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ASTM D1578-93(2000)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength of Yarn in Skein Form

Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength of Yarn in Skein Form

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking strength of yarn in skein form. The observed breaking strength is expressed in units of force, and equations are provided to convert breaking strength to skein breaking tenacity and to skein break factor.  
Note 1—For the determination of the breaking strength and elongation of yarn by the single strand method, refer to Test Method D2256.
1.2 This test method is applicable to spun yarns, either single or plied, composed of any fiber or blend of fibers, but is not suitable for yarns which stretch more than 5% when the tension is increased from 2.5 to 7.5 mN/tex or 0.03 to 0.08 gf/denier.  
1.3 This test method provides three options based on the perimeter of the reel, the number of wraps in the skein, and the machine speed or time-to-break.  
1.3.1 Option 1—Eighty, forty, or twenty turns on a 1.50-m or 1.5-yd reel, broken at 300 mm/min or 12 in./min.  
1.3.2  Option 2—Fifty turns on a 1.00-m or 1-yd reel, broken at 300 mm/min or 12 in./min.  
1.3.3  Option 3—Fifty turns on a 1-m reel, broken in 20 s.
Note 2—Option 1 is in general use in the United States, Option 2 is used for woolen yarns, and Option 3 has been proposed in the International Standards Organization (ISO) for international use.
Note 3—Metric reels are available with 1 and 1.125-m circumferences. Data from the two reels will be about 1% different (see 5.6). ISO uses a 1-m circumference reel.
1.4 This test method is frequently combined with the determination of linear density carried out on the same skeins. Special precautions for reeling such skeins are noted.  
1.5 Where appropriate, this test method states all requirements in SI units. The traditional units are inch-pound and are exact values.  
1.6  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Jul-1993
ICS
59.080.50 - Ropes
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.58 - Yarns and Fibers
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D1578-93 - Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength of Yarn in Skein Form
Effective Date
15-Jul-1993
Replaced By
ASTM D1578-93(2006)e1 - Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength of Yarn in Skein Form
Effective Date
01-Jun-2006
Referred By
ASTM D2256/D2256M-21 - Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Yarns by the Single-Strand Method
Effective Date
15-Jul-1993
Referred By
ASTM D1907/D1907M-12(2018) - Standard Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn Number) by the Skein Method
Effective Date
15-Jul-1993
Referred By
ASTM D4849-21 - Standard Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
Effective Date
15-Jul-1993
Referred By
ASTM D4848-98(2018) - Standard Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and Related Properties of Textiles
Effective Date
15-Jul-1993
Referred By
ASTM D2258/D2258M-16(2022) - Standard Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
Effective Date
15-Jul-1993

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ASTM D1578-93(2000) - Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength of Yarn in Skein Form
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D1578–93 (Reapproved 2000)
Standard Test Method for
1
Breaking Strength of Yarn in Skein Form
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1578; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the break-
ing strength of yarn in skein form. The observed breaking
2. Referenced Documents
strength is expressed in units of force, and equations are
2.1 ASTM Standards:
provided to convert breaking strength to skein breaking tenac-
D 76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Tex-
ity and to skein break factor.
2
tiles
2
NOTE 1—For the determination of the breaking strength and elongation
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
of yarn by the single strand method, refer to Test Method D 2256.
2
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing
1.2 This test method is applicable to spun yarns, either
D 1907 Test Method for Yarn Number by the Skein
2
single or plied, composed of any fiber or blend of fibers, but is
Method
not suitable for yarns which stretch more than 5 % when the
D 2256 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Yarns by the
2
tension is increased from 2.5 to 7.5 mN/tex or 0.03 to 0.08
Single-Strand Method
2
gf/denier.
D 2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
1.3 This test method provides three options based on the
D 2904 Practice for InterlaboratoryTesting of aTextileTest
2
perimeter of the reel, the number of wraps in the skein, and the
Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data
machine speed or time-to-break.
3. Terminology
1.3.1 Option 1—Eighty, forty, or twenty turns on a 1.50-m
or 1.5-yd reel, broken at 300 mm/min or 12 in./min.
3.1 Definitions:
1.3.2 Option 2—Fiftyturnsona1.00-mor1-ydreel,broken 3.1.1 breaking force, n—the maximum force applied to a
at 300 mm/min or 12 in./min.
material in a tensile test carried to rupture.
1.3.3 Option 3—Fifty turns on a 1-m reel, broken in 20 s.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Force is commonly expressed as mil-
linewtons (mN), newtons (N), grams-force (gf), or pounds-
NOTE 2—Option 1 is in general use in the United States, Option 2 is
force (lbf).
used for woolen yarns, and Option 3 has been proposed in the Interna-
3.1.2 force, n—a physical influence exerted by one body on
tional Standards Organization (ISO) for international use.
NOTE 3—Metricreelsareavailablewith1and1.125-mcircumferences. another which produces acceleration of bodies that are free to
Data from the two reels will be about 1 % different (see 5.6). ISO uses a
move and deformation of bodies that are not free to move.
1-m circumference reel.
(Compare strength).
3.1.3 skein break factor, n—the comparative breaking
1.4 This test method is frequently combined with the
determination of linear density carried out on the same skeins. strength of a skein of yarn adjusted for the linear density of the
yarn expressed in an indirect system; the product of the
Special precautions for reeling such skeins are noted.
1.5 Where appropriate, this test method states all require- breaking strength of the skein and the yarn number expressed
in an indirect system. (Syn. count-strength product)
ments in SI units. The traditional units are inch-pound and are
exact values. 3.1.3.1 Discussion—A statement of the break factor of the
skein must indicate the number of wraps in the skein if this is
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the not otherwise apparent; without information on the number of
wraps, a statement of the break factor is meaningless. Break
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
factor is frequently given other designations such as lea count
constant, lea product, and breaking ratio.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarn Test Methods,
General.
Current edition approved July 15, 1993. Published September 1993. Originally
2
published as D 1578 – 58 T. Last previous edition D 1578– 88. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1578–93 (2000)
3.1.4 skein, n—a continuous strand of yarn in the form of a by factors of 2 or 4, respectively. (The available literature does
flexible coil having a large circumference in proportion to its not show that
...

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5.1 Test Method D1578 for testing any spun yarn for breaking strength is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since the method has been used extensively in the trade.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D1578 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking strength of yarn in skein form. The observed breaking strength is expressed in units of force, and equations are provided to convert breaking strength to skein breaking tenacity and to skein break factor.
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1.3.2 Option 2—Fifty turns on a 1.00 m or 1-yd reel, broken at 300 mm/min or 12 in./min.  
1.3.3 Option 3—Fifty turns on a 1 m reel, broken in 20 s.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D1578 for testing any spun yarn for breaking strength is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since the method has been used extensively in the trade.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D1578 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.  
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5.4 The circumference of the skei...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking strength of yarn in skein form. The observed breaking strength is expressed in units of force, and equations are provided to convert breaking strength to skein breaking tenacity and to skein break factor.
Note 1: For the determination of the breaking strength and elongation of yarn by the single strand method, refer to Test Method D2256.  
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1.3.2 Option 2—Fifty turns on a 1.00 m or 1-yd reel, broken at 300 mm/min or 12 in./min.  
1.3.3 Option 3—Fifty turns on a 1 m reel, broken in 20 s.  
Note 2: Option 1 is in general use in the United States, Option 2 is used for woolen yarns, and Option 3 has been proposed in the International Standards Organization (ISO) for international use.
Note 3: Metric reels are available with 1 and 1.125 m circumferences. Data from the two reels will be about 1 % different (see 5.6). ISO uses a 1 m circumference reel.  
1.4 This test method is frequently combined with the determination of linear density carried out on the same skeins. Special precautions for reeling such skeins are noted.  
1.5 Where appropriate, this test method states all requirements in SI units. The traditional units are inch-pound and are exact values.  
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Standard Test Method for Evenness of Textile Strands Using Capacitance Testing Equipment

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 This test method for the determination of evenness of textile strands is used extensively for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of filament or spun staple yarn, comber laps, roving, sliver, or tops.  
6.2 Values of strand evenness are also used in quality control, process optimization, and together with yarn strength measurements, as the first appraisal of a strand's quality. A low evenness value is, in general, preferred. Higher evenness values generally indicate poor yarn manufacturing practices, lower yarn strength, and poorer fabric appearance. Experience has shown that the relationship of evenness to the prediction of yarn performance and to fabric appearance is not a simple one. An evenness value must, therefore, be used cautiously and be supplemented by additional evenness information, such as mid-term and long-term mass variations, thin, thick, and nep imperfection counts, diagram chart spectrogram chart, length variation curve, and histogram analyses.  
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6.5 Evenness values obtai...
SCOPE
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1.3 The test method provides numeric values for the measurement and evaluation of short-, mid-, and long-term mass variations of the tested strand in terms of frequently occurring faults classified as thin places, thick places, and neps and graphical representations of evenness values in the form of diagram charts, spectrograms, length variation curves, and histograms.  
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Standard Guide for Inspection of Nylon, Polyester, or Nylon/Polyester Blend, or Both Kernmantle Rope

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1.2 This guide provides information intended to assist qualified, experienced personnel in establishing procedures for determining whether a rope should be placed into or returned to service. Such procedures may be used to assist in determining serviceability of used rescue ropes. Other factors which may not be included in this guide may also need to be considered when evaluating ropes.  
Note 1: Interpretation of the terms “qualified” and “experienced” when referring to individuals inspecting ropes may be debatable. Because rope evaluation is a subjective practice, it is in the best interest of the user to clearly define the needs of the user, and then to train personnel according to those needs. Needs and priorities may vary greatly between users.  
1.2.1 A rope which has been used in any manner should not be returned to service without first undergoing a thorough inspection to include rope log review, visual inspection, and tactile inspection.  
1.2.2 It is the responsibility of the user to understand that evaluation of a used rope is a subjective process. Due to the strength and longevity of kernmantle ropes presently used in rescue operations, it is perfectly reasonable, and even advisable, for these ropes to be reused on future operations unless the rope is physically compromised in some way. If the user chooses to reuse ropes, then the user should also establish specific guidelines, including and possibly in addition to those set forth in this guide, and provide training for personnel who will be responsible for examination of ropes.  
1.3 This standard does not imply approval of any specific type of rescue rope, nor does it purport to ensure the ability of any rope to function as desired. The information included here is not to be considered the only criteria for evaluating the serviceability of rescue rope  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F2116-01(2015)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Low Stretch and Static Kernmantle Life Safety Rope

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the general characteristics of low stretch or static kern mantle ropes used for rescue applications, whatever their constituent material. The rope shall be fabricated from continuous filament heat and light-resistant material of industrial, high tenacity grade. Material used in the construction of life rescue rope shall be sufficient to produce a rope which meets the physical properties and performance requirements specified. Properties such as diameter, minimum breaking strength, elongation, and knotability of a life safety rope shall be determined. All rescue ropes shall have an internal marker running the entire length of the rope which includes at least the name of the manufacturer, the year of manufacture of the rope, the country of origin, and the standards with which the rope complies. All information shall be repeated at least every three feet. All rescue ropes shall include a warning label containing at least the following: a warning that serious death or injury may result from the improper use of the rope, a warning that special training and knowledge are required to use the rope, and a warning that the use and inspection of the rope shall be in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the general characteristics of low stretch or static kernmantle ropes used for rescue applications, whatever their constituent material. This specification does not apply to dynamic rope intended for lead climbing.  
1.2 This specification covers small diameter sizes commonly used in life safety applications. These include sizes 7 to 16 mm (9/32 to 5/8 in.).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units shall be considered as standard. Values in inch-pound units are included for reference.  
1.4 In the event of any conflict between the text of this specification and any references cited, the text of this specification takes preference.  
1.5 This specification may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment.  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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ASTM
ASTM B637-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Precipitation-Hardening and Cold Worked Nickel Alloy Bars, Forgings, and Forging Stock for Moderate or High Temperature Service

ABSTRACT
This specification covers hot- and cold-worked precipitation-hardenable nickel alloy rod, bar, forgings, and forging stock for high-temperature service. Chemical analysis shall be performed on the alloy and shall conform to the chemical composition requirement in carbon, manganese, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, columbium, tantalum, titanium, aluminum, zirconium, boron, iron, copper, and nickel. The material shall follow recommended annealing treatment, solution treatment, stabilizing treatment, and precipitation hardening treatment. Tension testing, hardness testing and stress-rupture testing shall be performed on the material and shall comply to the required tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, reduction in area, and Brinell hardness.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers hot- and cold-worked precipitation-hardenable nickel alloy rod, bar, forgings, and forging stock for moderate or high temperature service (Table 1).  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to become familiar with all hazards including those identified in the appropriate Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for this product/material as provided by the manufacturer, to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Technical specification
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ASTM
ASTM C596-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Drying Shrinkage of Mortar Containing Hydraulic Cement

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method establishes a selected set of conditions of temperature, relative humidity and rate of evaporation of the environment to which a mortar specimen of stated composition shall be subjected for a specified period of time during which its change in length is determined and designated “drying shrinkage.”  
4.2 The drying shrinkage of mortar as determined by this test method has a linear relation to the drying shrinkage of concrete made with the same cement and exposed to the same drying conditions.4 Hence this test method may be used when it is desired to develop data on the effect of a hydraulic cement on the drying shrinkage of concrete made with that cement.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the change in length on drying of mortar bars containing hydraulic cement and graded standard sand.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. When combined standards are referenced, the selection of measurement system is at the user’s discretion subject to the requirements of the referenced standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure).2  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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