ASTM D7973-14
(Guide)Standard Guide for Monitoring Failure Mode Progression in Plain Bearings
Standard Guide for Monitoring Failure Mode Progression in Plain Bearings
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This standard is intended as a guideline for the justification of oil test selection for monitoring plain bearing conditions. One should employ a continuous benchmarking against similar applications to ensure lessons learned are continuously being implemented.
5.2 Selection of oil tests for the purpose of detecting plain bearing failure modes requires good understanding of equipment design, operating requirements, and surrounding conditions. Specifically, detailed knowledge is required of bearing design configuration, dimensional tolerances, load directions, design limitations, lubrication mechanisms, lubricant characteristics, and metallurgy of lubricated surfaces. Equipment criticality and accessibility as well as application of other monitoring techniques (for example, vibration, ultrasound, or thermal images) are also critical information in this analysis process. In addition, detailed knowledge of the lubricating oil is paramount.
5.3 To properly apply the FMEA methodology, users must understand the changes encountered in the system during all operating modes, their impact on design functions, and available monitoring techniques capable of detecting these changes. To demonstrate this approach, Section 6 will provide extensive descriptions of the plain bearing failure modes, their causes, and effects.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers an oil test selection process for plain bearing applications by applying the principles of Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) as described in Guide D7874.
1.2 This guide approaches oil analysis from a failure standpoint and includes both the bearing wear and fluid deterioration.
1.3 This guide pertains to improving equipment reliability, reducing maintenance costs, and enhancing the condition-based maintenance program primarily for industrial machinery by applying analytical methodology to an oil analysis program for the purpose of determining the detection capability of specific failure modes.
1.4 This guide reinforces the requirements for appropriate assembly and operation within the original design envelope, as well as the need for condition-based and time-based maintenance.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D7973 − 14
Standard Guide for
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Monitoring Failure Mode Progression in Plain Bearings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7973; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Oil analysis is a part of condition-based maintenance programs. Despite the wide use for several
decades, there is no systematic approach to selecting oil tests based on failure mode analysis. Most
users select tests primarily based on oil degradation criteria, minimizing the potential for detecting
surface damage and limiting the potential benefits of the oil analysis program. This guide provides an
example of justification for oil analysis from a failure standpoint to include both component wear and
fluid deterioration.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
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1.1 This guide covers an oil test selection process for plain 2.1 ASTM Standards:
bearing applications by applying the principles of Failure
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-
Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) as described in Guide leum Products by Copper Strip Test
D7874.
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
1.2 This guide approaches oil analysis from a failure stand-
ity)
point and includes both the bearing wear and fluid deteriora-
D664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products
tion.
by Potentiometric Titration
1.3 This guide pertains to improving equipment reliability,
D665 Test Method for Rust-Preventing Characteristics of
reducing maintenance costs, and enhancing the condition-
Inhibited Mineral Oil in the Presence of Water
based maintenance program primarily for industrial machinery
D1500 Test Method forASTM Color of Petroleum Products
by applying analytical methodology to an oil analysis program
(ASTM Color Scale)
for the purpose of determining the detection capability of
D5185 Test Method for Multielement Determination of
specific failure modes.
Used and Unused Lubricating Oils and Base Oils by
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrom-
1.4 This guide reinforces the requirements for appropriate
etry (ICP-AES)
assembly and operation within the original design envelope, as
D6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petro-
well as the need for condition-based and time-based mainte-
leum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Cou-
nance.
lometric Karl Fischer Titration
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
D7685 Practice for In-Line, Full Flow, Inductive Sensor for
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
Ferromagnetic and Non-ferromagnetic Wear Debris De-
standard.
termination and Diagnostics for Aero-Derivative and Air-
craft Gas Turbine Engine Bearings
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D7690 Practice for Microscopic Characterization of Par-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ticles from In-Service Lubricants by Analytical Ferrogra-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
phy
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
D7874 Guide for Applying Failure Mode and Effect Analy-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
sis (FMEA) to In-Service Lubricant Testing
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This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum
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Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom- For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
mittee D02.96.04 on Guidelines for In-Services Lubricants Analysis. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014. Published February 2015. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
D7973-14. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D7973 − 14
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2.2 Other Documents: 3.1.15 risk priority number, RPN, n—a numeric assessment
ISO 4407 Hydraulic Fluid Power—Fluid Contamination— of risk assigned to FMEA process quantifying failure
Determination of Particulate occurrence, severity of impact, and likelihood detection.
ISO 11500 Hydraulic Fluid Power—Determination of the
3.1.16 severity number, S, n—ranking number that describes
Particulate Contamination Level of a Liquid Sample by
the seriousness of the consequences of each failure’s modes,
Automatic Particle Counting Using the Light-extinction
causes and effects on potential injury, compone
...
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