ASTM D2724-07(2011)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Bonded, Fused, and Laminated Apparel Fabrics
Standard Test Methods for Bonded, Fused, and Laminated Apparel Fabrics
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These test methods for the determination of properties of bonded, fused, or laminated apparel fabrics, are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of bonded and laminated apparel fabrics since the methods have been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.
If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing. Randomly assign specimens in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data and a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for characterizing the delamination, strength of bond, appearance, and shrinkage propensity of bonded, fused, and laminated apparel fabrics after drycleaning and laundering.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard; the values in parentheses are provided as information only.
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D2724 − 07(Reapproved 2011)
Standard Test Methods for
Bonded, Fused, and Laminated Apparel Fabrics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2724; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
ε NOTE—The title of Referenced Document 124 was corrected editorially in September 2011.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for characterizing 3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric Test
the delamination, strength of bond, appearance, and shrinkage Methods, General, refer to Terminology D4850.
propensity of bonded, fused, and laminated apparel fabrics 3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
after drycleaning and laundering. blister, bonded fabric, bond strength, bubble, crack mark, foam
tear, fused fabric, fusible fabric, interlining, laminated fabric,
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
lot, puckering, solvent, relative humidity.
standard; the values in parentheses are provided as information
only. 3.2 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test
method, refer to Terminology D123.
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials,
operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to
4. Summary of Test Methods
address all of the safety concerns associated with its use. It is
the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish 4.1 Bench marks are placed at specified distances on the
appropriate safety and health practices and determine the fabrics, which are then measured, and subsequently dry-
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. cleaned, or laundered and dried, or both, through a prescribed
cycle that is repeated a specified number of times. The
2. Referenced Documents drycleaned or washed specimens are examined for appearance
and delamination and measured to determine any accompany-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ingshrinkageand,ifdesired,testedtodeterminethestrengthof
D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
the bond.
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
5. Significance and Use
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
Methods
5.1 These test methods for the determination of properties
E337 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psy- of bonded, fused, or laminated apparel fabrics, are considered
chrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Tem-
satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of
peratures) bonded and laminated apparel fabrics since the methods have
been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.
2.2 AATCC Standard:
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance be-
124 Smoothness Appearance of Fabrics after Repeated
tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),
Home Laundering
comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is
a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical
assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a com-
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on
parative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from
Textiles and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.59 on Fabric Test
Methods, General.
thesamelotofmaterialasthesamplesthatresultedindisparate
Current edition approved May 1, 2011. Published June 2011. Originally
results during initial testing. Randomly assign specimens in
approved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D2724 – 07. DOI:
equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the
10.1520/D2724-07R11E01.
laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM Wev site, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
testforunpaireddataandaprobabilitylevelchosenpriortothe
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found
the ASTM web site.
and corrected, or future test results for that material must be
Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, P.O.
Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D2724 − 07 (2011)
6. Apparatus and Materials 6.13 Drycleaning Detergent, anionic drycleaning detergent.
6.1 Drycleaning Machine, single-unit, coin-operated type,
7. Sampling
capable of providing a complete automatic dry-to-dry cycle
7.1 LotSample—Asalotsampleforacceptancetesting,take
using perchlorethylene. It shall consist of a commercial rotat-
at random the number of rolls of fabric directed in an
ing cage type, totally enclosed machine. The diameter of the
applicable material specification or other agreement between
rotating cage shall be not less than 600 mm (24 in.) and not
thepurchaserandthesupplier.Considerrollsoffabrictobethe
morethan1080mm(42in.).Itsdepthshallbenotlessthan300
primary sampling units.
mm (12 in.). It shall be fitted with two to four lifters.The speed
shall be such as to give a g-factor between 0.5 and 0.9 for
NOTE 3—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
cleaning and between 35 and 120 for extraction. The machine purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variability
between rolls of fabric and between specimens from a swatch from a roll
shall be equipped with thermometers for the measurement of
of fabric so as to provide a sampling plan with a meaningful producer’s
the solvent temperature and the air drying temperature.
risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.
NOTE 1—The g-factor is calculated using Eq 1 or Eq 2:
7.2 Laboratory Sample—As a laboratory sample for accep-
tance testing, take a full width swatch 1 m (1 yd) long from the
g 5 1.42n D/100 000 (1)
end of each roll of fabric in the lot sample, after first discarding
g 5 5.59n d/10 000 000 (2)
a minimum of1m(1yd)of fabric from the very outside of the
where:
roll.
n = revolutions per minute,
7.3 Test Specimens—Proceed as follows:
D = cage diameter, in., and
7.3.1 Drycleaning and Laundering—Cut four specimens
d = cage diameter, mm.
from each swatch in the laboratory sample with each specimen
6.2 Domestic Automatic Washer, top-loading, spin- being 380 by 380 mm (15 by 15 in.) in size, with the one side
extracting type.
of the specimens from a single swatch parallel to the selvage.
Locate two of the specimens from each swatch about ⁄3 of the
6.3 Domestic Automatic Tumble Dryer, front-loading type.
distance from one selvage and locate the other two specimens
6.4 Aspirated Psychrometer, which meets the requirements
from each swatch about ⁄3 of the distance from the other
of Test Method E337.
selvage. Locate each of the two specimens from one side of the
6.5 MarkingDevice —Athinsheetofstainlesssteelorother swatch along a diagonal line on the swatch so that they will
rigid flat material in which a square opening 254 by 254 mm
contain different warp ends and filling picks. Sew a straight
(10 by 10 in.) has been cut. lineofstitchingaroundeachspecimen25mm(1in.)fromeach
edge. Reserve the rest of the swatch for comparison with the
6.6 Rule, 305-mm (12-in.) or longer, preferably divided into
drycleaned and laundered test specimens.
tenths of an inch. A premarked device calibrated to give the
7.3.2 Strength of Bond—Prepare three test specimens, each
percentage of shrinkage or growth may also be used.
measuring 76 mm (3 in.) wide, and 152 mm (6 in.) long, the
6.7 Sewing Machine, suitable for sewing a single row of
length of the specimens corresponding to the lengthwise
stitching, preferably with No. 00 mercerized cotton thread, 25
direction of the fabric. Do not take the test specimens closer to
mm (1 in.) from the edge of the fabric specimen.
the selvage than a distance equal to 20 % of the fabric width.
6.8 Steam Iron, hand type.
NOTE 4—Samples that are 51 mm (2 in.) wide may be used as the
minimum width.
6.9 SteamPress, a press, 600 by 1250 mm (24 by 50 in.), or
larger, provided with 60 to 70 psig steam pressure at the press.
8. Conditioning
Any steam press large enough for pressing a specimen 380 mm
8.1 Bring the samples from the prevailing atmosphere and
(15 in.) square may be used.
condition them for at least4hinthe standard atmosphere for
6.10 Tensile Testing Machine, conforming to Specification
testing textiles as directed in Practice D1776 if shrinkage is to
D76, either a constant rate of traverse type or a constant rate
be determined. Preconditioning is not necessary.
ofextensiontype,equippedwithclampshavingawidthof76.2
mm (3.00 in.) and preferably calibrated in kilograms with a
9. Specimen Preparation
range from 0 to 4.5 kg (0 to 160 oz). The constant rate of
9.1 Using an indelible fineline marker, mark a 254 by 254
extension type machine is preferred because of the inherently
mm (10 by 10 in.) reference square centrally located on the
lower machine-induced errors in this type of machine.
face of each test specimen. Apply three sets of reference
6.11 Detergent, home laundry type.
markings 254 62mm(10 6 0.1 in.) apart, as measured with
6.12 Perchlorethylene, commercial grade. a rule, in the direction of the fabric length. Locate the markings
within 25 mm (1 in.) of each end and at the midpoint of each
NOTE2—Warning:Perchlorethyleneistoxic,andtheusualprecautions
sideofthesquare.Similarly,applythreesetsofmarkingsinthe
for handling chlorinated solvents should be taken. It should be used only
direction of the fabric width. Any other method of accurately
under well-ventilated conditions. The solvent is nonflammable.
locating the 254-mm (10-in.) reference marks is satisfactory as
long as the three marks on each side of the square are at least
Apparatus and accessories are commercially available. 105 mm (4 in.) apart.
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D2724 − 07 (2011)
10. Drycleaning Procedure delamination. Place the fingers on the specimen and attempt to
NOTE5—Launderablefabricsareexpectednormallytobedrycleanable,
slide the upper fabric layer over the bottom or intermediary
except where the face fabric is not drycleanable and is so labeled. For
substrate. If in doubt, make a small cut through the specimen
example,thefabriccouldcontainafunctionalfinishsolubleinthesolvent,
with scissors to determine if any separation of substrates has
or the fiber could be degraded by the solvent, which would be the case
occurred. Turn the fabric over and make the same type of
with poly(vinyl chloride) fiber.
examination on the other side.
10.1 Solvent Preparation—Prepare a standard detergent/
10.7 Examine the face fabric for any alteration in appear-
drycleaning solvent mixture by adding sufficient detergent to
ance as compared with the original sample. This may be done
the solvent to make a 1 % volume/volume solution. Add
with conventional room lighting, or with “Lighting Equipment
sufficient water to the solution to give a solvent relative
forViewingTest Specimens,” as described in Fig. 1 ofAATCC
humidity level of 75 % for the particular drycleaning detergent
Method 124. Examine only the area of the test specimen
used. Put this solvent in the machine storage tank. The same
bounded by the stitching.
solution can be used for repeated cleanings until it becomes
dirty and needs replacing as long as the necessary water
11. Laundering Procedure
additions to maintain the solvent relative humidity constant are
11.1 Machine Laundering—Wash the test specimens in the
made prior to each test run. This is so because the specimens
automatic home laundry machine, using 50 g of laundry
being run could conceivably alter the solvent relative humidity
detergent, or a sufficient amount to give a safe suds level, at the
forsucceedingtestrunswhilethedetergentlevelwouldremain
applicable domestic automatic temperature and procedure
constant.
under which the fabric is to be marketed. In the absence of this
10.2 Sample and Dummy Load Preparation— Prepare a
information use the “normal” cycle and high water level
loadconsistingofallspecimenstobetestedandmadeupto3.6
settings and determine the washing temperature according to
kg (8 lb) total with dummy load of approximately 380 by
the fabric type and construction as follows:
380-mm (15 by 15-in.) fabric pieces of similar material.
11.1.1 Face fabrics containing 20 % or more of wool,
Condition this load at least4hinthe standard atmosphere for
acetate, modacrylic, or acrylic fibers, 41 6 3°C (105 6 5°F).
testing textiles. After the drycleaning operation, condition the
11.1.2 Face fabrics of tricots, circular knits, woven nylon,
load again before running through each additional drycleaning
and print fabrics other than those described under 11.1.1,49 6
cycle. Conditioning before each drycleaning cycle is intended
3°C (120 6 5°F).
to minimize depletion of water from the drycleaning solution
11.1.3 All other woven face fabrics, 60 6 3°C (140 6 5°F).
specified in 10.1.1 which may affect shrinkage results.
11.2 Load for Machine Laundering—Use a total load of 1.8
10.3 Drycleaning Procedure—Run through the complete
kg (4 lb) including test specimens plus a dummy load of
dry-to-dry cycle in the machine. Run the solvent phase of the
approximately 380 by 380 mm (15 by 15 in.) fabrics of similar
drycleaning cycle with the solvent no higher than 32°C (90°F).
fabric construction. Load all fabrics in the flat position.
During the drying phase of the drycleaning cycle, either the air
11.3 Hand Laundering—If the fabrics are to be designated
outlet temperature should not exceed 60°C (140°F) or the inlet
“Hand Washable,” dissolve 20 g of laundry detergent in 7.6 L
air temperature should not exceed 80°C (175°F). If heat-
(2gal)ofwaterat41 63°C(105 65°F)ina9.5-L(10-qt)pail
sensitive fibers, for example, modacrylic fibers, are involved,
and then add two test specimens. Wash by lifting each
the outlet air temperature should not exceed 40°C (105°F) or
specimen out of the bath followed by immediate reimmersion
the inlet air temperature should not exceed 60°C (140°F).After
at least ten times. Just before the final reimmersion, lightly rub
the complete drycleaning cycle, remove the sample from
by hand the center of each specimen separately for a period of
machine for examination and reconditioning.
1 min. Rinse by transferring the specimens t
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