ASTM F538-13
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to the Characteristics and Performance of Tires
Standard Terminology Relating to the Characteristics and Performance of Tires
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology primarily covers definitions for technical terms that occur in ASTM Committee F09 standards on the characteristics and performance of tires.
1.2 Definitions for terms that may also be used in other technologies, such as vehicle behavior, are worded to cover both areas.
1.3 When any definition in this terminology (that does not have the limiting phrase) is quoted out of context, editorially insert the limiting phrase in a tire after the dash following the term. This will properly limit the field of application of the term and definition.
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Designation: F538 − 13
Standard Terminology Relating to the
1
Characteristics and Performance of Tires
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationF538;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope aligning stiffness [FL/γ], n—of a tire, the rate of change of tire
aligning torque with respect to change in tire slip angle,
1.1 This terminology primarily covers definitions for tech-
usually evaluated at zero slip angle.
nical terms that occur in ASTM Committee F09 standards on
the characteristics and performance of tires.
aligning stiffness coefficient, n—of a tire, the ratio of tire
1.2 Definitions for terms that may also be used in other aligning stiffness to the tire normal force.
technologies, such as vehicle behavior, are worded to cover
aligning torque [FL], n—of a tire, the component of a tire
both areas.
moment vector tending to rotate a tire about the Z'-axis,
1.3 When any definition in this terminology (that does not
positive clockwise when looking in the positive direction of
have the limiting phrase) is quoted out of context, editorially
the Z'-axis. F403, F424
insert the limiting phrase in a tire after the dash following the
alignment, n—the adjustment of various parts of the vehicle’s
term. This will properly limit the field of application of the
term and definition. suspension system to ensure proper handling stability and to
minimize abnormal tire treadwear. F1922
2. Terminology
all-season tread, n—tread design providing dry, wet, and snow
2.1 Definitions:
traction performance for an optimized balance for year-
accelerometer, n—aninstrumentthatsensesinertialreactionto
round performance and which may meet the Rubber Manu-
measure linear or angular acceleration. F811
facturers Association (RMA) definition for an M&S, M+S,
accuracy, n—a measurement concept that describes the degree
M/S, MS, etc. marked tire (see RMA“Snow Tire Definitions
of correspondence between an average measured value and
for Passenger and Light Truck (LT) Tires”). E1136, F2493
an accepted reference or standard value for the object,
analysis, n—anactofinspectingtheS/Himageandassociating
material or phenomenon under test. F1082
this image with a known calibration reference. F1364
age, v—toapplyconditionssoastopromotechangeofmaterial
anomaly, n—a change in the strain pattern of the rubber
properties. F2838
surface of a straining block as a result of applied stress
aging, accelerated laboratory (also: aging, laboratory),
brought about through a change in atmospheric pressure on
n—increased rate of tire material property changes under
the rubber surface. F1364
specified conditions, including temperature, inflation
pressure, oxygen concentration in the filling gas, and time.
anti-lock braking system (ABS), n—a collection of sensing
F2838
and control hardware installed on a vehicle to prevent wheel
lock-up during brake application. F1649
aging, in-service, n—material property changes within tires
due to consumer usage. F2838
average tire tread depth [L], n—the average of all tire groove
(void) depth measurements. F1016
aging, oven, n—accelerated laboratory aging in an elevated
temperature environment. F2838
axle efficiency [nd], n—in a vehicle, the ratio of the sum of the
wheel torques at the driven wheels to the product of
aging, thermal oxidative, n—the process whereby chemical
driveshaft torque and axle ratio.
and physical material properties of a tire change with
exposure to heat and oxygen. F2838
balancing, n—a process to correct for heavy or light areas of
a tire and wheel assembly. F1922
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F09 on Tires
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F09.94 on Terminology.
bandwidth [1/ T], n—the range of frequencies within which
Current edition approved June 1, 2013. Published June 2013. Originally
certain performance characteristics occur; specific limits
approved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as F538 – 09. DOI:
10.1520/F0538-13. normally apply. F811
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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F538 − 13
bead, n—of a tire, the part of a tire that comes in contact with break-in [L], n—one or more periods of initial standardized
the rim and is shaped to secure the tire to the rim. F1922, tire operation during which tire is brought to the state which
F1923, F2663 will lead to more consistent test results. F762, F1016
bead separation, n—a breakdown of bond between tire
calibration tire, n—a witness tire designed to provide a fi
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F538 − 09 F538 − 13
Standard Terminology Relating to the
1
Characteristics and Performance of Tires
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F538; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This terminology primarily covers definitions for technical terms that occur in ASTM Committee F09 standards on the
characteristics and performance of tires.
1.2 Definitions for terms that may also be used in other technologies, such as vehicle behavior, are worded to cover both areas.
1.3 When any definition in this terminology (that does not have the limiting phrase) is quoted out of context, editorially insert
the limiting phrase in a tire after the dash following the term. This will properly limit the field of application of the term and
definition.
2. Terminology
2.1 Definitions:
accelerometer, n—an instrument that senses inertial reaction to measure linear or angular acceleration. F811
accuracy, n—a measurement concept that describes the degree of correspondence between an average measured value and an
accepted reference or standard value for the object, material or phenomenon under test. F1082
age, v—to apply conditions so as to promote change of material properties. F2838
aging, accelerated laboratory (also: aging, laboratory), n—increased rate of tire material property changes under specified
conditions, including temperature, inflation pressure, oxygen concentration in the filling gas, and time. F2838
aging, in-service, n—material property changes within tires due to consumer usage. F2838
aging, oven, n—accelerated laboratory aging in an elevated temperature environment. F2838
aging, thermal oxidative, n—the process whereby chemical and physical material properties of a tire change with exposure to heat
and oxygen. F2838
aligning stiffness [FL/γ], n—of a tire, the rate of change of tire aligning torque with respect to change in tire slip angle, usually
evaluated at zero slip angle.
aligning stiffness coefficient, n—of a tire, the ratio of tire aligning stiffness to the tire normal force.
aligning torque [FL], n—of a tire, the component of a tire moment vector tending to rotate a tire about the Z'-axis, positive
clockwise when looking in the positive direction of the Z'-axis. F403, F424
alignment, n—the adjustment of various parts of the vehicle’s suspension system to ensure proper handling stability and to
minimize abnormal tire treadwear. F1922
all-season tread, n—tread design providing dry, wet, and snow traction performance for an optimized balance for year-round
performance and which may meet the Rubber Manufacturers Association (RMA) definition for an M&S, M+S, M/S, MS, etc.
marked tire (see RMA “Snow Tire Definitions for Passenger and Light Truck (LT) Tires”). E1136, F2493
analysis, n—an act of inspecting the S/H image and associating this image with a known calibration reference. F1364
anomaly, n—a change in the strain pattern of the rubber surface of a straining block as a result of applied stress brought about
through a change in atmospheric pressure on the rubber surface. F1364
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F09 on Tires and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F09.94 on Terminology.
Current edition approved June 15, 2009June 1, 2013. Published July 2009June 2013. Originally approved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 20032009 as
F538 – 03.F538 – 09. DOI: 10.1520/F0538-09.10.1520/F0538-13.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F538 − 13
anti-lock braking system (ABS), n—a collection of sensing and control hardware installed on a vehicle to prevent wheel lock-up
during brake application. F1649
average tire tread depth [L], n—the average of all tire groove (void) depth measurements. F1016
axle efficiency [nd], n—in a vehicle, the ratio of the sum of the wheel torques at the driven wheels to the product of driveshaft
torque and axle ratio.
balancing, n—a process to correct for heavy or light areas of a tire and wheel assembly. F1922
bandwidth [1/ T], n—the range of frequencies within which certain performance characteristics occur; specific limits normally
apply. F811
bead, n—of a tire, the part of a tire that
...
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