ASTM D3394-94(2009)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Electrical Insulating Board
Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Electrical Insulating Board
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Apparent density affects the dielectric and physical characteristics of insulating board and is a factor in the economics of its use in apparatus. This test is useful for specification, design, and quality control purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the sampling and testing of electrical insulating boards. These boards are porous, usually fibrous sheets used for dielectric and structural purposes in electrical apparatus.
1.2 These test methods are not intended for testing vulcanized fibre or molded laminated sheets.
1.3 These test methods are applicable to board materials having a nominal thickness of at least 0.030 in. (0.76 mm).
Note 1—For materials thinner than 0.030 in. (0.76 mm) see Test Methods D202.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D3394 − 94 (Reapproved 2009)
Standard Test Methods for
Sampling and Testing Electrical Insulating Board
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3394; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 These test methods cover the sampling and testing of
electrical insulating boards. These boards are porous, usually
2. Referenced Documents
fibrous sheets used for dielectric and structural purposes in
2.1 ASTM Standards:
electrical apparatus.
D149 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and
1.2 These test methods are not intended for testing vulca-
DielectricStrengthofSolidElectricalInsulatingMaterials
nized fibre or molded laminated sheets.
at Commercial Power Frequencies
1.3 These test methods are applicable to board materials
D202 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Untreated
having a nominal thickness of at least 0.030 in. (0.76 mm).
Paper Used for Electrical Insulation
D374 Test Methods for Thickness of Solid Electrical Insu-
NOTE 1—For materials thinner than 0.030 in. (0.76 mm) see Test
Methods D202. lation (Withdrawn 2013)
D586 Test Method for Ash in Pulp, Paper, and Paper
1.4 The test methods appear in the following sections:
Products (Withdrawn 2009)
ASTM Method
D644 Test Method for Moisture Content of Paper and
Sections Reference
Apparent Density 18–23
Paperboard by Oven Drying (Withdrawn 2010)
Aqueous Extract Characteristics 36 – 42 D202
D664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products
Ash Content 43–46 T 413
by Potentiometric Titration
Compatibility with Dielectric 47 – 52 D664, D877, D924,
Liquids D971, D974, D1169,
D685 Practice for Conditioning Paper and Paper Products
D1500, D1816,
for Testing
D3455, D3487
D877 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of
Compressibility 79–85
Conditioning 11 D685
Insulating Liquids Using Disk Electrodes
Degree of Polymerization 86 – 89 D4243
D924 Test Method for Dissipation Factor (or Power Factor)
Dielectric Strength in Air 53 – 59 D149
and Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Electri-
Dielectric Strength in Oil 60 – 65 D149, D2413, D3426
Dimensions of Sheets 12–17
cal Insulating Liquids
Moisture Content 31 – 35 D644
D971 Test Method for Interfacial Tension of Oil Against
Oil Absorption 72–78
Water by the Ring Method
Reports 10
Sampling 6 – 9 D3636
D974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-
Shrinkage 24 – 30 D644
Indicator Titration
Tensile Properties 66 – 71 D202
D1169 Test Method for Specific Resistance (Resistivity) of
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
Electrical Insulating Liquids
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
D1500 Test Method forASTM Color of Petroleum Products
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
(ASTM Color Scale)
and are not considered standard.
D1816 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Insulating Liquids Using VDE Electrodes
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D2413 Practice for Preparation of Insulating Paper and
responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and
Board Impregnated with a Liquid Dielectric
1 2
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and are the direct responsibility of contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Subcommittee D09.01 on Electrical Insulating Products. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009. Published February 2010. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D3394 – 94 (2005). The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
DOI: 10.1520/D3394-94R09. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D3394 − 94 (2009)
D2865 Practice for Calibration of Standards and Equipment 7.1.2 unit of product—an entity of electrical insulating
for Electrical Insulating Materials Testing board on which one or more quality characteristics may be
D3426 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and determined. A unit of product may be a sheet, pallet, box,
DielectricStrengthofSolidElectricalInsulatingMaterials carton, case, package, or bundle. The unit of product is
Using Impulse Waves established by the customer and may or may not be the same
D3455 Test Methods for Compatibility of Construction Ma- as the unit of purchase, supply, production, or shipment.
terial with Electrical Insulating Oil of Petroleum Origin
D3487 Specification for Mineral Insulating Oil Used in 8. Establishing Acceptable Quality Levels (AQLs)
Electrical Apparatus
8.1 Acceptable quality levels (AQLs) for each major and
D3636 Practice for Sampling and Judging Quality of Solid
minor property (as defined in Practice D3636) shall be as
Electrical Insulating Materials
mutually agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller. In
D4243 Test Method for Measurement ofAverage Viscomet-
addition, group AQLs may be established for given groups of
ric Degree of Polymerization of New andAged Electrical
propertiesandthesetooshallbemutuallyagreeduponbetween
Papers and Boards
the purchaser and the seller.
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
Determine Conformance with Specifications
9. Selection of Sample and Identification of Lot Sample
2.2 TAPPI Standard:
4 9.1 Samples shall be in accordance with Practice D3636,
T 413 Determination of Ash in Paper
with the exception of those paragraphs pertaining specifically
to rolls, pads, or bobbins.
3. Terminology
9.2 Mark each unit of the sample so that it may be identified
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
at any time by the seller and the purchaser.
3.1.1 electrical insulating board—a sheet structure, usually
composed of cellulosic fibers, utilized for dielectric or struc-
REPORTS
tural purposes or both in a variety of electrical apparatus.
Board is herein arbitrarily differentiated from paper in that it is
10. Report
at least 0.030 in. (0.76 mm) thick and is manufactured only in
10.1 At the completion of all tests record the results in a test
sheets of limited length. Other names for these products are
report that includes the following:
pressboard, transformer board, fuller board, and press pan.
10.1.1 Identification (of the board sampled and tested) by
4. Summary of Test Methods
lot number, type, grade, etc.,
10.1.2 Dates of testing,
4.1 This standard is a compilation of test methods for
10.1.3 Locationofthetestinglaboratoryandthenameofthe
electrical insulating board. Provisions are included for
person responsible for testing,
sampling, testing, and judging acceptability of a given quantity
10.1.4 Remarks indicating the method used and any devia-
of board.
tion from the standard,
5. Reagents 10.1.5 Testresultsasspecifiedintheindividualmethod,and
10.1.6 Specification limits for each property measured for
5.1 Reagents shall conform to the requirements set forth in
the board being tested.
Test Methods D202.
10.2 Report the results as calculated or observed values
SAMPLING
rounded to the nearest unit in the last right-hand place of
figures used in the material specification to express the limiting
6. Scope
value (see Practice E29).
6.1 This test method covers the determination of lot accept-
CONDITIONING
ability of electrical insulating board. It is designed for the
purpose of determining acceptability of all or that portion of a
11. Conditioning
shipment to a customer identified by a manufacturer’s lot
number. It is not intended to cover internal board mill quality
11.1 Conditionsamplesandspecimenscutfromthesamples
control plans. The method is intended for use in conjunction
(with the exception of samples taken for moisture determina-
with product specifications for electrical insulating board.
tion or as otherwise specified) in a circulating-air atmosphere
maintained at 50 6 2 % relative humidity and a temperature of
7. Terminology
23 6 2°C, using procedures as specified in Method D685.
7.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
11.2 For referee purposes, the conditioning specified in 11.1
7.1.1 The descriptions of terms used in this test method,
will give most consistent results. However, for routine testing
with the exception of the definition of “unit of product,” are in
under factory or other non-standard atmospheric conditions, if
accordance with Practice D3636.
theboardhasamoisturecontentwithintherangefrom5to7 %
as determined in Sections31–34, there will be only slight
variations from properties as determined after conditioning
Available from TechnicalAssociation of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI),
15 Technology Parkway South, Norcross, GA 30092, http://www.tappi.org. specified above.
D3394 − 94 (2009)
DIMENSIONS OF SHEETS APPARENT DENSITY
12. Apparatus
18. Scope
12.1 Scale—A scale of suitable length graduated such that
18.1 This test method may be used for determination of
lengths, widths, and diagonals can be directly read to within
apparent density of insulating board, using measurements of
half of the allowable tolerance for these dimensions. The scale
dimensions and weight made after appropriate conditioning.
shallbeproperlycalibratedinaccordancewithPracticeD2865.
18.2 Procedures are given for determining either the “wet-
12.2 Thickness-Measuring Device—Machinist micrometer
wet” or the “dry-dry” density.
with ratchet as specified in Test Methods D374.
19. Significance and Use
13. Sampling
19.1 Apparent density affects the dielectric and physical
13.1 Sample in accordance with Sections6–9.
characteristics of insulating board and is a factor in the
economics of its use in apparatus. This test is useful for
14. Test Specimens
specification, design, and quality control purposes.
14.1 Specimens for determination of length, width, and
squareness of sheets shall be whole sheets. For thickness
20. Apparatus
determinations, a whole sheet may be used or, if desired, a
20.1 Scale or Calipers,graduatedinunitsoflength,withthe
portion of a whole sheet will serve as a specimen. If a portion
smallest graduation equal to, or less than, 0.25 % of the
is selected as a specimen for thickness determination, that
smallest dimension to be measured, calibrated in accordance
portion shall be representative of the full width (cross-grain
with Practice D2865.
direction) of the sheet.
20.2 Balance, graduated in units of weight, with the small-
14.2 Determine the dimensions as received, provided the
est graduation equal to, or less than, 0.25 % of the specimen
moisture content is in the specification range for the material
weight, calibrated in accordance with Recommended Practice
being tested (see 11.2).
D2865.
15. Procedure
20.3 Thickness-Measuring Device, conforming to the re-
15.1 Measure the length and the width of each specimen to quirements of Test Methods D374, Method A.
the nearest appropriate unit. Make at least two measurements
20.4 Oven, conforming to the requirements of Test Method
in each direction.
D644.
15.2 Measure each of the two diagonals of each specimen.
21. Procedure
15.3 Measure the thickness in accordance with Test Meth-
21.1 From each unit of product in the sample obtained in
ods D374, Method A. Make at least five thickness determina-
tions across the sheet. accordance with Sections 6 through 9, prepare at least two
rectangular specimens having an area of at least 75 in. (0.05
NOTE 2—Points of measurement should be selected to include the areas
m ) each.
most likely to be the extremes.
21.2 Procedure A: Wet-Wet Density—Condition the speci-
16. Report
mens in accordance with Section 11.
16.1 The report shall conform to Section 10 and shall
21.3 Procedure B: Dry-Dry Density—Dry the specimens to
include the following:
constant weight in an oven at 105 6 3°C, in accordance with
16.1.1 Sheet size, reported as the average of the measure-
Test Method D644. Cool to room temperature, using a desic-
ments in each direction.
cator or other means to prevent reabsorption of moisture.
16.1.2 Squareness of the sheet, reported as the quotient of
Exposure to the open air while making the measurements
the shorter diagonal divided by the longer diagonal (for
specified in 21.4 shall be sufficiently brief that there will not be
convenience, squareness is expressed as a percent).
aweightincreaseofmorethan0.1 %oftheoven-dryweightof
the specimens.
NOTE 3—This method of calculating squareness assumes that the sheet
closely approximates a parallelogram in shape. If measurements of width
21.4 Measurethewidth,length,andthicknessinaccordance
orlengthvaryatdifferentpoints,itispossiblethatahighsquarenessvalue
with Section 15 to determine the weight of each specimen.
may be calculated from measurements on a sheet that differs significantly
from being rectangular.
21.5 From the dimensions and weight of each specimen,
16.1.3 Average thickness, and
calculate the apparent density and report the results in units of
16.1.4 Variation in thickness, reported as the difference
grams per cubic centimetre, calculated as follows:
between the highest and the lowest thickness value obtained in
weight 3factor
Apparent density, g/cm 5 (1)
15.3.
volume
Weight Units Volume Units Factor
17. Precision and Bias
gcm 1
17.1 The precision and bias of this test method are not gin. 0.0610
lb in. 27.68
known.
D3394 − 94 (2009)
22. Report 29. Report
22.1 The report shall be in accordance with Section 10, and 29.1 The report shall be in accordance with Section 10, and
include the individual results for the apparent density of each shall include the average shrinkage for each specimen in the
specimen. grain direction, the cross direction, and the thickness.
23. Precision and Bias 30. Precision and Bias
30.1 The precision and bias of this test method are not
23.1 The precision and bias of this test method are not
known. known.
MOISTURE CONTENT
SHRINKAGE
31. Significance and Use
24. Significance and Use
24.1 The dimensions of electrical insulating boards will 31.1 Moisture content of electrical insulating board is im-
portant for economic and technical reasons. Many physical and
change as a func
...
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