ASTM D1578-93(2000)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength of Yarn in Skein Form
Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength of Yarn in Skein Form
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking strength of yarn in skein form. The observed breaking strength is expressed in units of force, and equations are provided to convert breaking strength to skein breaking tenacity and to skein break factor.
Note 1—For the determination of the breaking strength and elongation of yarn by the single strand method, refer to Test Method D2256.
1.2 This test method is applicable to spun yarns, either single or plied, composed of any fiber or blend of fibers, but is not suitable for yarns which stretch more than 5% when the tension is increased from 2.5 to 7.5 mN/tex or 0.03 to 0.08 gf/denier.
1.3 This test method provides three options based on the perimeter of the reel, the number of wraps in the skein, and the machine speed or time-to-break.
1.3.1 Option 1—Eighty, forty, or twenty turns on a 1.50-m or 1.5-yd reel, broken at 300 mm/min or 12 in./min.
1.3.2 Option 2—Fifty turns on a 1.00-m or 1-yd reel, broken at 300 mm/min or 12 in./min.
1.3.3 Option 3—Fifty turns on a 1-m reel, broken in 20 s.
Note 2—Option 1 is in general use in the United States, Option 2 is used for woolen yarns, and Option 3 has been proposed in the International Standards Organization (ISO) for international use.
Note 3—Metric reels are available with 1 and 1.125-m circumferences. Data from the two reels will be about 1% different (see 5.6). ISO uses a 1-m circumference reel.
1.4 This test method is frequently combined with the determination of linear density carried out on the same skeins. Special precautions for reeling such skeins are noted.
1.5 Where appropriate, this test method states all requirements in SI units. The traditional units are inch-pound and are exact values.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use
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Designation:D1578–93 (Reapproved 2000)
Standard Test Method for
Breaking Strength of Yarn in Skein Form
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1578; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the break-
ing strength of yarn in skein form. The observed breaking
2. Referenced Documents
strength is expressed in units of force, and equations are
2.1 ASTM Standards:
provided to convert breaking strength to skein breaking tenac-
D 76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Tex-
ity and to skein break factor.
tiles
NOTE 1—For the determination of the breaking strength and elongation
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
of yarn by the single strand method, refer to Test Method D 2256.
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing
1.2 This test method is applicable to spun yarns, either
D 1907 Test Method for Yarn Number by the Skein
single or plied, composed of any fiber or blend of fibers, but is
Method
not suitable for yarns which stretch more than 5 % when the
D 2256 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Yarns by the
tension is increased from 2.5 to 7.5 mN/tex or 0.03 to 0.08
Single-Strand Method
gf/denier.
D 2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
1.3 This test method provides three options based on the
D 2904 Practice for InterlaboratoryTesting of aTextileTest
perimeter of the reel, the number of wraps in the skein, and the
Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data
machine speed or time-to-break.
3. Terminology
1.3.1 Option 1—Eighty, forty, or twenty turns on a 1.50-m
or 1.5-yd reel, broken at 300 mm/min or 12 in./min.
3.1 Definitions:
1.3.2 Option 2—Fiftyturnsona1.00-mor1-ydreel,broken 3.1.1 breaking force, n—the maximum force applied to a
at 300 mm/min or 12 in./min.
material in a tensile test carried to rupture.
1.3.3 Option 3—Fifty turns on a 1-m reel, broken in 20 s.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Force is commonly expressed as mil-
linewtons (mN), newtons (N), grams-force (gf), or pounds-
NOTE 2—Option 1 is in general use in the United States, Option 2 is
force (lbf).
used for woolen yarns, and Option 3 has been proposed in the Interna-
3.1.2 force, n—a physical influence exerted by one body on
tional Standards Organization (ISO) for international use.
NOTE 3—Metricreelsareavailablewith1and1.125-mcircumferences. another which produces acceleration of bodies that are free to
Data from the two reels will be about 1 % different (see 5.6). ISO uses a
move and deformation of bodies that are not free to move.
1-m circumference reel.
(Compare strength).
3.1.3 skein break factor, n—the comparative breaking
1.4 This test method is frequently combined with the
determination of linear density carried out on the same skeins. strength of a skein of yarn adjusted for the linear density of the
yarn expressed in an indirect system; the product of the
Special precautions for reeling such skeins are noted.
1.5 Where appropriate, this test method states all require- breaking strength of the skein and the yarn number expressed
in an indirect system. (Syn. count-strength product)
ments in SI units. The traditional units are inch-pound and are
exact values. 3.1.3.1 Discussion—A statement of the break factor of the
skein must indicate the number of wraps in the skein if this is
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the not otherwise apparent; without information on the number of
wraps, a statement of the break factor is meaningless. Break
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
factor is frequently given other designations such as lea count
constant, lea product, and breaking ratio.
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarn Test Methods,
General.
Current edition approved July 15, 1993. Published September 1993. Originally
published as D 1578 – 58 T. Last previous edition D 1578– 88. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D1578–93 (2000)
3.1.4 skein, n—a continuous strand of yarn in the form of a by factors of 2 or 4, respectively. (The available literature does
flexible coil having a large circumference in proportion to its not show that any significant error is introduced by the use of
thickness. these factors.)
3.1.5 skein breaking tenacity, n—the skein breaking
5.4 The circumference of the skeins used to determine the
strength divided by the product of the yarn number in a direct
breaking load is not critical, and as a consequence, close
numbering system and the number of strands placed under
control of the tension at which the skeins are wound is not
tension.
necessary. If, however, the same skeins are to be used to
3.1.5.1 Discussion—Observed breaking strength can be
determine yarn number for any purpose, the skeins must be
converted to breaking tenacity by dividing the breaking
reeled under controlled tension on a reel meeting the require-
strengthbytheproductoftheyarnnumbermeasuredinadirect
ments given in Test Method D 1907.
numbering system and the number of strands placed under
5.5 For some purposes it may be advisable to convert the
tension (twice the number of wraps in the skein (see Eq 7)).
skein breaking strength observed for yarn of one number to the
3.1.6 skein strength, n—theforcerequiredtoruptureaskein
estimated skein breaking strength of a different yarn number.
of yarn, expressed in units of force, as breaking strength.
Factors for making such a conversion for cotton yarns are
3.1.7 strength, n—the property of a material that resists
given in 11.2. No corresponding factors have been developed
deformation induced by external forces. (Compareforce).
for yarns spun from other fibers.
3.1.8 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test
5.6 The results obtained from different options are not fully
method, refer to Terminology D 123.
comparable because the breaking force per wrap increases
slightly as the perimeter of the skein is reduced. The skein
4. Summary of Test Method
breaking tenacity observed for 1-m skeins may be as much as
4.1 A skein of yarn, prepared by winding the prescribed
4 % higher, and from 1-yd skeins 5 % higher, than that
number of turns on a reel, is broken on a tensile testing
observed for 1.5-yd skeins. These relationships may vary with
machine.
the type of yarn or with yarn unevenness and should not be
NOTE 4—If the yarn number is also required for the determination of used as conversion factors. With a reasonable number of
skein breaking tenacity or break factor, the broken skein may be weighed
specimens, this method provides a useful index that combines
and the yarn number calculated as directed in Test Method D 1907.
the effects of unevenness and single strand strength.
5.7 This method is rarely, if ever, used for filament yarns
5. Significance and Use
because their uniformity makes it possible to obtain reliable
5.1 Test Method D 1578 for testing any spun yarn for
results economically by the single-strand method.
breaking strength is considered satisfactory for acceptance
testing of commercial shipments since the method has been
6. Apparatus
used extensively in the trade.
6.1 Reel—A hand or motor-driven reel having a perimeter
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
of 1.50 m or 1.5 yd for Option 1, 1.0 m or 1 yd for Option 2
reported test results when using Test Method D 1578 for
(see Note 3), or 1 m for Option 3. The reel shall be fitted with
acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and
a traversing mechanism that will minimize bunching the yarn
the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if
on the reel and with an indicator of the length wound. A
there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent
warning bell or an automatic cutoff that will operate at a
statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of
specified number of turns is advisable. It is also recommended
bias.As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test
that the reel have a collapsible arm for relaxing the tension on
specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which
the skeins to facilitate their removal from the reel. If yarn
are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test
number is to be determined from the same skeins, refer to Test
specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers
Method D 1907 for additional reel specifications.
to each laboratory for testing.The average results from the two
6.2 Package Holders—Vertical spindles for bobbins or
laboratories should be compared using Student’s t-test for
cones if not provided as an integral part of the reel, shafts on
unpaireddataandanacceptableprobabilitylevelchosenbythe
which tubes or flanged spools can turn freely.
two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its
cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the 6.3 Tensile Testing Machine—A constant-rate-of-traverse
supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of (CRT type) or constant-rate-of-extension (CRE type) tensile
the known bias. testing machine of suitable capacity as prescribed in Specifi-
5.2 This test method is not suitable for yarns that stretch cation D 76, capable of operating the moving clamp (spool) at
more than 5 % when the force is increased from 2.5 to 7.5 a uniform speed of 300 6 10 mm/min or 12 6 0.5 in./min (for
mN/tex or 0.03 to 0.08 gf/denier, because (a) they require Options 1 and 2) or capable of operating at a rate that will
special precautions as to tension in reeling, and (b) users of break the skein broken in an average time of 20 6 3 s from the
such yarns are more interested in their elastic behavior at low start of application of tension to the skein (for Option 3). The
forces than in their ultimate breaking strength. machine shall be equipped with spools not less than 25 mm or
5.3 For Option 1, it is advisable to use a tensile testing 1 in. nor more than 30 mm or 1.25 in. in both diameter and
machine of the proper capacity to break skeins with 80 turns. length, and supported with at least one spool free to turn on its
If it is necessary to break skeins having only 40 or 20 turns, axis. The distance between the spools shall be sufficient to
convert the observed results to an 80-turn basis by multiplying permit placing the skeins on the spools in a wide, flat band.
D1578–93 (2000)
6.4 Skein Holder or Rack, having parallel pegs or bars 9.1.2 For yarns on flanged spools or other packages nor-
placed a sufficient distance apart to hold the skeins extended to mally unwound from the side, mount the packages to turn
nearly their full length without either stretching, kinking, or freelyanddrawtheyarnfromthesideofthepackageataspeed
entangling the yarn. of 20 to 30 rpm of the reel.
9.1.3 When several ends are wound parallel on a single
7. Sampling package, draw each end through a separate guide and reel a
skein from each end, unwinding from the side of the package.
7.1 Lot Sample—Take a lot sample as directed in an
9.1.4 If the yarn is received in skein form, mount it on an
applicable specification, or as agreed upon between the pur-
umbrella reel or swift and reel at a speed of 20 to 30 rpm.
chaser and the supplier. In the absence of an applicable
9.2 Reeling—Draw each end of yarn through a separate
specification or agreement, take a lot sample as directed in
guide and attach the yarn to the reel. Turn the reel at a uniform
Practice D 2258.
speed and maintain sufficient tension to lay the yarn smoothly
NOTE 5—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
on the reel. When the required number of turns have been
purchaserandthesupplierrequirestakingintoaccountvariabilitybetween
reeled, tie the ends of the yarn together loosely but securely
shipping units, between packages or ends within a shipping unit, and
with a nonslipping knot. For easier separation of skeins on the
betweenspecimensfromasinglepackagesoastoprovideasamplingplan
with a meaningful producer’s risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable quality rack, a loose loop may be made about the skein cross section,
level, and limited quality level.
and the yarns once again knotted. If skein breaking tenacity or
skein break factor is to be calculated, the method of reeling
7.2 Laboratory Sample—As a laboratory sample for accep-
must comply with the additional requirements in Test Method
tance testing, take a total of ten packages for yarn spun on the
D 1907.
cotton or worsted systems and a total of 20 packages for yarns
9.2.1 For Option 1, reel 80 turns on a 1.50-m (1.5-yd) reel.
spunonthewoolensystem.Selectthepackagesrandomlyfrom
If the breaking strength of such a skein is greater than the
all the packages in the lot sampling units.
capacity of the available testing machine, try 40 or 20 turns.
7.3 Number of Specimens—Test one skein from each pack-
9.2.2 For Option 2, reel 50 turns on a 1-m or a 1-yd reel.
age in the laboratory sample.
9.2.3 For Option 3, reel 50 turns on a 1-m (1.09–yd) reel.
Include extra skeins for adjustment of the tester for time to
8. Conditioning
break.
8.1 Preconditioning—Yarns for testing should be wound
9.3 Conditioning—Transfer the skeins to the rack carefully
into skeins for preconditioning and conditioning (see Section
withaslittledisturbanceoftheyarnaspossible.Keeptheyarns
9). Reel one or more extra skeins for use in determining when
parallelandtheskeinflat,withnobunchingortwisting.Donot
moisture equilibrium has been reached (see 8.2.1).
stretch or jerk the yarn and do not allow it to kink. If more than
8.1.1 Precondition the skeins at a temperature no higher
one skein is to be stored on each pair of pegs, the skeins may
than 50°C or 120°F in an atmosphere having a relative
be transferred one at a time to the rack, with rings or washers
humidity between 5 and 25 %. Skeins will usually reach
placed between them for easier separation. Precondition (if not
approximate moisture equilibrium in 4 h especially in moving
done before reeling) and condition as prescribed in Section 8.
air.Crowdingskeinstooclosetogetherontherack,oranything
Do not remove the skeins from the rack until time of test.
that obstructs the
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