ASTM D1578-93(2006)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength of Yarn in Skein Form
Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength of Yarn in Skein Form
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking strength of yarn in skein form. The observed breaking strength is expressed in units of force, and equations are provided to convert breaking strength to skein breaking tenacity and to skein break factor. Note 1 For the determination of the breaking strength and elongation of yarn by the single strand method, refer to Test Method D 2256.
1.2 This test method is applicable to spun yarns, either single or plied, composed of any fiber or blend of fibers, but is not suitable for yarns which stretch more than 5 % when the tension is increased from 2.5 to 7.5 mN/tex or 0.03 to 0.08 gf/denier.
1.3 This test method provides three options based on the perimeter of the reel, the number of wraps in the skein, and the machine speed or time-to-break.
1.3.1 Option 1 Eighty, forty, or twenty turns on a 1.50-m or 1.5-yd reel, broken at 300 mm/min or 12 in./min.
1.3.2 Option 2 Fifty turns on a 1.00-m or 1-yd reel, broken at 300 mm/min or 12 in./min.
1.3.3 Option 3 Fifty turns on a 1-m reel, broken in 20 s. Note 2 Option 1 is in general use in the United States, Option 2 is used for woolen yarns, and Option 3 has been proposed in the International Standards Organization (ISO) for international use.Note 3
Metric reels are available with 1 and 1.125-m circumferences. Data from the two reels will be about 1 % different (see ). ISO uses a 1-m circumference reel.
1.4 This test method is frequently combined with the determination of linear density carried out on the same skeins. Special precautions for reeling such skeins are noted.
1.5 Where appropriate, this test method states all requirements in SI units. The traditional units are inch-pound and are exact values.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:D1578–93 (Reapproved 2006)
Standard Test Method for
Breaking Strength of Yarn in Skein Form
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1578; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
´ NOTE—The Terminology Section was editorially updated in July 2006.
1. Scope responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the break-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ing strength of yarn in skein form. The observed breaking
strength is expressed in units of force, and equations are
2. Referenced Documents
provided to convert breaking strength to skein breaking tenac-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ity and to skein break factor.
D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
NOTE 1—For the determination of the breaking strength and elongation
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
of yarn by the single strand method, refer to Test Method D2256.
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
1.2 This test method is applicable to spun yarns, either
D1907 Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn
single or plied, composed of any fiber or blend of fibers, but is
Number) by the Skein Method
not suitable for yarns which stretch more than 5 % when the
D2256 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Yarns by the
tension is increased from 2.5 to 7.5 mN/tex or 0.03 to 0.08
Single-Strand Method
gf/denier.
D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
1.3 This test method provides three options based on the
D2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test
perimeter of the reel, the number of wraps in the skein, and the
Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data
machine speed or time-to-break.
D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
1.3.1 Option 1—Eighty, forty, or twenty turns on a 1.50-m
3. Terminology
or 1.5-yd reel, broken at 300 mm/min or 12 in./min.
1.3.2 Option 2—Fiftyturnsona1.00-mor1-ydreel,broken 3.1 Definitions:
at 300 mm/min or 12 in./min. 3.1.1 For defintion of textile terms used in this test method:
1.3.3 Option 3—Fifty turns on a 1-m reel, broken in 20 s.
breaking force, force, skein break factor, skein, skein breaking
tenacity, skein strength, strength, refer to Terminology D4849.
NOTE 2—Option 1 is in general use in the United States, Option 2 is
3.1.2 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test
used for woolen yarns, and Option 3 has been proposed in the Interna-
method, refer to Terminology D123.
tional Standards Organization (ISO) for international use.
NOTE 3—Metricreelsareavailablewith1and1.125-mcircumferences.
4. Summary of Test Method
Data from the two reels will be about 1 % different (see 5.6). ISO uses a
1-m circumference reel.
4.1 A skein of yarn, prepared by winding the prescribed
number of turns on a reel, is broken on a tensile testing
1.4 This test method is frequently combined with the
machine.
determination of linear density carried out on the same skeins.
Special precautions for reeling such skeins are noted.
NOTE 4—If the yarn number is also required for the determination of
1.5 Where appropriate, this test method states all require-
skein breaking tenacity or break factor, the broken skein may be weighed
ments in SI units. The traditional units are inch-pound and are
and the yarn number calculated as directed in Test Method D1907.
exact values.
5. Significance and Use
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the 5.1 Test Method D1578 for testing any spun yarn for
breaking strength is considered satisfactory for acceptance
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2006.PublishedJuly2006.Originallyapproved contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D1578– 93(2000). DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D1578-93R06E01. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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D1578–93 (2006)
testing of commercial shipments since the method has been 6. Apparatus
used extensively in the trade.
6.1 Reel—A hand or motor-driven reel having a perimeter
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
of 1.50 m or 1.5 yd for Option 1, 1.0 m or 1 yd for Option 2
reported test results when using Test Method D1578 for
(see Note 3), or 1 m for Option 3. The reel shall be fitted with
acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and
a traversing mechanism that will minimize bunching the yarn
the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if
on the reel and with an indicator of the length wound. A
there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent
warning bell or an automatic cutoff that will operate at a
statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of
specified number of turns is advisable. It is also recommended
bias.As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test
that the reel have a collapsible arm for relaxing the tension on
specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which
the skeins to facilitate their removal from the reel. If yarn
are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test
number is to be determined from the same skeins, refer to Test
specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers
Method D1907 for additional reel specifications.
to each laboratory for testing.The average results from the two
6.2 Package Holders—Vertical spindles for bobbins or
laboratories should be compared using Student’s t-test for
cones if not provided as an integral part of the reel, shafts on
unpaireddataandanacceptableprobabilitylevelchosenbythe
which tubes or flanged spools can turn freely.
two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its
6.3 Tensile Testing Machine—A constant-rate-of-traverse
cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the
(CRT type) or constant-rate-of-extension (CRE type) tensile
supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of
testing machine of suitable capacity as prescribed in Specifi-
the known bias.
cation D76, capable of operating the moving clamp (spool) at
5.2 This test method is not suitable for yarns that stretch a uniform speed of 300 6 10 mm/min or 12 6 0.5 in./min (for
more than 5 % when the force is increased from 2.5 to 7.5 Options 1 and 2) or capable of operating at a rate that will
mN/tex or 0.03 to 0.08 gf/denier, because (a) they require break the skein broken in an average time of 20 6 3 s from the
special precautions as to tension in reeling, and (b) users of start of application of tension to the skein (for Option 3). The
such yarns are more interested in their elastic behavior at low machine shall be equipped with spools not less than 25 mm or
forces than in their ultimate breaking strength. 1 in. nor more than 30 mm or 1.25 in. in both diameter and
length, and supported with at least one spool free to turn on its
5.3 For Option 1, it is advisable to use a tensile testing
axis. The distance between the spools shall be sufficient to
machine of the proper capacity to break skeins with 80 turns.
permit placing the skeins on the spools in a wide, flat band.
If it is necessary to break skeins having only 40 or 20 turns,
6.4 Skein Holder or Rack, having parallel pegs or bars
convert the observed results to an 80-turn basis by multiplying
placed a sufficient distance apart to hold the skeins extended to
by factors of 2 or 4, respectively. (The available literature does
nearly their full length without either stretching, kinking, or
not show that any significant error is introduced by the use of
entangling the yarn.
these factors.)
5.4 The circumference of the skeins used to determine the
7. Sampling
breaking load is not critical, and as a consequence, close
control of the tension at which the skeins are wound is not 7.1 Lot Sample—Take a lot sample as directed in an
necessary. If, however, the same skeins are to be used to applicable specification, or as agreed upon between the pur-
determine yarn number for any purpose, the skeins must be chaser and the supplier. In the absence of an applicable
reeled under controlled tension on a reel meeting the require-
specification or agreement, take a lot sample as directed in
ments given in Test Method D1907. Practice D2258.
5.5 For some purposes it may be advisable to convert the
NOTE 5—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
skein breaking strength observed for yarn of one number to the
purchaserandthesupplierrequirestakingintoaccountvariabilitybetween
estimated skein breaking strength of a different yarn number.
shipping units, between packages or ends within a shipping unit, and
Factors for making such a conversion for cotton yarns are betweenspecimensfromasinglepackagesoastoprovideasamplingplan
with a meaningful producer’s risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable quality
given in 11.2. No corresponding factors have been developed
level, and limited quality level.
for yarns spun from other fibers.
7.2 Laboratory Sample—As a laboratory sample for accep-
5.6 The results obtained from different options are not fully
tance testing, take a total of ten packages for yarn spun on the
comparable because the breaking force per wrap increases
cotton or worsted systems and a total of 20 packages for yarns
slightly as the perimeter of the skein is reduced. The skein
spunonthewoolensystem.Selectthepackagesrandomlyfrom
breaking tenacity observed for 1-m skeins may be as much as
all the packages in the lot sampling units.
4 % higher, and from 1-yd skeins 5 % higher, than that
7.3 Number of Specimens—Test one skein from each pack-
observed for 1.5-yd skeins. These relationships may vary with
age in the laboratory sample.
the type of yarn or with yarn unevenness and should not be
used as conversion factors. With a reasonable number of
8. Conditioning
specimens, this method provides a useful index that combines
the effects of unevenness and single strand strength.
8.1 Preconditioning—Yarns for testing should be wound
5.7 This method is rarely, if ever, used for filament yarns into skeins for preconditioning and conditioning (see Section
because their uniformity makes it possible to obtain reliable 9). Reel one or more extra skeins for use in determining when
results economically by the single-strand method. moisture equilibrium has been reached (see 8.2.1).
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D1578–93 (2006)
8.1.1 Precondition the skeins at a temperature no higher one skein is to be stored on each pair of pegs, the skeins may
than 50°C or 120°F in an atmosphere having a relative be transferred one at a time to the rack, with rings or washers
humidity between 5 and 25 %. Skeins will usually reach placed between them for easier separation. Precondition (if not
approximate moisture equilibrium in 4 h especially in moving done before reeling) and condition as prescribed in Section 8.
air.Crowdingskeinstooclosetogetherontherack,oranything Do not remove the skeins from the rack until time of test.
that obstructs the circulation of air, may lengthen the time
appreciably.
10. Procedure
8.2 Conditioning—Condition the skeins in the standard
10.1 Perform all tests in the standard atmosphere for testing
atmosphere for testing textiles, which is 21 6 1°C or 70 6 2°F
textiles, which is 21 6 1°C or 70 6 2°F and 65 6 2 % relative
and 65 6 2% relative humidity, until moisture equilibrium has
humidity.
been reached.
10.2 Select the appropriate capacity range of the testing
8.2.1 For cotton yarns, a minimum conditioning time of 4 h
machine as follows:
is specified. Yarns made from other fibers or blends may
10.2.1 For Options 1 and 2, a range within which (1) the
require other lengths of time. When testing additional samples
calibration of the tensile testing machine is accurate within
of the same type of yarn, it may be assumed that moisture
61.0 % and (2) the breaking force can be read with a precision
equilibrium has been reached after exposure for a time 25 %
of 62.0 %.
longer than that found by test to be sufficient.
10.2.2 For Option 3, select the capacity and speed of the
8.2.1.1 If necessary use the extra skein(s) to determine that
testing machine to reach the breaking force in an average time
moistureequilibriumhasbeenreachedwhensuccessiveweigh-
of 20 6 3 s or a testing speed agreed upon by purchaser and
ings at intervals of not less than 15 min do not differ by more
supplier. Break one or more preliminary skeins, and adjust the
than 0.1 %. Do not use the skeins that are to be tested for
speed as necessary until the time-to-break conforms to the
strength for determining moisture equilibrium.
specified limits. If the time-to-break for the preliminary skeins
is within the specified limits and no adjustment is required, the
9. Preparation of Specimens
observed values for the preliminary skeins may be included in
9.1 Mounting of Packages:
the test report data.
9.1.1 For yarns on bobbins, cops, cones, or similar pack-
10.3 Handle each skein carefully as directed in 9.3 and
ages, draw the yarn off over the end of the package at a speed
transfer it to the testing machine as directed as follows:
between 100 and 300 rpm of the reel.
10.3.1 Place the skein over the top spool with the yarns
9.1.2 For yarns on flanged spools or other packages nor-
lying flat and parallel over the spool.
mally unwound from the side, mount the packages to turn
10.3.2 Then place the lower part of the skein under the
freelyanddrawtheyarnfromthesideofthepackageataspeed
of 20 to 30 rpm of the reel. lower spool.
9.1.3 When several ends are wound parallel on a single 10.3.3 Move the skein around the spools, maintaining a
package, draw each end through a separate guide and reel a gentle tension, to ensure that the yarns are lying flat and
skein from each end, unwinding from the side of the package. parallel with no bunching or twisting.
9.1.4 If the yarn is received in skein form, mount it on an
10.4 Startthemachineandmaintainthetensionontheskein
umbrella reel or swift and reel at a speed of 20 to 30
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