iTeh StandardsiTeh Standards
EURUSD
Your shopping cart is empty.
ASTM

ASTM D5359-98(2010)

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Glass Cullet Recovered from Waste for Use in Manufacture of Glass Fiber

Standard Specification for Glass Cullet Recovered from Waste for Use in Manufacture of Glass Fiber

ABSTRACT
This specification describes glass cullet recovered from municipal waste destined for disposal, but intended for the manufacture of glass fiber for use in insulation-type products. The glass cullet shall primarily be soda-lime bottle glass and shall be one of three grades depending upon the total usage rate requirement of the user. The three grades shall satisfy the specified chemical composition, color mix, contamination, and particle size requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification describes glass cullet recovered from municipal waste destined for disposal. The recovered cullet is intended for use in the manufacture of glass fiber used for insulation-type products.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2009
ICS
81.040.10 - Raw materials and raw glass
Technical Committee
D34 - Waste Management
Drafting Committee
D34.03 - Treatment, Recovery and Reuse
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D5359-98(2004) - Standard Specification for Glass Cullet Recovered from Waste for Use in Manufacture of Glass Fiber
Effective Date
01-Jan-2010
Referred By
ASTM E2129-18 - Standard Practice for Data Collection for Sustainability Assessment of Building Products
Effective Date
01-Jan-2010

Buy Standard

ASTM D5359-98(2010) - Standard Specification for Glass Cullet Recovered from Waste for Use in Manufacture of Glass FiberASTM D5359-98(2010) - Standard Specification for Glass Cullet Recovered from Waste for Use in Manufacture of Glass Fiber
PreviousNext
Technical specification
ASTM D5359-98(2010) - Standard Specification for Glass Cullet Recovered from Waste for Use in Manufacture of Glass Fiber
English language
2 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview

Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D5359 −98(Reapproved 2010)
Standard Specification for
Glass Cullet Recovered from Waste for Use in Manufacture
of Glass Fiber
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5359; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope state of cullet added to the fiberglass batch can shift the glass
oxidation state causing the release of dissolved SO gas, which
1.1 This specification describes glass cullet recovered from
can upset the furnace.Achange in the glass oxidation state also
municipal waste destined for disposal. The recovered cullet is
means a change in the glass FeO content. This affects the heat
intended for use in the manufacture of glass fiber used for
transfer in the melt and can affect furnace efficiency and glass
insulation-type products.
quality. See Table 2.
2. Referenced Documents
4.4 Contaminants—Free metals, magnetic or nonmagnetic,
are not oxidized in the glass melting process and, therefore, are
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C162 Terminology of Glass and Glass Products insoluble. Metals will pool on the furnace floor and leak
through joints causing premature wear of refractories and
D4129 Test Method for Total and Organic Carbon in Water
by High Temperature Oxidation and by Coulometric electrical shorts, which can lead to glass leaks. Some metals
will attack and destroy precious metal skimmers and thermo-
Detection
E688 Test Methods for Waste Glass as a Raw Material for couples and molybdenum electrodes. Examples are silver, tin,
lead, and aluminum.
Glass Manufacturing
4.4.1 Other inorganic materials and refractories will not
3. Terminology
melt in the glass melting process. Other inorganics can be
porcelains, ceramics, or high-temperature glasses. Refractories
3.1 For definitions of terms used in this specification, refer
can be remnants of furnace construction materials or minerals
to Terminology C162.
contained as unmelted inclusions in the cullet. See Table 3.
4. General Requirements
4.4.1.1 The container cullet mixture must not contain glass
types or other materials whose composition contains anything
4.1 Glass cullet from municipal waste is primarily soda-
lime bottle glass and shall be one of three grades depending that is either harmful to the fiberglass production process or
which affects the user’s ability to meet Federal or state
upon the total usage rate requirement of the user. The three
environmental, safety, or health laws. Examples of such
grades shall satisfy the following chemical composition, color
materials are anything which contains elements or oxides of
mix, contamination, and particle size requirements as listed in
phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and chlorides.
Section 4:
4.5 Particle Size—For all grades of cullet, the particle size
4.2 Chemical Composition—See Table 1.
shall be 100 % < ⁄4 in. and <15 % < 200 mesh. The
4.3 Color Mix—Color is an indicator of the oxidation state
specification for the particle size distribution between these
of container cullet. SO gas solubility in the glass melt is a
two end points shall be agreed to on an individual basis
function of the glass oxidation state. Changes in the oxidation
between the cullet supplier and the cullet user.
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D34 on Waste
5. Sampling and Testing
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03 on Tr
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.

This May Also Interest You

ASTM
ASTM D5359-98(2021)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Glass Cullet Recovered from Waste for Use in Manufacture of Glass Fiber

ABSTRACT
This specification describes glass cullet recovered from municipal waste destined for disposal, but intended for the manufacture of glass fiber for use in insulation-type products. The glass cullet shall primarily be soda-lime bottle glass and shall be one of three grades depending upon the total usage rate requirement of the user. The three grades shall satisfy the specified chemical composition, color mix, contamination, and particle size requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification describes glass cullet recovered from municipal waste destined for disposal. The recovered cullet is intended for use in the manufacture of glass fiber used for insulation-type products.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E708-79(2017)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Waste Glass as a Raw Material for the Manufacture of Glass Containers

ABSTRACT
This specification covers particulate glass (cullet material) recovered from waste destined for disposal, smaller than 6 mm intended for reuse as a raw material in the manufacture of glass containers. Flint glass cullet is a particulate glass material that contains no more than 0.1 weight % Fe2O3, or 0.0015 weight % Cr2O3, as determined by chemical analysis. The color mix for amber, flint, green and other color glass cullet shall conform to the prescribed mix.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers particulate glass (cullet material, recovered from waste destined for disposal, smaller than 6 mm intended for reuse as a raw material in the manufacture of glass containers.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    2 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E2927-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Trace Elements in Soda-Lime Glass Samples Using Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry for Forensic Comparisons

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful for the determination of elemental concentrations in the range of approximately 0.1 µgg-1 to 10 percent (%) (See Table X1.1) in soda-lime glass samples (7 and 8). A standard test method can aid in the interchange of data between laboratories and in the creation and use of glass databases.  
5.2 The determination of elemental concentrations in glass provides high discriminating value in the forensic comparison of glass fragments.  
5.3 This test method produces minimal destruction of the sample. Microscopic craters of 50 µm to 100 µm in diameter by 80 µm to 150 µm deep are left in the glass fragment after analysis. The mass removed per replicate is approximately 0.4 µg to 3 µg (6).  
5.4 Appropriate sampling techniques shall be used to account for natural heterogeneity of the materials at a microscopic scale.  
5.5 The precision, bias, and limits of detection of the method (for each element measured) shall be established during validation of the method. The measurement uncertainty of any concentration value used for a comparison shall be recorded with the concentration.  
5.6 Acid digestion of glass followed by either Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) or Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) can also be used for trace elemental analysis of glass, and offer similar detection levels and the ability for quantitative analysis. However, these methods are destructive, and require larger sample sizes and more sample preparation (Test Method E2330).  
5.7 Micro X-Ray Fluorescence (µ-XRF) uses comparable sample sizes to those used for LA-ICP-MS with the advantage of being non-destructive of the sample. Some of the drawbacks of µ-XRF include lower sensitivity and precision, and longer analysis time (Test Method E2926).  
5.8 Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (SEM-EDS) is also available for elemental analysis, but it is of limited use for forensic glass source d...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the quantitative elemental analysis of the following seventeen elements: lithium (Li), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), rubidium (Rb), strontium (Sr), zirconium (Zr), barium (Ba), lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), neodymium (Nd), hafnium (Hf) and lead (Pb) through the use of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) for the forensic comparison of glass fragments. The potential of these elements to provide the best discrimination among different sources of soda-lime glasses has been published elsewhere (1-5).2 Silicon (Si) is also monitored for use as a normalization standard. Additional elements may be added as needed, for example, tin (Sn) can be used to monitor the orientation of float glass fragments.  
1.2 The method only consumes approximately 0.4 µg to 3 µg of glass per replicate and is suitable for the analysis of full thickness samples as well as irregularly shaped fragments as small as 0.1 mm by 0.1 mm by 0.2 mm (6) in dimension. The concentrations of the elements listed above range from the low parts per million (µgg-1) to percent (%) levels in soda-lime glass, the most common type encountered in forensic cases. This standard method can be applied for the quantitative analysis of other glass types; however, some modifications in the reference standard glasses and the element menu may be required.  
1.3 This standard is intended for use by competent forensic science practitioners with the requisite formal education, discipline-specific training (see Practice E2917), and demonstrated proficiency to perform forensic casework.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the respo...

  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C158-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Strength of Glass by Flexure (Determination of Modulus of Rupture)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 For the purpose of this test, glasses and glass-ceramics are considered brittle (perfectly elastic) and to have the property that fracture normally occurs at the surface of the test specimen from the principal tensile stress. The flexural strength is considered a valid measure of the tensile strength subject to the considerations that follow.  
4.2 The flexural strength for a group of test specimens is influenced by variables associated with the test procedure. Such factors are specified in the test procedure or required to be stated in the report. These include but are not limited to the rate of stressing, the test environment, and the area of the specimen subjected to stress.  
4.2.1 In addition, the variables having the greatest effect on the flexural strength value for a group of test specimens are the condition of the surfaces and glass quality near the surfaces in regard to the number and severity of stress-concentrating discontinuities or flaws, and the degree of prestress existing in the specimens. Each of these can represent an inherent part of the strength characteristic being determined or can be a random interfering factor in the measurement.  
4.2.2 Test Method A is designed to include the condition of the surface of the specimen as a factor in the measured strength. Therefore, subjecting a fixed and significant area of the surface to the maximum tensile stress is desirable. Since the number and severity of surface flaws in glass are primarily determined by manufacturing and handling processes, this test method is limited to products from which specimens of suitable size can be obtained with minimal dependence of measured strength upon specimen preparation techniques. This test method is therefore designated as a test for flexural strength of flat glass.  
4.2.3 Test Method B describes a general procedure for test, applicable to specimens of rectangular or elliptical cross section. This test method is based on the assumption that a comparative ...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the flexural strength (the modulus of rupture in bending) of glass and glass-ceramics.  
1.2 These test methods are applicable to annealed and prestressed glasses and glass-ceramics available in varied forms. Alternative test methods are described; the test method used shall be determined by the purpose of the test and geometric characteristics of specimens representative of the material.  
1.2.1 Test Method A is a test for flexural strength of flat glass.  
1.2.2 Test Method B is a comparative test for flexural strength of glass and glass-ceramics.  
1.3 The test methods appear in the following order:    
Sections  
Test Method A  
7 to 10  
Test Method B  
11 to 16  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    10 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    10 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E1640-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Assignment of the Glass Transition Temperature By Dynamic Mechanical Analysis

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used to locate the glass transition region and assign a glass transition temperature of amorphous and semi-crystalline materials.  
5.2 Dynamic mechanical analyzers monitor changes in the viscoelastic properties of a material as a function of temperature and frequency, providing a means to quantify these changes. In ideal cases, the temperature of the onset of the decrease in storage modulus marks the glass transition.  
5.3 The glass transition takes place over a temperature range. This method assigns a single temperature (Tg) to represent that temperature range as measured by dynamic mechanical analysis. Tg may be determined by a variety of techniques and may vary according to that technique.  
5.4 A glass transition temperature (Tg) is useful in characterizing many important physical attributes of thermoplastic, thermosets, and semi-crystalline materials including their thermal history, processing conditions, physical stability, progress of chemical reactions, degree of cure, and both mechanical and electrical behavior.  
5.5 This test method is useful for quality control, specification acceptance, and research.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the assignment of a glass transition temperature (Tg) of materials using dynamic mechanical analyzers.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to thermoplastic polymers, thermoset polymers, and partially crystalline materials which are thermally stable in the glass transition region.  
1.3 The applicable range of temperatures for this test method is dependent upon the instrumentation used, but, in order to encompass all materials, the minimum temperature should be about −150 °C.  
1.4 This test method is intended for materials having an elastic modulus in the range of 0.5 MPa to 100 GPa.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C965-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Measuring Viscosity of Glass Above the Softening Point

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice is useful in determining the viscosity-temperature relationships for glasses and corresponding useful working ranges. See Terminology C162.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of the viscosity of glass above the softening point through the use of a platinum alloy spindle immersed in a crucible of molten glass. Spindle torque, developed by differential angular velocity between crucible and spindle, is measured and used to calculate viscosity. Generally, data are taken as a function of temperature to describe the viscosity curve for the glass, usually in the range from 1 to 106 Pa·s.  
1.2 Two procedures with comparable precision and accuracy are described and differ in the manner for developing spindle torque. Procedure A employs a stationary crucible and a rotated spindle. Procedure B uses a rotating crucible in combination with a fixed spindle.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C1926-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Glass Dissolution Rate Using Stirred Dilute Reactor Conditions on Monolithic Samples

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a description of the design of the Stirred Reactor Coupon Analysis (SRCA) apparatus and identifies aspects of the performance of the SRCA tests and interpretation of the test results that must be addressed by the experimenter to provide confidence in the measured dissolution rate.  
5.2 The SRCA methods described in this test method can be used to characterize several aspects of glass corrosion that can be included in mechanistic models of long-term durability of glasses, including nuclear waste glasses.  
5.3 Depending on the test parameters investigated, the SRCA results can be used to measure the intrinsic dilute glass dissolution rate, as well as the effects of conditions such as temperature, pH, and solution chemistry on the dissolution rate.  
5.4 Due to the scalable nature of the method, it is particularly applicable to studies of the impact of glass composition on dilute-condition corrosion. Models of glass behavior can be parameterized by testing glass composition matrices and establishing quantitative structure-property relationships.  
5.5 The step heights present on the corroded sample can be measured by a variety of techniques including profilometry (optical or stylus), atomic force microscopy, interferometry or other techniques capable of determining relative depths on a sample surface. The sample can also be interrogated with other techniques such as scanning electron microscopy to characterize the corrosion behavior. These further analyses can determine if the sample corroded homogenously and possible formation of secondary phases or leached layers. Occurrence of these features may impact the accuracy of glass dissolution. This test method does not address these solid-state characterizations.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a test method in which the dissolution rate of a homogenous silicate glass is measured through corrosion of monolithic samples in stirred dilute conditions.  
1.2 Although the test method was designed for simulated nuclear waste glass compositions per Guide C1174, the method is applicable to glass compositions for other applications including, but not limited to, display glass, pharmaceutical glass, bioglass, and container glass compositions.  
1.3 Various test solutions can be used at temperatures less than 100 °C. While the durability of the glass can be impacted by dissolving species from the glass, and thus the test can be conducted in dilute conditions or concentrated condition to determine the impact of such species, care must be taken to avoid, acknowledge, or account for the production of alteration layers which may confound the step height measurements.  
1.4 The dissolution rate measured by this test is, by design, an average of all corrosion that occurs during the test. In dilute conditions, glass is assumed to dissolve congruently and the dissolution rate is assumed to be constant.  
1.5 Tests are carried out via the placement of the monolithic samples in a large well-mixed volume of solution, achieving a high volume to surface area ratio resulting in dilute conditions with agitation of the solution.  
1.6 This test method excludes test methods using powdered glass samples, or in which the reactor solution saturates with time. Glass fibers may be used without a mask if the diameter is known to high accuracy before the test.  
1.7 Tests may be conducted with ASTM Type I water (see Specification D1193 and Terminology D1129), buffered water or other chemical solutions, simulated or actual groundwaters, biofluids, or other dissolving solutions.  
1.8 Tests are conducted with monolithic glass samples with at least a single flat face. Although having two plane-parallel faces is helpful for certain step height measurements, it is not required. The geometric dimensions of the monolith are not required to be known. The reacted monolithic sample is to be analyzed following the reaction to measure a corroded d...

  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C169-16(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Soda-Lime and Borosilicate Glass

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These test methods can be used to ensure that the chemical composition of the glass meets the compositional specification required for the finished glass product.  
3.2 These test methods do not preclude the use of other methods that yield results within permissible variations. In any case, the analyst should verify the procedure and technique employed by means of a National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard reference material having a component comparable with that of the material under test. A list of standard reference materials is given in the NIST Special Publication 260,3 current edition.  
3.3 Typical examples of products manufactured using soda-lime silicate glass are containers, tableware, and flat glass.  
3.4 Typical examples of products manufactured using borosilicate glass are bakeware, labware, and fiberglass.  
3.5 Typical examples of products manufactured using fluoride opal glass are containers, tableware, and decorative glassware.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the quantitative chemical analysis of soda-lime and borosilicate glass compositions for both referee and routine analysis. This would be for the usual constituents present in glasses of the following types: (1) soda-lime silicate glass, (2) soda-lime fluoride opal glass, and (3) borosilicate glass. The following common oxides, when present in concentrations greater than indicated, are known to interfere with some of the determinations in this method: 2 % barium oxide (BaO), 0.2 % phosphorous pentoxide (P2O5), 0.05 % zinc oxide (ZnO), 0.05 % antimony oxide (Sb2O3), 0.05 % lead oxide (PbO).  
1.2 The analytical procedures, divided into two general groups, those for referee analysis, and those for routine analysis, appear in the following order:    
Sections  
Procedures for Referee Analysis:  
Silica  
10  
BaO, R2O2 (Al2O3 + P2O5), CaO, and MgO  
11 – 15  
Fe2O3, TiO2, ZrO2 by Photometry and Al2O3 by Com-
plexiometric Titration  
16 – 22  
Cr2O3 by Volumetric and Photometric Methods  
23 – 25  
MnO by the Periodate Oxidation Method  
26 – 29  
Na2O by the Zinc Uranyl Acetate Method and K2O by
the Tetraphenylborate Method  
30 – 33  
SO3 (Total Sulfur)  
34 – 35  
As2O3 by Volumetric Method  
36 – 40  
Procedures for Routine Analysis:  
Silica by the Single Dehydration Method  
42 – 44  
Al2O3, CaO, and MgO by Complexiometric Titration,
and BaO, Na2O, and K2O by Gravimetric Method  
45 – 51  
BaO, Al2O3, CaO, and MgO by Atomic Absorption; and
Na2O and K2O by Flame Emission Spectroscopy  
52 – 59  
SO3 (Total Sulfur)  
60  
B2O3  
61 – 62  
Fluorine by Pyrohydrolysis Separation and Specific Ion
Electrode Measurement  
63 – 66  
P2O5 by the Molybdo-Vanadate Method  
67 – 70  
Colorimetric Determination of Ferrous Iron Using 1,10
Phenanthroline  
71 – 76  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    24 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C829-81(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practices for Measurement of Liquidus Temperature of Glass by the Gradient Furnace Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These practices are useful for determining the maximum temperature at which crystallization will form in a glass, and a minimum temperature at which a glass can be held, for extended periods of time, without crystal formation and growth.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices cover procedures for determining the liquidus temperature (Note 1) of a glass (Note 1) by establishing the boundary temperature for the first crystalline compound, when the glass specimen is held at a specified temperature gradient over its entire length for a period of time necessary to obtain thermal equilibrium between the crystalline and glassy phases.  
Note 1: These terms are defined in Terminology C162.  
1.2 Two methods are included, differing in the type of sample, apparatus, procedure for positioning the sample, and measurement of temperature gradient in the furnace. Both methods have comparable precision. Method B is preferred for very fluid glasses because it minimizes thermal and mechanical mixing effects.  
1.2.1 Method A employs a trough-type platinum container (tray) in which finely screened glass particles are fused into a thin lath configuration defined by the trough.  
1.2.2 Method B employs a perforated platinum tray on which larger screened particles are positioned one per hole on the plate and are therefore melted separately from each other.2  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C729-11(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Density of Glass by the Sink-Float Comparator

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The sink-float comparator method of test for glass density provides the most accurate (yet convenient for practical applications) method of evaluating the density of small pieces or specimens of glass. The data obtained are useful for daily quality control of production, acceptance or rejection under specifications, and for special purposes in research and development.  
4.2 Although this test scope is limited to a density range from 1.1 g/cm3 to 3.3 g/cm3, it may be extended (in principle) to higher densities by the use of other miscible liquids (Test Method F77) such as water and thallium malonate-formate (approximately 5.0 g/cm3). The stability of the liquid and the precision of the test may be reduced somewhat, however, at higher densities.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density of glass or nonporous solids of density from 1.1 g/cm 3 to 3.3 g/cm 3. It can be used to determine the apparent density of ceramics or solids, preferably of known porosity.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off