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ASTM E2289-03e1

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Examination of Rubber Stamp Impressions

Standard Guide for Examination of Rubber Stamp Impressions

SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides procedures that should be used by forensic document examiners (Guide E 444) for examinations and comparisons involving rubber stamps and their impressions.
1.2 These procedures are applicable whether the examination(s) and comparison(s) is of questioned and known items or of exclusively questioned items.
1.3 These procedures include evaluation of the sufficiency of the material available for examination.
1.4 The particular methods employed in a given case will depend upon the nature and sufficiency of the material available for examination.
1.5 This guide may not cover all aspects of particularly unusual or uncommon examinations.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Mar-2003
ICS
07.140 - Forensic science
Technical Committee
E30 - Forensic Sciences
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E2289-03 - Standard Guide for Examination of Rubber Stamp Impressions
Effective Date
10-Mar-2003
Replaced By
ASTM E2289-08 - Standard Guide for Examination of Rubber Stamp Impressions (Withdrawn 2017)
Effective Date
01-Apr-2008

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ASTM E2289-03e1 - Standard Guide for Examination of Rubber Stamp ImpressionsASTM E2289-03e1 - Standard Guide for Examination of Rubber Stamp Impressions
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ASTM E2289-03e1 - Standard Guide for Examination of Rubber Stamp Impressions
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
e1
Designation:E2289–03
Standard Guide for
1
Examination of Rubber Stamp Impressions
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2289; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
e NOTE—Sections 7.1, 7.2, and 7.3 were editorially corrected in September 2007.
1. Scope 3.2.1 coincidental peripheral printing, n—printingresulting
from an impression of unintended printing areas, often on the
1.1 This guide provides procedures that should be used by
periphery, of a stamp. This may be due to the manufacturing
forensic document examiners (Guide E 444) for examinations
process or the stamping technique.
and comparisons involving rubber stamps and their impres-
3.2.2 rubber stamp, n—any of a wide variety of hand
sions.
printing devices made of many materials not necessarily
1.2 These procedures are applicable whether the examina-
rubber. Syn.—hand stamp, cachet.
tion(s) and comparison(s) is of questioned and known items or
of exclusively questioned items.
4. Significance and Use
1.3 These procedures include evaluation of the sufficiency
4.1 The procedures outlined here are grounded in the
of the material available for examination.
generally accepted body of knowledge and experience in the
1.4 The particular methods employed in a given case will
field of forensic document examination. By following these
depend upon the nature and sufficiency of the material avail-
procedures, a forensic document examiner can reliably reach
able for examination.
an opinion concerning whether two or more impressions have
1.5 This guide may not cover all aspects of particularly
a common origin or if a rubber stamp impression was created
unusual or uncommon examinations.
by a specific rubber stamp.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
5. Interferences
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5.1 Items submitted for examination may have inherent
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
limitations that can interfere with the procedures in this guide.
bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.
Limitations should be noted and recorded.
2. Referenced Documents 5.2 Limitations can be due to submission of non-original
2 documents, limited quantity or comparability, or condition of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
the items submitted for examination (for example, impressions
E 444 Guide for Scope of Work of Forensic Document
made with over-inked or inadequately inked stamps, partially
Examiners
imprinted impressions, or variations in surface texture). Such
E 1732 Terminology Relating to Forensic Science
features are taken into account in this guide.
E 2195 Terminology Relating to the Examination of Ques-
5.3 The results of prior storage, handling, testing, or chemi-
tioned Documents
cal processing (for example, for latent prints) may interfere
3. Terminology with the ability of the examiner to see certain characteristics.
Whenever possible, document examinations should be con-
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms in this guide, refer
ducted prior to any chemical processing. Items should be
to Terminology E 1732 and Terminology E 2195.
handled appropriately to avoid compromising subsequent ex-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
aminations (for example, with clean hand coverings).
5.4 Consideration should be given to the possibility that a
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on Forensic
rubber stamp can be manufactured which duplicates the
Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.02 on Questioned
impressions of another stamp, and that various forms of
Documents.
simulations, imitations, and duplicates of rubber stamps or
Current edition approved March 10, 2003. Published April 2003.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
rubber stamp impressions can be generated by computer and
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
other means.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
e1
E2289–03
6. Equipment and Requirements 7.8.2 Note any visible features that reproduce on the im-
pression.
6.1 Appropriate light source(s) of sufficient intensity to
7.8.3 Prepare appropriate specimens, as needed.
allow fine detail to be distinguished.
7.9 Determine if any of the known
...

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5.1 The overarching goals of the forensic analysis of geological materials include (A) identification of an unknown material (see 11.3), (B) analysis of soils, sediments, or rocks to restrict their possible geographic origins as part of a provenance analysis (see 11.4), and (C) comparison of two or more samples to assess if they could have originated from the same source or to exclude a common source based on observation of exclusionary differences (see 11.5). XRD is only one analytical method that can be applied to the evidentiary samples in service of these distinct goals. Guidance for the analysis of forensic geological materials can be found in Refs (2-4).  
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5.2.2 The most common forensic applications of XRD to geological materials are (A) identification or confirmation of a selected phase or fraction of a sample (see 8.12), (B) identification of minerals in the clay-sized fractions of soils (see 8.8), and (C) identification of the phases of the hydrated cement component of concrete or mortar.  
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1.1 This guide covers techniques and procedures for the use of powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) in the forensic analysis of geological materials (to include soils, rocks, sediments, and materials derived from them such as concrete), to enable non-consumptive identification of solid crystalline materials present as single components or multi-component mixtures.  
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4.1 A training program provides the theoretical foundation and practical skills necessary for a trainee to become a qualified forensic hair examiner.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is designed to assist an examiner in the selection of appropriate sample preparation methods for the analysis, comparison, and identification of fibers using IR spectroscopy. IR spectroscopy can provide additional compositional information than is obtained using polarized light microscopy alone. The extent to which IR spectral comparison is conducted will vary with specific sample and case evaluations.  
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Note 1: IR analysis generally follows the aforementioned techniques since sample preparation (for example, flattening) irreversibly changes fiber morphology.  
5.3 IR spectroscopy should be conducted before dye extraction for chromatography due to the semi-destructive nature of the extraction technique. Because of the large number of sub-generic classes, forensic examination of acrylic and modacrylic fibers is likely to benefit significantly from IR spectral analysis (5). Useful distinctions between subtypes of nylon and polyester fibers can also be made by IR spectroscopy.  
5.4 IR spectroscopy can provide molecular information regarding major organic and inorganic components. Components in lesser amounts are typically more difficult to identify. Reasons for this include interference of the absorption bands of the major components with the less-intense bands of minor components, and sensitivity issues whereby the minor components are present at concentrations below the detection limits of the instrument.  
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1.2 This guide is intended for examiners with a basic knowledge of the theory and practice of IR spectroscopy, as well as experience in the handling and forensic examination of fibers. In addition, this guide is to be used in conjunction with a broader analytical scheme.  
1.3 If polymer identification is not readily apparent from optical data alone, an additional method of analysis, such as microchemical tests, melting point, IR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, or pyrolysis gas chromatography, should be used. An advantage of IR spectroscopy is that the instrumentation is readily available in most forensic laboratories and the technique is minimally destructive.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard is intended for use by competent forensic science practitioners with the requisite formal education, discipline-specific training (see Practice E2917), and demonstrated proficiency to perform forensic casework.  
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5.1 TLC is an inexpensive and simple technique that could be used to complement other analytical techniques within a general analytical scheme related to forensic fiber examination.  
5.2 Consider the forensic analysis of fiber colorants using TLC for single fiber comparisons only when the sample size is adequate (that is, enough colorant can be extracted for analysis) and it is not possible to discriminate between the fibers of interest using other techniques, such as comparison microscopy and MSP. Larger fibrous units (for example, thread or tuft) can be treated as an individual sample if determined to be homogeneous. Do not treat fibers that cannot be directly related to each other as a collective sample for the purposes of TLC.  
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5.1 The construction, composition, and color of textiles contain useful comparative characteristics for forensic examinations. Textiles are observed in a variety of constructions: woven, knit, nonwoven, or in combination. The range of colors in which textiles are offered in the marketplace is vast and constantly changing due to styles and seasons.  
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SCOPE
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Standard Guide for Forensic Examination of Hair by Microscopy

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A microscopical hair examination is conducted to determine if the item is a hair; from a human; from a particular somatic region; characteristic of a broad geographically-assigned ancestral group; characteristic of a particular growth phase; damaged; symptomatic of disease, condition, or disorder; forcibly removed; chemically altered (for example, dyed or bleached); suitable for microscopical comparison; suitable for DNA analysis; and similar to or different from a known sample (4-9).  
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4.3 Microscopical hair comparisons are not a means of individualization (10). This limitation is to be stated in any communication (for example, reports, testimony) when an association is reported.  
4.4 Additional analyses can be performed on hairs that have been chemically altered (for example, dyed hair) or have trace materials on the surface (for example, glitter). Such techniques are beyond the scope of this document.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures used by forensic laboratory personnel in the forensic examination of hair by microscopy, including microscopical comparisons and classification of hair samples.  
1.2 This guide addresses instrument setup, hair collection, sample handling techniques, and the use of various microscopes in the examination and comparison of hair.  
1.3 This guide addresses the benefit of following microscopical examinations with DNA analysis.  
1.4 This standard is intended for use by competent forensic science practitioners with the requisite formal education, discipline-specific training (see Practice E2917), and demonstrated proficiency to perform forensic casework.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    9 pages
    English language
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