21.100.10 - Plain bearings
ICS 21.100.10 Details
Plain bearings
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Paliers lisses
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This document specifies tribological tests of metallic bearing materials for plain bearings under conditions of boundary lubrication.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the general principles, assumptions and preconditions for the calculation of multi-lobed and tilting-pad journal bearings by means of an easy-to-use calculation procedure based on numerous simplifying assumptions. The calculation method applies to the design and optimisation of plain bearings, for example in turbines, compressors, generators, electric motors, gears and pumps. It is restricted to steady-state operation, i.e. in continuous operating states the load according to size and direction and the angular velocity of the rotor are constant.
- Standard38 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the characteristic values for selected tilting-pad journal bearings with four or five centrally or eccentrically supported tilting pads, and with angular spans of pad sliding surfaces of Ω = 80°, 60° and 45°.
- Standard73 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the characteristic values for selected two-, three- and four-lobe bearings.
- Standard67 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document establishes the permissible operational parameters in terms of guide values for the calculation of selected multi-lobed and tilting-pad journal bearings.
- Standard6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies requirements and guidance on the storage, transportation, handling, installation, operation and replacement of plain bearings and related parts.
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a system of fits applicable to metallic plain bearings used in general engineering for mean relative bearing clearances, ψm, of 0,56 ‰ up to 3,15 ‰. Other clearance ranges can be used depending upon the requirements in specific applications. This system of fits is not applicable to half-bearings and bushes which, due to their special characteristics, are not measured by diameter but by wall thickness, and which are dimensionally changed on assembly. It is not applicable to profile bore or tilting pad bearings, or to cases where specific tolerances have been established by consideration of the bearing performance at both extremes of clearance. This document is applicable preferably to bearings in rotating machines or transmissions, but it can be used similarly in other ranges of application.
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies dimensions and tolerances for cylindrical and flanged bushes with inside diameter, d1, in the range 6 mm to 200 mm. This document applies to solid mono-metal copper alloy bushes to be used as plain bearings with and without oil holes and oil grooves.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for compression testing of bearing materials. It is applicable for both bulk materials and coatings. Compression testing within the meaning of this document serves for the determination of the behaviour of bearing materials under uniaxial compression loading which is uniformly distributed over the cross-section. For this purpose, a cylindrical specimen or a setup of two such specimen, with an original cross-section, A0, is loaded at constant crosshead speed and the resulting compressive stress and compressive strain are recorded.
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the most commonly used terms relating to lubrication of plain bearings with their definitions and classification. For some terms and word combinations, their short forms are given, which can be used where they are unambiguous.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard18 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
- Standard18 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the most commonly used terms relating to design, bearing materials and their properties of plain bearings with their definitions and classification. For some terms and word combinations, their short forms are given, which can be used where they are unambiguous.
- Standard44 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard44 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
- Standard44 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the most commonly used terms relating to friction and wear of plain bearings with their definitions and classification. For some terms and word combinations, their short forms are given, which can be used where they are unambiguous.
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard10 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
- Standard10 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies requirements for the selection and use of water-lubricated plain bearing materials used in different equipment and plants under various lubrication conditions, such as — fluid-film lubrication condition, — mixed lubrication condition, and — condition comprising a non-lubrication condition which shifts to a fluid-film lubrication condition. In addition, this document also specifies requirements for mating (shaft) material, the lubrication method and for items to consider during the design of water-lubricated plain bearing materials. The water used as a lubricant is pure water, tap water, river water or seawater. This document does not apply to the water solution of chemicals, refrigerants, liquid fuels, etc.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies how to effectively utilize material resources when recycling and reusing plain bearing materials. This document also specifies how to reduce the environmental impact of disposing of plain bearings.
- Standard4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies designs, dimensions, tolerances and technical requirements of spherical plain bearings rod ends for hydraulic fluid power cylinders. The specified tolerance values apply to finished spherical plain bearing rod ends before any coating, plating, ring splitting or fracturing.
- Standard32 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the test data for outside and inside diameters of wrapped bushes made of mono and multi-layer bearing material for plain bearing applications. It also specifies test designations. Since the wall thickness of the bush is measured in the free condition, no special test data are required for this on the drawing (see ISO 3547‑5 and ISO 3547‑6). NOTE Depending on the manufacturing method, the back of the bushes can show isolated light depressions and, similarly, bushes with lubrication holes, grooves and bore indentations can show distortion. It is therefore suggested to measure the wall thickness away from these areas.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the calculation procedures to calculate and assess a given bearing design, as well as to design a bearing as a function of some optional parameters. This document contains the design of the required lubrication system including the calculation of the restrictor data. This document applies to hydrostatic plain journal bearings under steady-state conditions.
- Standard31 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies functions for thrust pad bearings. It also covers the effect of dynamic viscosity on lubricant film temperature.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies, according to ISO 12301, the checking of the peripheral length of thin-walled half bearings with or without flange, and describes the necessary checking methods and measuring equipment. Thin-walled half bearings are flexible and, in the free condition, do not conform to a cylindrical profile. This is one reason the peripheral length of the half bearings can only be measured under a constraining load by use of specialized measuring equipment. In addition, measuring equipment different from that illustrated in this document can be used, provided the measuring accuracy of the equipment is consistent with the specifications given in Clause 17. This document does not include the measurement of the parting line taper. This document applies to thin-walled half bearings, the specifications of which are given in ISO 3548‑1.
- Standard40 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies tolerances, design features and test methods for thin-walled half bearings with integral flange up to an outside diameter of Do = 250 mm and without flange up to an outside diameter of Do = 500 mm. Due to the variety of design, it is, however, not possible to standardize the dimensions of the half bearings.
Half bearings according to this document are predominantly used in reciprocating machinery and consist of a steel backing and one or more bearing metal layers on the inside.
In reciprocating machinery, flanged half bearings can be used in connection with half bearings without flange.
Alternatively, to serve as a flanged half bearing, it is possible to use a half bearing without flange together with two separate half thrust washers according to ISO 6526, or a half bearing with assembled flanges.
NOTE All dimensions and tolerances are given in millimetres.
- Standard27 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Standard23 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document defines, describes and classifies the characteristics of damage occurring in service in hydrodynamically lubricated metallic plain bearings due to cavitation erosion, together with possible countermeasures. It assists in understanding the various characteristic forms of damage which can occur.
Consideration is restricted to damage which has a well-defined appearance and which can be attributed to particular causes with a high degree of certainty. Various appearances are illustrated with photographs and diagrams.
- Standard23 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for the determination of the endurance limit in fatigue of half-bearings of a multilayer bearing material.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a system of fits applicable to metallic plain bearings used in general engineering for mean relative bearing clearances, ψm, of 0,56 ? up to 3,15 ?. Other clearance ranges can be used depending upon the requirements in specific applications.
This system of fits is not applicable to half‑bearings and bushes which, due to their special characteristics, are not measured by diameter but by wall thickness, and which are dimensionally changed on assembly. It is not applicable to profile bore or tilting pad bearings, or to cases where specific tolerances have been established by consideration of the bearing performance at both extremes of clearance.
This document is applicable preferably to rotating machine parts and shafting, but it can be used similarly in other ranges of application.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document defines requirements for the testing of lubricated plain journal bearings in test rigs, running under conditions of hydrodynamic or mixed lubrication, during bearing and/or material development. It deals with both static and dynamic loading in solid and multi-layer journal bearings. It is not applicable to the testing of dynamic characteristics of lubricant film in journal bearings applied in calculation of vibration and stability of turbo-rotors.
NOTE It is intended that further details of test procedures be established when carrying out testing based on this document.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the method of surface modification that improves the friction characteristics of plain bearings, by press fitting a solid lubricant onto the bearing metal surface mechanically in combination with processing a lot of micro dimples on the surface.
- Technical specification12 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Technical specification12 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a calculation procedure for the maximum bearing temperature and effective dynamic viscosity in the lubricant film of oil-lubricated and statically loaded hydrodynamic plain journal bearings with a circular cylindrical shape, angular span Ω of 360° and width ratio B* of 0,5 to 1,5 under fluid lubrication regime. The bearing characteristics are obtained by design charts from four dimensionless numbers which are calculated from bearing dimensions, operating conditions and viscosity characteristics of the lubricant.
- Standard24 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies tolerances, design features and test methods for thin-walled half bearings with integral flange up to an outside diameter of Do = 250 mm and without flange up to an outside diameter of Do = 500 mm. Due to the variety of design, it is, however, not possible to standardize the dimensions of the half bearings. Half bearings according to this document are predominantly used in reciprocating machinery and consist of a steel backing and one or more bearing metal layers on the inside. In reciprocating machinery, flanged half bearings can be used in connection with half bearings without flange. Alternatively, to serve as a flanged half bearing, it is possible to use a half bearing without flange together with two separate half thrust washers according to ISO 6526, or a half bearing with assembled flanges. NOTE All dimensions and tolerances are given in millimetres.
- Standard27 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Standard23 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the characteristics, materials, dimensions, assembly and surface finish for a bearing containing dispersed solid lubricants which is used as a solid lubricant bearing. NOTE In the solid lubricant bearing among self-lubricating bearings there is a solid type, a coated type, an embedded type and a dispersed type, which is specified by this document.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for the determination of the endurance limit in fatigue of half-bearings of a multilayer bearing material.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a procedure to measure the adhesion strength of diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings specified in ISO 20523 by detecting acoustic emission signals using ball-on-disk method under the lubricated condition. DLC is normally coated on metal or ceramic. The test results are not applicable when the DLC coated parts operate in an unlubricated environment.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the material compositions and the required properties of fluid film bearings used for vehicular turbochargers.
- Standard7 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies а method for the determination of the endurance limit in fatigue of bearing materials alone (not attached to steel backing).
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Standard4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a classification and designation system for a selection of the most common unfilled thermoplastic polymers for plain bearings.
The unfilled thermoplastic polymers are classified on the basis of appropriate levels of distinctive properties, additives and information about their application for plain bearings. The designation system does not include all properties; thermoplastic polymers having the same designation cannot therefore be interchanged in all cases.
It also provides an outline of the properties and applications of the most common unfilled thermoplastic polymers as well as listing some of the fundamental parameters that influence the selection of thermoplastic polymers for use for plain bearings.
NOTE In the further course of the work, it is intended to prepare standards on “thermosetting polymers” and “mixed polymers” for plain bearings.
- Standard32 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Standard28 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies requirements for cast copper alloys for use in solid and multilayer thick-walled plain bearings. It gives a limited selection of alloys currently available for general purposes.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies requirements for wrought copper alloys for use in solid plain bearings, particularly for bushes. This document provides a limited selection of alloys currently available for general purposes.
- Standard5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies parameters for the hardness testing of solid materials for plain bearings made from cast and wrought copper and aluminium alloys by machining and forming, of their wrought products and ingots, and of tin-based ingots. This document is a supplement to existing International Standards on hardness testing and, therefore, includes only the extensions and restrictions for observation compared to those publications. Owing to the heterogeneous structural composition of the majority of these bearing metals, a Brinell test is used.
- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies а method for the determination of the endurance limit in fatigue of bearing materials alone (not attached to steel backing).
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Standard4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies requirements for cast copper alloys for use in solid and multilayer thick-walled plain bearings. It gives a limited selection of alloys currently available for general purposes.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies requirements for wrought copper alloys for use in solid plain bearings, particularly for bushes. This document provides a limited selection of alloys currently available for general purposes.
- Standard5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a classification and designation system for a selection of the most common unfilled thermoplastic polymers for plain bearings. The unfilled thermoplastic polymers are classified on the basis of appropriate levels of distinctive properties, additives and information about their application for plain bearings. The designation system does not include all properties; thermoplastic polymers having the same designation cannot therefore be interchanged in all cases. It also provides an outline of the properties and applications of the most common unfilled thermoplastic polymers as well as listing some of the fundamental parameters that influence the selection of thermoplastic polymers for use for plain bearings. NOTE In the further course of the work, it is intended to prepare standards on “thermosetting polymers” and “mixed polymers” for plain bearings.
- Standard32 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Standard28 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a bearing with embedded solid lubricants, which has been widely used as a solid lubricant bearing.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies in accordance with ISO 12301 the checking of the wall-thickness of thin-walled half bearings with or without flange and describes the necessary checking methods and measuring equipment.
It applies to a maximum bearing diameter of 150 mm. It can be applied to a bigger diameter, provided that there is an agreement between the supplier and the user.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a calculation procedure for oil-lubricated hydrodynamic plain bearings, with complete separation of the shaft and bearing sliding surfaces by a film of lubricant, used for designing plain bearings that are reliable in operation.
It deals with circular cylindrical bearings having angular spans, Ω, of 360°, 180°, 150°, 120°, and 90°, the arc segment being loaded centrally. Their clearance geometry is constant except for negligible deformations resulting from lubricant film pressure and temperature.
The calculation procedure serves to provide dimensions and optimize plain bearings in turbines, generators, electric motors, gear units, rolling mills, pumps, and other machines. It is limited to steady-state operation, i.e. under continuously driven operating conditions, with the magnitude and direction of loading as well as the angular speeds of all rotating parts constant. It can also be applied if a full plain bearing is subjected to a constant force rotating at any speed. Dynamic loadings (i.e. those whose magnitude and direction vary with time), such as those that can result from vibration effects and instabilities of rapid-running rotors, are not taken into account.
NOTE Equivalent calculation procedures exist that enable operating conditions to be estimated and checked against acceptable conditions. The use of them is equally admissible.
- Standard36 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Standard32 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies, following ISO 12301, the checking of the outside diameter of wrapped bushes (ISO 3547‑2:2017, methods A, B and D) and describes the necessary checking methods and measuring equipment.
NOTE The dimensions and tolerances of wrapped bushes are given in ISO 3547‑1. Checking the wall thickness is the subject of ISO 3547‑7.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies dimensions for lubrication holes, grooves and pockets for bearing bushes. These dimensions can be entered, for example on drawings, using the designation examples. Their use depends in particular on the specific operating conditions.
In addition, it enables the user to assign the different types of lubricant feed and distribution to solid and steel-backed plain bearing bushes made of copper alloys, aluminium alloys, thermosetting plastics, thermoplastics or artificial carbon.
NOTE Different types of lubricant feed and distribution for plain bearing bushes made of sintered metals have not been specified due to the fact that these bushes are soaked with lubricant. Plain bearing bushes made of artificial carbon are not lubricated with oil or grease.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document describes, following ISO 12301, the checking methods and measuring equipment used for measuring the total wall thickness of thin-walled bushes in the finished state.
NOTE All dimensions in this document are given in millimetres.
- Standard6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements for some commonly used pad lining materials utilized on tilting pad bearings. The requirements in this document are expressed by specifying the chemical composition of the lining materials. Other lining materials can be used if they have been proven to be equally suitable at the required operating conditions. Descriptive characteristics of the lining materials are given along with the appropriate selection of pad backing and pivot materials.
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method of improving test result comparability by evaluating the stresses in the bearing layers leading to fatigue (see Annex A). A similar evaluation is required in practical applications. Because the stresses are the result of pressure build-up in the hydrodynamic film, it is essential to fully state the conditions of operation and lubrication. In addition to dynamic loading, dimensional and running characteristics, the inclusion of the following adequately defines the fatigue system: a) under conditions of dynamic loading the minimum bearing oil film thickness as a function of time and location to ensure no excessive local overheating or shearing as a result of mixed lubrication when running in; b) the distribution of pressure circumferentially and axially with time under dynamic loading; c) from this the resulting stresses in the bearing layers as a function of time and location, especially the maximum alternating stress. Furthermore, bearing fatigue can be affected by mixed lubrication, wear, dirt, tribochemical reactions and other effects encountered in use thus complicating the fatigue problem. This document is therefore restricted to fatigue under full hydrodynamic separation of the bearing surfaces by a lubricant film. This document applies to oil-lubricated plain cylindrical bearings, in test rigs and application running in conditions of full hydrodynamic lubrication. It comprises dynamic loading in bi-metal and multilayer bearings. NOTE The number of practical applications with different requirements has led to the development of many bearing test rigs. If the conditions of lubrication employed on these test rigs are not defined in detail, test results from different rigs are generally neither comparable nor applicable in practice. Different test rigs can yield inconsistent ranking among equal materials.
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the required characteristics, inspections and tests, quality assurance, conditions for qualification, acceptance and delivery of rod-ends with self-aligning bearings metal to metal designed to withstand slight swivelling under load. They are intended for use in fixed or moving parts of the aircraft structure and their control mechanisms.
This document applies to all rod-ends with self-aligning bearings metal to metal. It may be applied when referred to in a product standard or in a design specification.
- Standard22 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day