured intensities during this calibration are within the linear range. For example, when using wide slit widths in the monochromators, attenuators may be needed to attenuate the excitation beam or emission, thereby, decreasing the fluorescence intensity at the detector. Also note that when using an EM polarizer, the spectral correction for emission is dependent on the polarizer setting. (2) It is important to use the same instrument settings for all of the calibration procedures mentioned here, as well as for subsequent sample measurements.
FIG. 1 Example of Relative Spectral Responsivity of Emission Detection System (Grating Monochromator-PMT Based), (see Test Method E578) for which a Correction Needs to be Applied to a Measured Instrument-Specific Emission Spectrum to Obtain its True Spectral Shape (Relative Intensities).
3.2 When using CCD or diode array detectors with a spectrometer for λEM selection, the spectral correction factors are dependent on the grating position of the spectrometer. Therefore, the spectral correction profile versus λEM must be determined separately for each grating position ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice (1)2 describes three methods for determining the relative spectral correction factors for grating-based fluorescence spectrometers in the ultraviolet-visible spectral range. These methods are intended for instruments with a 0°/90° transmitting sample geometry. Each method uses different types of transfer standards, including 1) a calibrated light source (CS), 2) a calibrated detector (CD) and a calibrated diffuse reflector (CR), and 3) certified reference materials (CRMs). The wavelength region covered by the different methods ranges from 250 nm to 830 nm with some methods having a broader range than others. Extending these methods to the near infrared (NIR) beyond 830 nm will be discussed briefly, where appropriate. These methods were designed for scanning fluorescence spectrometers with a single channel detector, but can also be used with a multichannel detector, such as a diode array or a CCD.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The gauge is intended to provide a means for measuring image or detector unsharpness and basic spatial resolution of the image or detector as independently as practicable from the imaging system and contrast sensitivity limitations. When the duplex gauge is positioned directly on the film or the digital detector and not on the test object, then the determined unsharpness corresponds to the inherent film or detector unsharpness (Udetector) and the determined basic spatial resolution corresponds to the basic spatial detector resolution SRbdetector.
Note 1: The gauge, described in ISO 19232-5, is equivalent to this standard in the dimensions and the evaluation procedure.
5.2 Basis of Application
5.2.1 The following items are subject to contractual agreement between the parties using or referencing this practice.
5.2.1.1 Personnel Qualification—Personnel performing examinations to this practice shall be qualified in accordance with NAS410, EN 4179, ANSI/ASNT CP 189, ISO 9712, or SNT-TC-1A and certified by the employer or certifying agency as applicable. Other equivalent qualification documents may be used when specified on the contract or purchase order. The applicable revision shall be the latest unless otherwise specified in the contractual agreement between parties.
5.2.1.2 If specified in the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualified and evaluated as described in Specification E543. The applicable edition of Specification E543 shall be specified in the contract.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the design and basic use of a gauge used to determine the image unsharpness and the basic spatial resolution of film radiographs or of digital images taken with CR imaging plates, digital detector arrays, or radioscopic systems.
1.2 This practice is applicable to radiographic and radioscopic imaging systems utilizing X-ray and gamma ray radiation sources.
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 The gauge described can be used effectively with tube voltages up to 600 kV.
1.5 When using source voltages in the megavolt range, the results may not be completely satisfactory. The gauge may be used in the MV range, preferably for characterization of detectors without object.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The nighttime retroreflective properties of pavement markings are known to improve driving safety. Retroreflective composite optics have been developed to improve retroreflectivity in dry and rainy wet conditions. For customers purchasing these materials it’s important to verify the consistency and performance. This guide provides a set of laboratory procedures which can be selected individually or together to evaluate lot-to-lot consistency of composite optics of the same type and manufacturer. These are not in-service performance procedures and don’t necessarily predict in-service performance.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide presents a series of options for evaluating lot-to-lot consistency of retroreflective composite optics of the same type and form from the same manufacturer and does not recommend any specific course of action to be taken. This guide is meant to increase the awareness of information and approaches and is not meant to recommend any specific course of action per ASTM’s Form and Style for ASTM Standards definition for a Guide.
1.1.1 This guide does not determine lab procedure selection or acceptance criteria for a specific retroreflective composite optics product for its intended use. It is the responsibility of the manufacturer and customer to negotiate these details based on their specific needs.
1.1.2 This guide is not intended to predict in-service performance levels.
1.1.3 This guide is not intended for comparison of different types of composite optics or manufacturers of composite optics.
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document specifies the monitoring of mechanical tests and inspections performed both at the material (coupon) and at the structural scale by the implementation of kinematic field measurements by digital image correlation. This document describes an in situ method for evaluating the metrological performance of an extensometer system using image correlation for the delivery of displacement fields, and by extrapolation, of deformation fields. It can be implemented prior to the actual start of the test (or inspection). It will inform of the metrological performance in testing conditions.
This document allows the metrological performance of the measuring technology to be quantified. The methodology described herein is not to be considered as a calibration step. This reference document does not exhaustively specify the constitutive elements of a generic system of Digital Image Correlation measurement. This reference does not address the measurement of 3D shapes via stereocorrelation systems.
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This document provides rules for the measurement of the spectral reflectance of plane surfaces and the spectral transmittance of plane parallel elements using spectrophotometers. This document only applies to measurements of the regular transmittance and the regular reflectance; it does not apply to those of the diffuse transmittance and the diffuse reflectance. This document is applicable to test samples, which are coated or uncoated optical components without optical power.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Pressing cryosections flat onto a conducting substrate has been one of the most challenging problems in SIMS analysis of cryogenically prepared tissue specimens. Frozen cryosections often curl or peel off, or both, from the substrate during freeze-drying. The curling of cryosections results in an uneven sample surface for SIMS analysis. Furthermore, if freeze-dried cryosections are not attached tightly to the substrate, the impact of the primary ion beam may result in further curling and even dislodging of the cryosection from the substrate. These problems render SIMS analysis difficult, frustrating and time consuming. The use of indium as a substrate for pressing cryosections flat has provided a practical approach for analyzing cryogenically prepared tissue specimens (1).4
5.2 The procedure described herein has been successfully used for SIMS imaging of calcium and magnesium transport and localization of anticancer drugs in animal models (2, 3, 4, 5).
5.3 The procedure described here is amenable to soft tissues of both animal and plant origin.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides the Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) analyst with a method for analyzing tissue cryosections in the imaging mode of the instrument. This practice is suitable for frozen-freeze-dried and frozen-hydrated cryosection analysis.
1.2 This practice does not describe methods for optimal freezing of the specimen for immobilizing diffusible chemical species in their native intracellular sites.
1.3 This practice does not describe methods for obtaining cryosections from a frozen specimen.
1.4 This practice is not suitable for any plastic embedded tissues.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 With the advent of thick, highly angled aircraft transparencies, multiple imaging has been more frequently cited as an optical problem by pilots. Secondary images (of outside lights), often varying in intensity and displacement across the windscreen, can give the pilot deceptive optical cues of his altitude, velocity, and approach angle, increasing his visual workload. Current specifications for multiple imaging in transparencies are vague and not quantitative. Typical specifications state “multiple imaging shall not be objectionable.”
5.2 The angular separation of the secondary and primary images has been shown to relate to the pilot's acceptability of the windscreen. This procedure provides a way to quantify angular separation so a more objective evaluation of the transparency can be made. This procedure is of use for research of multiple imaging, quantifying aircrew complaints, or as the basis for windscreen specifications.
5.3 It is of note that the basic multiple imaging characteristics of a windscreen are determined early in the design phase and are virtually impossible to change after the windscreen has been manufactured. In fact, a perfectly manufactured windscreen has some multiple imaging. For a particular windscreen, caution is advised in the selection of specification criteria for multiple imaging, as inherent multiple imaging characteristics have the potential to vary significantly depending upon windscreen thickness, material, or installation angle. Any tolerances that might be established are advised to allow for inherent multiple imaging characteristics.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measuring the angular separation of secondary images from their respective primary images as viewed from the design eye position of an aircraft transparency. Angular separation is measured at 49 points within a 20 by 20° field of view. This procedure is designed for performance on any aircraft transparency in a laboratory or in the field. However, the procedure is limited to a dark environment. Laboratory measurements are done in a darkened room and field measurements are done at night (preferably between astronomical dusk and astronomical dawn).
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard possibly involves hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Diplopia or doubling of vision occurs when there is sufficient binocular disparity present so that the bounds of Panum's area (the area of single vision) is exceeded. This condition arises whenever one object is significantly closer (or farther) than another so that looking at one will cause the image of the other to appear double. This can be easily demonstrated: Close one eye and look at a clock (or other object) on a distant wall. Now place your thumb to one side of the image of the clock. Now open both eyes. If you look at the clock, you should see two thumbs. If you look at your thumb, you should see two clocks.
5.2 Complaints from pilots flying aircraft equipped with wide field of view head up displays (HUDs), such as the LANTIRN HUD, indicated that they were experiencing discomfort (eye fatigue, headaches, and so forth) or seeing either two targets or two pippers (aiming symbols on the HUD) when using the HUD. Subsequent investigations revealed that the problem arose from the fact that the aircraft transparency and the HUD significantly changed the optical distances of the target and the HUD imagery so that binocular disparity, which exceeded Panum's area was induced. Use of this test method provides a procedure by which the amount of binocular disparity being experienced by a human operator due to the presence of a transparent part in their field of view may be easily and precisely measured.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the amount of binocular disparity that is induced by transparent parts such as aircraft windscreens, canopies, HUD combining glasses, visors, or goggles. This test method may be applied to parts of any size, shape, or thickness, individually or in combination, so as to determine the contribution of each transparent part to the overall binocular disparity present in the total “viewing system” being used by a human operator.
1.2 This test method represents one of several techniques that are available for measuring binocular disparity, but is the only technique that yields a quantitative figure of merit that can be related to operator visual performance.
1.3 This test method employs apparatus currently being used in the measurement of optical angular deviation under Test Method F801.
1.4 The values stated in inches (Imperial units) are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document specifies general optical test methods for the measurement of the relative irradiance in the image field. This document is applicable to optical imaging systems in the optical spectral region from λ = 100 nm to λ = 1 μm. Theoretical reflections and the comparison with the calculation apply only to optical systems. This document is applicable to rotationally invariant and rotationally variant systems; anamorphic systems, for example, are included. Telescopic systems are also included. The title of this document refers to the relative irradiance in the image field, but this document is also applicable to determination of the relative radiant power. NOTE For telescopic systems, it is suitable to state only the radiant power; for most imaging systems, the conversion from radiant power to irradiance is easy. As far as measurements are concerned, this document is also applicable to electro-optical systems. The two methods described differ particularly in the influence of veiling glare.
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This document specifies procedures for determining the spectroscopic forward scattering characteristics of coated and uncoated optical surfaces over a specified wavelength range between 350 nm and 850 nm using a double-beam spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere. This document is also applicable to the forward scattering properties at a single wavelength. This document is applicable to spectroscopic forward scattering measurements with collection angles larger than 2,7 degrees. ISO 13696 provides a measurement method for smaller collection angles.
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IEC 62522:2014 provides a stable and reproducible procedure to calibrate the wavelength and power output of a tuneable laser against reference instrumentation such as optical power meters and optical wavelength meters (including optical frequency meters) that have been previously traceably calibrated. Keywords: calibrate the wavelength and power output of a tuneable laser
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ISO 9334:2012 defines terms relating to the optical transfer function and indicates, where pertinent, the mathematical relationships between those terms. It also defines important parameters that should be specified in connection with optical transfer function testing. The terms and parameters defined in ISO 9334:2012 apply to all measurements of the optical transfer function for optical, electro‑optical and other imaging systems.
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ISO 15529:2010 specifies the principal MTFs associated with a sampled imaging system, together with related terms, and outlines a number of suitable techniques for measuring these MTFs. It also defines a measure for the “aliasing” related to imaging with such systems. ISO 15529:2010 is particularly relevant to electronic imaging devices such as digital still and video cameras and the detector arrays they embody.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Significance—This test method provides a means to measure the transmissivity of parts in the field (already installed on aircraft) and of large, thick or curved parts physically difficult to measure using Test Method D1003.
5.2 Use—This test method is acceptable for use on any transparent part. It is primarily intended for use on large, curved, or thick parts either pre- or post-installation (for example, windscreens on aircraft).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes an apparatus and procedure that is suitable for measuring the transmissivity of large, thick, or curved transparent parts including parts already installed. This test method is limited to transparencies that are relatively neutral with respect to wavelength (not highly colored).
1.2 Since the transmissivity (transmission coefficient) is a ratio of two luminance values, it has no units. The units of luminance recorded in the intermediate steps of this test method are not critical; any recognized units of luminance (for example, foot-lamberts or candelas per square metre) are acceptable for use, as long as use is consistent.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended as a source of tutorial and reference information that can be used during establishment of computed radiography techniques and procedures by qualified CR personnel for specific applications. All materials presented within this guide may not be suited for all levels of computed radiographic personnel.
4.2 This guide is intended to build upon an established basic knowledge of radiographic fundamentals (that is, film systems) as may be found in Guide E94. Similarly, materials presented within this guide are not intended as “all-inclusive” but are intended to address basic CR topics and issues that complement a general knowledge of computed radiography as described in 1.2 and 3.2.28.
4.3 Materials presented within this guide may be useful in the development of end-user training programs designed by qualified CR personnel or activities that perform similar functions. Computed radiography is considered a rapidly advancing inspection technology that will require the user maintain knowledge of the latest CR apparatus and technique innovations. Section 11 of this guide contains technical reference materials that may be useful in further advancement of knowledge associated with computed radiography.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides general tutorial information regarding the fundamental and physical principles of computed radiography (CR), definitions and terminology required to understand the basic CR process. An introduction to some of the limitations that are typically encountered during the establishment of techniques and basic image processing methods are also provided. This guide does not provide specific techniques or acceptance criteria for specific end-user inspection applications. Information presented within this guide may be useful in conjunction with those standards of 1.2.
1.2 CR techniques for general inspection applications may be found in Practice E2033. Technical qualification attributes for CR systems may be found in Practice E2445. Criteria for classification of CR system technical performance levels may be found in Practice E2446. Reference Images Standards E2422, E2660, and E2669 contain digital reference acceptance illustrations.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
- Guide23 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 With the advent of thick, highly angled aircraft transparencies, multiple imaging has been more frequently cited as an optical problem by pilots. Secondary images (of outside lights), often varying in intensity and displacement across the windscreen, can give the pilot deceptive optical cues of his altitude, velocity, and approach angle, increasing his visual workload. Current specifications for multiple imaging in transparencies are vague and not quantitative. Typical specifications state “multiple imaging shall not be objectionable.”
5.2 The angular separation of the secondary and primary images has been shown to relate to the pilot's acceptability of the windscreen. This procedure provides a way to quantify angular separation so a more objective evaluation of the transparency can be made. This procedure is of use for research of multiple imaging, quantifying aircrew complaints, or as the basis for windscreen specifications.
5.3 It is of note that the basic multiple imaging characteristics of a windscreen are determined early in the design phase and are virtually impossible to change after the windscreen has been manufactured. In fact, a perfectly manufactured windscreen has some multiple imaging. For a particular windscreen, caution is advised in the selection of specification criteria for multiple imaging, as inherent multiple imaging characteristics have the potential to vary significantly depending upon windscreen thickness, material, or installation angle. Any tolerances that might be established are advised to allow for inherent multiple imaging characteristics.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measuring the angular separation of secondary images from their respective primary images as viewed from the design eye position of an aircraft transparency. Angular separation is measured at 49 points within a 20 by 20° field of view. This procedure is designed for performance on any aircraft transparency in a laboratory or in the field. However, the procedure is limited to a dark environment. Laboratory measurements are done in a darkened room and field measurements are done at night.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.2.1 Exception—The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard possibly involves hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Calibration of the responsivity of the detection system for emission (EM) as a function of EM wavelength (λEM), also referred to as spectral correction of emission, is necessary for successful quantification when intensity ratios at different EM wavelengths are being compared or when the true shape or peak maximum position of an EM spectrum needs to be known. Such calibration methods are given here and summarized in Table 1. This type of calibration is necessary because the spectral responsivity of a detection system can change significantly over its useful wavelength range (see Fig. 1). It is highly recommended that the wavelength accuracy (see Test Method E388) and the linear range of the detection system (see Guide E2719 and Test Method E578) be determined before spectral calibration is performed and that appropriate steps are taken to insure that all measured intensities during this calibration are within the linear range. For example, when using wide slit widths in the monochromators, attenuators may be needed to attenuate the excitation beam or emission, thereby, decreasing the fluorescence intensity at the detector. Also note that when using an EM polarizer, the spectral correction for emission is dependent on the polarizer setting. (2) It is important to use the same instrument settings for all of the calibration procedures mentioned here, as well as for subsequent sample measurements.
3.2 When using CCD or diode array detectors with a spectrometer for λEM selection, the spectral correction factors are dependent on the grating position of the spectrometer. Therefore, the spectral correction profile versus λEM must be determined separately for each grating position used. (3)
3.3 Instrument manufacturers often provide an automated procedure and calculation for a spectral correction function for emission, or they may supply a correction that was determined at the factory. This correction can often be applied during spectral collection or as a post-co...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice (1)2 describes three methods for determining the relative spectral correction factors for grating-based fluorescence spectrometers in the ultraviolet-visible spectral range. These methods are intended for instruments with a 0°/90° transmitting sample geometry. Each method uses different types of transfer standards, including 1) a calibrated light source (CS), 2) a calibrated detector (CD) and a calibrated diffuse reflector (CR), and 3) certified reference materials (CRMs). The wavelength region covered by the different methods ranges from 250 to 830 nm with some methods having a broader range than others. Extending these methods to the near infrared (NIR) beyond 830 nm will be discussed briefly, where appropriate. These methods were designed for scanning fluorescence spectrometers with a single channel detector, but can also be used with a multichannel detector, such as a diode array or a CCD.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The gauge is intended to provide a means for measuring total image unsharpness and basic spatial image resolution as independently as practicable from the imaging system contrast sensitivity limitations. A similar description of the gauge’s construction may be found in ISO 19232-5. When the duplex gauge is positioned directly on the film or the digital detector without any test object between them, the total image unsharpness or basic spatial image resolution is equivalent to the inherent film or detector unsharpness (Ui) and the basic spatial detector resolution (SRbdetector). Alternatively, line pair gauges with constant bar thickness of high attenuating material can be used to determine total image unsharpness and basic spatial resolution of radiologic imaging systems. They may produce different results up to one wire pair as compared to duplex wire measurements as described in this standard.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the design and basic use of a gauge used to determine the total image unsharpness and the basic spatial resolution of film radiographs or of digital images taken with CR imaging plates, digital detector arrays, or radioscopic systems.
1.2 This practice is applicable to radiographic and radioscopic imaging systems utilizing X-ray and gamma ray radiation sources.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 The gauge described can be used effectively with tube voltages up to 600 kV. When using source voltages in the megavolt range the results may not be completely satisfactory.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Diplopia or doubling of vision occurs when there is sufficient binocular disparity present so that the bounds of Panum's area (the area of single vision) is exceeded. This condition arises whenever one object is significantly closer (or farther) than another so that looking at one will cause the image of the other to appear double. This can be easily demonstrated: Close one eye and look at a clock (or other object) on a distant wall. Now place your thumb to one side of the image of the clock. Now open both eyes. If you look at the clock, you should see two thumbs. If you look at your thumb, you should see two clocks.
5.2 Complaints from pilots flying aircraft equipped with wide field of view head up displays (HUDs) such as the LANTIRN HUD indicated that they were experiencing discomfort (eye fatigue, headaches, and so forth.) or seeing either two targets or two pippers (aiming symbols on the HUD) when using the HUD. Subsequent investigations revealed that the problem arose from the fact that the aircraft transparency and the HUD significantly changed the optical distances of the target and the HUD imagery so that binocular disparity, which exceeded Panum's area was induced. Use of this test method provides a procedure by which the amount of binocular disparity being experienced by a human operator due to the presence of a transparent part in his field of view may be easily and precisely measured.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the amount of binocular disparity that is induced by transparent parts such as aircraft windscreens, canopies, HUD combining glasses, visors, or goggles. This test method may be applied to parts of any size, shape, or thickness, individually or in combination, so as to determine the contribution of each transparent part to the overall binocular disparity present in the total “viewing system” being used by a human operator.
1.2 This test method represents one of several techniques that are available for measuring binocular disparity, but is the only technique that yields a quantitative figure of merit that can be related to operator visual performance.
1.3 This test method employs apparatus currently being used in the measurement of optical angular deviation under Method F801.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Significance—This test method provides a means to measure the transmissivity of parts in the field (already installed on aircraft) and of large, thick or curved parts that may not lend themselves to measurement using Test Method D1003.
5.2 Use—This test method may be used on any transparent part. It is primarily intended for use on large, curved, or thick parts that may already be installed (for example, windscreens on aircraft).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes an apparatus and procedure that is suitable for measuring the transmissivity of large, thick, or curved transparent parts including parts already installed. This test method is limited to transparencies that are relatively neutral with respect to wavelength (not highly colored).
1.2 Since the transmissivity (transmission coefficient) is a ratio of two luminance values, it has no units. The units of luminance recorded in the intermediate steps of this test method are not critical; any recognized units of luminance (for example, foot-lamberts or candelas per square metre) may be used, as long as use is consistent.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Pressing cryosections flat onto a conducting substrate has been one of the most challenging problems in SIMS analysis of cryogenically prepared tissue specimens. Frozen cryosections often curl or peel off, or both, from the substrate during freeze-drying. The curling of cryosections results in an uneven sample surface for SIMS analysis. Furthermore, if freeze-dried cryosections are not attached tightly to the substrate, the impact of the primary ion beam may result in further curling and even dislodging of the cryosection from the substrate. These problems render SIMS analysis difficult, frustrating and time consuming. The use of indium as a substrate for pressing cryosections flat has provided a practical approach for analyzing cryogenically prepared tissue specimens (1).4
5.2 The procedure described herein has been successfully used for SIMS imaging of calcium and magnesium transport and localization of anticancer drugs in animal models (2, 3, 4, 5).
5.3 The procedure described here is amenable to soft tissues of both animal and plant origin.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides the Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) analyst with a method for analyzing tissue cryosections in the imaging mode of the instrument. This practice is suitable for frozen-freeze-dried and frozen-hydrated cryosection analysis.
1.2 This practice does not describe methods for optimal freezing of the specimen for immobilizing diffusible chemical species in their native intracellular sites.
1.3 This practice does not describe methods for obtaining cryosections from a frozen specimen.
1.4 This practice is not suitable for any plastic embedded tissues.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide is intended as a source of tutorial and reference information that can be used during establishment of computed radiography techniques and procedures by qualified CR personnel for specific applications. All materials presented within this guide may not be suited for all levels of computed radiographic personnel.
This guide is intended to build upon an established basic knowledge of radiographic fundamentals (that is, film systems) as may be found in Guide E94. Similarly, materials presented within this guide are not intended as “all-inclusive” but are intended to address basic CR topics and issues that complement a general knowledge of computed radiography as described in 1.2 and 3.2.28.
Materials presented within this guide may be useful in the development of end-user training programs designed by qualified CR personnel or activities that perform similar functions. Computed radiography is considered a rapidly advancing inspection technology that will require the user maintain knowledge of the latest CR apparatus and technique innovations. Section 11 of this guide contains technical reference materials that may be useful in further advancement of knowledge associated with computed radiography.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides general tutorial information regarding the fundamental and physical principles of computed radiography (CR), definitions and terminology required to understand the basic CR process. An introduction to some of the limitations that are typically encountered during the establishment of techniques and basic image processing methods are also provided. This guide does not provide specific techniques or acceptance criteria for specific end-user inspection applications. Information presented within this guide may be useful in conjunction with those standards of 1.2.
1.2 CR techniques for general inspection applications may be found in Practice E2033. Technical qualification attributes for CR systems may be found in Practice E2445. Criteria for classification of CR system technical performance levels may be found in Practice E2446. Reference Images Standards E2422, E2660, and E2669 contain digital reference acceptance illustrations.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
With the advent of thick, highly angled aircraft transparencies, multiple imaging has been more frequently cited as an optical problem by pilots. Secondary images (of outside lights), often varying in intensity and displacement across the windscreen, can give the pilot deceptive optical cues of his altitude, velocity, and approach angle, increasing his visual workload. Current specifications for multiple imaging in transparencies are vague and not quantitative. Typical specifications state “multiple imaging shall not be objectionable.”
The angular separation of the secondary and primary images has been shown to relate to the pilot's acceptability of the windscreen. This procedure provides a way to quantify angular separation so a more objective evaluation of the transparency can be made. It may be used for research of multiple imaging, quantifying aircrew complaints, or as the basis for windscreen specifications.
It should be noted that the basic multiple imaging characteristics of a windscreen are determined early in the design phase and are virtually impossible to change after the windscreen has been manufactured. In fact, a perfectly manufactured windscreen has some multiple imaging. For a particular windscreen, caution should be taken in the selection of specification criteria for multiple imaging, as the inherent multiple imaging characteristics may vary significantly depending upon windscreen thickness, material, or installation angle. Any tolerances that might be established should allow for inherent multiple imaging characteristics.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measuring the angular separation of secondary images from their respective primary images as viewed from the design eye position of an aircraft transparency. Angular separation is measured at 49 points within a 20 by 20° field of view. This procedure may be performed on any aircraft transparency in a laboratory or in the field. However, the procedure is limited to a dark environment. Laboratory measurements are done in a darkened room and field measurements are done at night.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.2.1 Exception—The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The gauge is intended to provide a means for measuring total image unsharpness as independently as practicable from the imaging system contrast sensitivity limitations. Further description and details of the gauge are provided in EN-462-5:1994.
The gauge can be used in conjunction with a contrast sensitivity measuring gauge, as described in Practice E 1647.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the design and basic use of a gauge used to determine the total image unsharpness of radiographs and radioscopic systems.
1.2 This practice is applicable to radiographic and radioscopic imaging systems utilizing X-ray and gamma ray radiation sources.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 The gauge described can be used effectively with radiation energies up to 400 kv. When using energies in the megavolt range the results may not be completely satisfactory.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide is intended as a source of tutorial and reference information that can be used during establishment of computed radiography techniques and procedures by qualified CR personnel for specific applications. All materials presented within this guide may not be suited for all levels of computed radiographic personnel.
This guide is intended to build upon an established basic knowledge of radiographic fundamentals (that is, film systems) as may be found in Guide E 94. Similarly, materials presented within this guide are not intended as “all-inclusive” but are intended to address basic CR topics and issues that complement a general knowledge of computed radiography as described in 1.2 and 4.3.
Materials presented within this guide may be useful in the development of end-user training programs designed by qualified CR personnel or activities that perform similar functions. Computed radiography is considered a rapidly advancing inspection technology that will require the user maintain knowledge of the latest CR apparatus and technique innovations. The REFERENCES section of this guide contains technical reference materials that may be useful in further advancement of knowledge associated with computed radiography.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides general tutorial information regarding the fundamental and physical principles of computed radiography (CR), definitions and terminology required to understand the basic CR process. An introduction to some of the limitations that are typically encountered during the establishment of techniques and basic image processing methods are also provided. This guide does not provide specific techniques or acceptance criteria for specific end-user inspection applications. Information presented within this guide may be useful in conjunction with those standards of section 1.2.
1.2 CR techniques for general inspection applications may be found in Practice E 2033. Technical qualification attributes for CR systems may be found in Practice E 2445. Criteria for classification of CR system technical performance levels may be found in Practice E 2446. Reference Images Standard E 2422 contains digital reference acceptance illustrations.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This standard does not purport to address the mean spectral irradiance incident on tilted or vertical fenestration or building-integrated systems over a day, a season, or a year. The spectral irradiance distributions have been chosen to represent a reasonable near-upper limit for solar radiation when these systems are exposed to clear-sky conditions similar to those used to calculate solar heat loads of buildings. The diffuse spectral irradiance distributions can also be used to represent conditions when these systems are shaded from the direct sun.
Absorptance, reflectance, and transmittance of solar radiation are important factors in studies of light transmission through semi-transparent plates. These properties are normally functions of wavelength, which require that the spectral distribution of the solar flux be known before the solar-weighted property can be calculated.
To compare the relative performance of competitive products by computerized simulations, or to compare the performance of products subjected to experimental tests in laboratory conditions, a reference standard solar spectral distribution for both direct and diffuse irradiance is desirable.
The table provides appropriate standard spectral irradiance distributions for determining the relative optical performance of semi-transparent materials and other systems. The table may be used to evaluate components and materials for the purpose of solar simulation where the direct and the diffuse spectral solar irradiances are needed separately.
The selected air mass value of 1.5 for a plane-parallel atmosphere above a flat earth corresponds to a zenith angle of 48.19°. The SMARTS2 computation of air mass accounts for atmospheric curvature and the vertical density profile of molecules, which results in a solar zenith angle of 48.236°, or an equivalent plane-parallel-atmosphere air mass of 1.50136. The angle of incidence computed by SMARTS for the direct beam irradiance incident on a 20°-tilted plane ...
SCOPE
1.1 This table provides terrestrial solar spectral irradiance distributions that may be employed as weighting functions to (1) calculate the broadband solar or light transmittance of fenestration from its spectral properties; or (2) evaluate the performance of building-integrated technologies such as photovoltaic electricity generators. Most of these systems are installed on vertical walls, but some are also installed on pitched roofs or on other tilted structures, such as sunspaces. Glazing transmittance calculations or measurements require information on both the direct and diffuse components of irradiance. The table provides separate information for direct and diffuse irradiance, and for two different tilt angles, 20° and 90° relative to the horizontal. All distributions are provided at 2002 wavelengths within the spectral range 280–4000 nm. The data contained in this table reflect reference spectra with uniform wavelength interval (0.5 nanometer (nm) below 400 nm, 1 nm between 400 and 1700 nm, an intermediate wavelength at 1702 nm, and 5 nm intervals from 1705 to 4000 nm). The data table represents reasonable cloudless atmospheric conditions favorable for the computerized simulation, comparative rating, or experimental testing of fenestration systems.
1.2 The data contained in this table were generated using the SMARTS version 2.9.2 atmospheric transmission model developed by Gueymard (1, 2).
1.3 The selection of the SMARTS radiative model to generate the spectral distributions is chosen for compatibility with previous standards (ASTM G 173 and G 177). The atmospheric and climatic conditions are identical to those in ASTM G 173. The environmental conditions are also identical, with only one exception (see sections 4.3 and X1.2).
1.4 The table defines four solar spectral irradiance distributions:
1.4.1 Separate direct and diffuse solar spectral irradiance incident on a sun-facing, 20° tilted surface in the wav...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Absorptance, reflectance, and transmittance of solar energy are important factors in material degradation studies, solar thermal system performance, solar photovoltaic system performance, biological studies, and solar simulation activities. These optical properties are normally functions of wavelength, which require the spectral distribution of the solar flux be known before the solar-weighted property can be calculated. To compare the relative performance of competitive products, or to compare the performance of products before and after being subjected to weathering or other exposure conditions, a reference standard solar spectral distribution is desirable.
These tables provide appropriate standard spectral irradiance distributions for determining the relative optical performance of materials, solar thermal, solar photovoltaic, and other systems. The tables may be used to evaluate components and materials for the purpose of solar simulation where either the direct or the hemispherical (that is, direct beam plus diffuse sky) spectral solar irradiance is desired. However, these tables are not intended to be used as a benchmark for ultraviolet radiation used in indoor exposure testing of materials using manufactured light sources.
The total integrated irradiances for the direct and hemispherical tilted spectra are 900.1 W·m-2 and 1000.4 W·m-2, respectively. Note that, in PV applications, no amplitude adjustments are required to match standard reporting condition irradiances of 1000 W·m-2 for hemispherical irradiance.
Previously defined global hemispherical reference spectrum (G159) for a sun-facing 37°-tilted surface served well to meet the needs of the flat plate photovoltaic research, development, and industrial community. Investigation of prevailing conditions and measured spectra shows that this global hemispherical reference spectrum can be attained in practice under a variety of conditions, and that these conditions can be interpreted as representative fo...
SCOPE
1.1 These tables contain terrestrial solar spectral irradiance distributions for use in terrestrial applications that require a standard reference spectral irradiance for hemispherical solar irradiance (consisting of both direct and diffuse components) incident on a sun-facing, 37° tilted surface or the direct normal spectral irradiance. The data contained in these tables reflect reference spectra with uniform wavelength interval (0.5 nanometer (nm) below 400 nm, 1 nm between 400 and 1700 nm, an intermediate wavelength at 1702 nm, and 5 nm intervals from 1705 to 4000 nm). The data tables represent reasonable cloudless atmospheric conditions favorable for photovoltaic (PV) energy production, as well as weathering and durability exposure applications.
1.2 The 37° slope of the sun-facing tilted surface was chosen to represent the average latitude of the 48 contiguous United States. A wide variety of orientations is possible for exposed surfaces. The availability of the SMARTS model (as an adjunct, ADJG173CD ) to this standard) used to generate the standard spectra allows users to evaluate differences relative to the surface specified here.
1.3 The air mass and atmospheric extinction parameters are chosen to provide (1) historical continuity with respect to previous standard spectra, (2) reasonable cloudless atmospheric conditions favorable for photovoltaic (PV) energy production or weathering and durability exposure, based upon modern broadband solar radiation data, atmospheric profiles, and improved knowledge of aerosol optical depth profiles. In nature, an extremely large range of atmospheric conditions can be encountered even under cloudless skies. Considerable departure from the reference spectra may be observed depending on time of day, geographical location, and changing atmospheric conditions. The availability of the SMARTS model (as an adjunct (ADJG173CD )to this standard) used to generate the standard spectra a...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Significance—This test method provides a means to measure the transmissivity of parts in the field (already installed on aircraft) and of large, thick or curved parts that may not lend themselves to measurement using Test Method D 1003.
Use—This test method may be used on any transparent part. It is primarily intended for use on large, curved, or thick parts that may already be installed (for example, windscreens on aircraft).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes an apparatus and procedure that is suitable for measuring the transmissivity of large, thick, or curved transparent parts including parts already installed. This test method is limited to transparencies that are relatively neutral with respect to wavelength (not highly colored).
1.2 Since the transmissivity (transmission coefficient) is a ratio of two luminance values, it has no units. The units of luminance recorded in the intermediate steps of this test method are not critical; any recognized units of luminance (for example, foot-lamberts or candelas per square metre) may be used, as long as use is consistent.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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This document reflects on the qualification of personnel performing Optical Gas Imaging (OGI) for fugitive emissions. The intention is to add a sub-category to ISO 18436 for this specific purpose as OGI requires a set of skills that is different than the traditional infrared condition monitoring. The skill set includes many similarities between traditional condition monitoring, such as system and component knowledge, but differs in that the user must recognize the conditions for successful gas imaging. Knowledge of Chemistry is essential as well as detector Physics to determine the proper wavelength instrument. The document is intended for end users, contractors, consultants, service providers and manufacturers.
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers practices and image quality measuring systems for the detection, display, and recording of CR data files. These data files, used in materials examination, are generated by penetrating radiation passing through the subject material and producing an image via a storage phosphor imaging plate. Although the described radiation sources are specifically X-ray and gamma-ray, the general concepts can be used for other radiation sources such as neutrons. The image detection and display techniques are nonfilm, but the use of a hard copy as a means for permanent recording of the image is not precluded.
1.2 This guide is for tutorial purposes only. It outlines the general principles of computed radiology (CR) imaging in which luminescence is emitted by a storage phosphor imaging plate, by means of photo stimulation after the detector has been penetrated by x-rays or gamma radiation.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety precautionary statements, see Section 7.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Pressing cryosections flat onto a conducting substrate has been one of the most challenging problems in SIMS analysis of cryogenically prepared tissue specimens. Frozen cryosections often curl or peel off, or both, from the substrate during freeze-drying. The curling of cryosections results in an uneven sample surface for SIMS analysis. Furthermore, if freeze-dried cryosections are not attached tightly to the substrate, the impact of the primary ion beam may result in further curling and even dislodging of the cryosection from the substrate. These problems render SIMS analysis difficult, frustrating and time consuming. The use of indium as a substrate for pressing cryosections flat has provided a practical approach for analyzing cryogenically prepared tissue specimens.(1)
The procedure described herein has been successfully used for SIMS imaging of calcium and magnesium transport and localization of anticancer drugs in animal models (2, 3, 4, 5)
The procedure described here is amenable to soft tissues of both animal and plant origin.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides the Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) analyst with a method for analyzing tissue cryosections in the imaging mode of the instrument. This practice is suitable for frozen-freeze-dried and frozen-hydrated cryosection analysis.
1.2 This practice does not describe methods for optimal freezing of the specimen for immobilizing diffusible chemical species in their native intracellular sites.
1.3 This practice does not describe methods for obtaining cryosections from a frozen specimen.
1.4 This practice is not suitable for any plastic embedded tissues.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
With the advent of thick, highly angled aircraft transparencies, multiple imaging has been more frequently cited as an optical problem by pilots. Secondary images (of outside lights), often varying in intensity and displacement across the windscreen, can give the pilot deceptive optical cues of his altitude, velocity, and approach angle, increasing his visual workload. Current specifications for multiple imaging in transparencies are vague and not quantitative. Typical specifications state “multiple imaging shall not be objectionable.”
The angular separation of the secondary and primary images has been shown to relate to the pilot’acceptability of the windscreen. This procedure provides a way to quantify angular separation so a more objective evaluation of the transparency can be made. It may be used for research of multiple imaging, quantifying aircrew complaints, or as the basis for windscreen specifications.
It should be noted that the basic multiple imaging characteristics of a windscreen are determined early in the design phase and are virtually impossible to change after the windscreen has been manufactured. In fact, a perfectly manufactured windscreen has some multiple imaging. For a particular windscreen, caution should be taken in the selection of specification criteria for multiple imaging, as the inherent multiple imaging characteristics may vary significantly depending upon windscreen thickness, material, or installation angle. Any tolerances that might be established should allow for inherent multiple imaging characteristics.
FIG. 2 Schematic Drawing of Component Layout for Measuring Multiple Imaging Angular Displacement
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measuring the angular separation of secondary images from their respective primary images as viewed from the design eye position of an aircraft transparency. Angular separation is measured at 49 points within a 20 by 20° field of view. This procedure may be performed on any aircraft transparency in a laboratory or in the field. However, the procedure is limited to a dark environment. Laboratory measurements are done in a darkened room and field measurements are done at night.
1.2 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Diplopia or doubling of vision occurs when there is sufficient binocular disparity present so that the bounds of Panum’area (the area of single vision) is exceeded. This condition arises whenever one object is significantly closer (or farther) than another so that looking at one will cause the image of the other to appear double. This can be easily demonstrated: Close one eye and look at a clock (or other object) on a distant wall. Now place your thumb to one side of the image of the clock. Now open both eyes. If you look at the clock, you should see two thumbs. If you look at your thumb, you should see two clocks.
Complaints from pilots flying aircraft equipped with wide field of view HUDs such as the LANTIRN HUD indicated that they were experiencing discomfort (eye fatigue, headaches, and so forth.) or seeing either two targets or two pippers when using the HUD. Subsequent investigations revealed that the problem arose from the fact that the transparency and the HUD significantly changed the optical distances of the target and the HUD imagery so that binocular disparity which exceeded Panum’area was induced. Use of this test method provides a procedure by which the amount of binocular disparity being experienced by a human operator due to the presence of a transparent part in his field of view may be easily and precisely measured.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the amount of binocular disparity that is induced by transparent parts such as aircraft windscreens, canopies, HUD combining glasses, visors, or goggles. This test method may be applied to parts of any size, shape, or thickness, individually or in combination, so as to determine the contribution of each transparent part to the overall binocular disparity present in the total "viewing system" being used by a human operator.
1.2 This test method represents one of several techniques that are available for measuring binocular disparity, but is the only technique that yields a quantitative figure of merit that can be related to operator visual performance.
1.3 This test method employs apparatus currently being used in the measurement of optical angular deviation under Method F 801.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are the preferred units. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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SCOPE
1.1 These tables contain terrestrial solar spectral irradiance distributions for use in terrestrial applications that require a standard reference spectral irradiance for hemispherical solar irradiance (consisting of both direct and diffuse components) incident on a sun-facing, 37° tilted surface or the direct normal spectral irradiance. The data contained in these tables reflect reference spectra with uniform wavelength interval (0.5 nanometer (nm) below 400 nm, 1 nm between 400 and 1700 nm, an intermediate wavelength at 1702 nm, and 5 nm intervals from 1705 to 4000 nm). The data tables represent reasonable cloudless atmospheric conditions favorable for photovoltaic (PV) energy production, as well as weathering and durability exposure applications.
1.2 The 37 slope of the sun-facing tilted surface was chosen to represent the average latitude of the 48 contiguous United States. A wide variety of orientations is possible for exposed surfaces. The availability of the SMARTS model (as an adjunct to this standard) used to generate the standard spectra allows users to evaluate differences relative to the surface specified here.
1.3 The air mass and atmospheric extinction parameters are chosen to provide (1) historical continuity with respect to previous standard spectra, (2) reasonable cloudless atmospheric conditions favorable for photovoltaic (PV) energy production or weathering and durability exposure, based upon modern broadband solar radiation data, atmospheric profiles, and improved knowledge of aerosol optical depth profiles. In nature, an extremely large range of atmospheric conditions can be encountered even under cloudless skies. Considerable departure from the reference spectra may be observed depending on time of day, geographical location, and changing atmospheric conditions. The availability of the SMARTS model (as an adjunct to this standard) used to generate the standard spectra allows users to evaluate spectral differences relative to the spectra specified here.
- Guide20 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SCOPE
1.1 These tables contain terrestrial solar spectral irradiance distributions for use in terrestrial applications that require a standard reference spectral irradiance for hemispherical solar irradiance (consisting of both direct and diffuse components) incident on a sun-facing, 37° tilted surface or the direct normal spectral irradiance. The data contained in these tables reflect reference spectra with uniform wavelength interval (0.5 nanometer (nm) below 400 nm, 1 nm between 400 and 1700 nm, an intermediate wavelength at 1702 nm, and 5 nm intervals from 1705 to 4000 nm). The data tables represent reasonable cloudless atmospheric conditions favorable for photovoltaic (PV) energy production, as well as weathering and durability exposure applications.
1.2 The 37 slope of the sun-facing tilted surface was chosen to represent the average latitude of the 48 contiguous United States. A wide variety of orientations is possible for exposed surfaces. The availability of the SMARTS model (as an adjunct to this standard) used to generate the standard spectra allows users to evaluate differences relative to the surface specified here.
1.3 The air mass and atmospheric extinction parameters are chosen to provide (1) historical continuity with respect to previous standard spectra, (2) reasonable cloudless atmospheric conditions favorable for photovoltaic (PV) energy production or weathering and durability exposure, based upon modern broadband solar radiation data, atmospheric profiles, and improved knowledge of aerosol optical depth profiles. In nature, an extremely large range of atmospheric conditions can be encountered even under cloudless skies. Considerable departure from the reference spectra may be observed depending on time of day, geographical location, and changing atmospheric conditions. The availability of the SMARTS model (as an adjunct to this standard) used to generate the standard spectra allows users to evaluate spectral differences relative to the spectra specified here.
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the retroreflective properties of high visibility pedestrian garments, such as vests, using a portable retroreflectometer that can be used in the field. The portable retroreflectometer is a hand-held instrument with a defined standard geometry that can be placed in contact with retroreflective marking material to measure the retroreflection. The measurements can be compared to minimum requirements to determine the need for replacement of the retroreflective material.
1.2 This test method is designed for measuring retroreflective marking materials that have an area equal to or greater than that of the aperture of the retroreflectometer.
1.3 This test method is intended to be used for field measurement of retroreflective marking materials, but may be used to measure the performance of materials before placing the clothing in use.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers practices and image quality measuring systems for the detection, display, and recording of CR data files. These data files, used in materials examination, are generated by penetrating radiation passing through the subject material and producing an image via a storage phosphor imaging plate. Although the described radiation sources are specifically X-ray and gamma-ray, the general concepts can be used for other radiation sources such as neutrons. The image detection and display techniques are nonfilm, but the use of a hard copy as a means for permanent recording of the image is not precluded.
1.2 This guide is for tutorial purposes only and to outline the general principles of computed radiology (CR) imaging.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety precautionary statements, see Section 7.
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the design and basic use of a gage used to determine the total image unsharpness of radiographs and radioscopic systems.
1.2 This practice is applicable to radiographic and radioscopic imaging systems utilizing X-ray and gamma ray radiation sources.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.4 The gage described can be used effectively with radiation energies up to 400 kv. When using energies in the megavolt range the results may not be completely satisfactory.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides the Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) analyst with a method for analyzing tissue cryosections in the imaging mode of the instrument. This practice is suitable for frozen-freeze-dried and frozen-hydrated cryosection analysis.
1.2 This practice does not describe methods for optimal freezing of the specimen for immobilizing diffusible chemical species in their native intracellular sites.
1.3 This practice does not describe methods for obtaining cryosections from a frozen specimen.
1.4 This practice is not suitable for any plastic embedded tissues.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the amount of binocular disparity that is induced by transparent parts such as aircraft windscreens, canopies, HUD combining glasses, visors or goggles. This test method may be applied to parts of any size, shape or thickness, individually or in combination, so as to determine the contribution of each transparent part to the overall binocular disparity present in the total "viewing system" being used by a human operator.
1.2 This test method represents one of several techniques that are available for measuring binocular disparity, but is the only technique that yields a quantitative figure of merit that can be related to operator visual performance.
1.3 This test method employs apparatus currently being used in the measurement of optical angular deviation under Method F801.
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are the preferred units. The values in parentheses are for information only.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Significance—This test method provides a means to measure the transmissivity of parts in the field (already installed on aircraft) and of large, thick or curved parts that may not lend themselves to measurement using Test Method D 1003.
Use—This test method may be used on any transparent part. It is primarily intended for use on large, curved, or thick parts that may already be installed (for example, windscreens on aircraft).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes an apparatus and procedure that is suitable for measuring the transmissivity of large, thick, or curved transparent parts including parts already installed. This test method is limited to transparencies that are relatively neutral with respect to wavelength (not highly colored).
1.2 Since the transmissivity (transmission coefficient) is a ratio of two luminance values, it has no units. The units of luminance recorded in the intermediate steps of this test method are not critical; any recognized units of luminance (for example, foot-lamberts or candelas per square metre) may be used, as long as use is consistent.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measuring the angular separation of secondary images from their respective primary images as viewed from the design eye position of an aircraft transparency. Angular separation is measured at 49 points within a 20 by 20° field of view. This procedure may be performed on any aircraft transparency in a laboratory or in the field. However, the procedure is limited to a dark environment. Laboratory measurements are done in a darkened room and field measurements are done at night.
1.2 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
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