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ASTM E2079-01

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Limiting Oxygen (Oxidant) Concentration in Gases and Vapors

Standard Test Methods for Limiting Oxygen (Oxidant) Concentration in Gases and Vapors

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the limiting oxygen (oxidant) concentration of mixtures of oxygen (oxidant) and inert gases with flammable gases and vapors at a specified initial pressure and initial temperature.
1.2 These test methods may also be used to determine the limiting concentration of oxidizers other than oxygen.
1.3 Differentiation among the different combustion regimes (such as the hot flames, cool flames and exothermic reactions) is beyond the scope of these test methods.
1.4 These test methods should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Oct-2001
ICS
75.160.30 - Gaseous fuels
Technical Committee
E27 - Hazard Potential of Chemicals
Drafting Committee
E27.04 - Flammability and Ignitability of Chemicals
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E2079-00 - Standard Test Methods for Limiting Oxygen (Oxidant) Concentration in Gases and Vapors
Effective Date
10-Oct-2001
Replaced By
ASTM E2079-07 - Standard Test Methods for Limiting Oxygen (Oxidant) Concentration in Gases and Vapors
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM E918-19 - Standard Practice for Determining Limits of Flammability of Chemicals at Elevated Temperature and Pressure
Effective Date
10-Oct-2001
Referred By
ASTM E2931-13(2019) - Standard Test Method for Limiting Oxygen (Oxidant) Concentration of Combustible Dust Clouds
Effective Date
10-Oct-2001
Referred By
ASTM E681-09(2023) - Standard Test Method for Concentration Limits of Flammability of Chemicals (Vapors and Gases)
Effective Date
10-Oct-2001

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ASTM E2079-01 - Standard Test Methods for Limiting Oxygen (Oxidant) Concentration in Gases and VaporsASTM E2079-01 - Standard Test Methods for Limiting Oxygen (Oxidant) Concentration in Gases and Vapors
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ASTM E2079-01 - Standard Test Methods for Limiting Oxygen (Oxidant) Concentration in Gases and Vapors
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation:E2079–01
Standard Test Methods for
Limiting Oxygen (Oxidant) Concentration in Gases and
1
Vapors
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2079; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
3
1. Scope NFPA 69, Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems
2.3 NTIS Publications
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the
Coward, H.F. and Jones, G.W., Bulletin 503, Bureau of
limiting oxygen (oxidant) concentration of mixtures of oxygen
Mines, “Limits of Flammability of Gases and Vapors,”
(oxidant) and inert gases with flammable gases and vapors at a
4
NTIS AD701575, 1952
specified initial pressure and initial temperature.
Zabetakis, M.G., Bulletin 627, Bureau of Mines, “Flamma-
1.2 These test methods may also be used to determine the
bility Characteristics of Combustible Gases and Vapors,”
limiting concentration of oxidizers other than oxygen.
4
NTIS AD701576, 1965
1.3 Differentiation among the different combustion regimes
Kuchta, J.M., Bulletin 680, Bureau of Mines, “Investigation
(such as the hot flames, cool flames and exothermic reactions)
of Fire and ExplosionAccidents in the Chemical, Mining,
is beyond the scope of these test methods.
and Fuel-Related Industries - A Manual,” NTIS
1.4 These test methods should be used to measure and
4,
PB87113940, 1985
describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in
response to heat and flame under controlled laboratory con-
3. Terminology
ditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire
3.1 Definitions: (see also Terminology E 1445):
hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under
3.1.1 flammable—capable of propagating a flame.
actual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be used
3.1.2 ignition—the initiation of combustion.
as elements of a fire risk assessment which takes into account
3.1.3 limit of flammability—the boundary in composition
all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the
space dividing flammable and nonflammable regions.
fire hazard of a particular end use.
3.1.4 limiting oxygen (oxidant) concentration (LOC) of a
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
fuel-oxidant-inert system—the oxygen (oxidant) concentration
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
atthelimitofflammabilityfortheworstcase(mostflammable)
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
fuel concentration.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.4.1 Discussion—Limiting oxygen (oxidant) concentra-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
tion is also known as minimum oxygen (oxidant) concentration
2. Referenced Documents or as critical oxygen (oxidant) concentration.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4. Summary of Test Method
E 681 Test Method for Limits of Flammability of Chemi-
2 4.1 A mixture containing one or more flammable compo-
cals
nents (fuel), oxygen (oxidant) and inert gas(es) (such as
E 918 Practice for Determining the Limits of Flammability
2 nitrogen, carbon dioxide, argon, etc.) is prepared in a suitable
of Chemicals at Elevated Temperature and Pressure
test vessel at a controlled initial temperature and made to the
E 1445 Terminology Relating to Hazardous Potential of
2 specified initial pressure. Proportions of the components are
Chemicals
determined by a suitable means. Ignition of the mixture is
2.2 NFPA Publication
attempted and flammability is determined from the pressure
rise produced. The criterion for flammability is a pressure rise
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E27 on
Hazard Potential of Chemicals and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
E27.04 on Flammability and Ignitability of Chemicals.
3
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 2001. Published January 2002. Originally National Fire ProtectionAssociation, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy MA02269-9101.
4
published as E2079–00. Last previous edition E2079–00. NationalTechnical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, SpringfieldVA
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02. 22161.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
E2079–01
of$ 7 % above the initial absolute test pressure. Fuel, oxygen 7.3 Test vessel may be equipped with a means of mechani-
(oxidant), and inert gas proportions are varied between trials cal agitation to
...

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Standard Test Methods for Limiting Oxygen (Oxidant) Concentration in Gases and Vapors

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5.1 Knowledge of the limiting oxygen (oxidant) concentration is needed for safe operation of some chemical processes. This information may be needed in order to start up or operate a reactor while avoiding the creation of flammable gas compositions therein, or to store or ship materials safely. NFPA 69 provides guidance for the practical use of LOC data, including the appropriate safety margin to use.  
5.2 Examples of LOC data applications can be found in references (3-5).
Note 2: The LOC values reported in references (6-8), and relied upon by a number of modern safety standards (such as NFPA 69 and NFPA 86) were obtained mostly in a 5-cm diameter flammability tube. This diameter may be too small to mitigate the flame quenching influence impeding accurate determination of the LOC of most fuels. The 4-L minimum volume specified in Section 7 would correspond to a diameter of at least 20 cm. As a result, some LOC values determined using these test methods are approximately 1.5 vol % lower than the previous values measured in the flammability tube, and are more appropriate for use in fire and explosion hazard assessment studies.  
5.3 Much of the previous literature LOC data (6-8) were measured in the flammability tube.  
5.4 Accepted LOC values (when nitrogen is the inert gas) determined for the five reference gases using these test methods in 20-L and 120-L test enclosures have been reported in Zlochower (9), and are summarized below:
Hydrogen—4.6 % in 120-L, 4.7 % in 20-L
Carbon Monoxide—5.1 % in 120-L
Methane—11.1 % in 120-L, 10.7 % in 20-L
Ethylene—8.5 % in 120-L, 8.6 % in 20-L
Propane—10.7 % in 120-L, 10.5 % in 20-L
Note 3: For carbon monoxide, results are sensitive to the humidity of the test mixture in the enclosure. Presence of a small concentration of water vapor facilitates combustion and promotes flame propagation by supplying the hydrogen (H) and hydroxyl (OH) free radicals for the chain branching reactions. For conservative results, provi...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the limiting oxygen (oxidant) concentration of mixtures of oxygen (oxidant) and inert gases with flammable gases and vapors at a specified initial pressure and initial temperature.  
1.2 These test methods may also be used to determine the limiting concentration of oxidizers other than oxygen.  
1.3 Differentiation among the different combustion regimes (such as the hot flames, cool flames, and exothermic reactions) is beyond the scope of these test methods.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 These test methods should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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5.1 This test method is useful in determining the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in gaseous samples and in verifying compliance with operational needs and/or environmental limitations for H2S content. The automated performance operation of this method allows unattended measurement of H2S concentration. The user is referred to Practice D7166 for unattended on-line use of instrumentation based upon the lead acetate reaction rate method.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in gaseous fuels. It is applicable to the measurement of H2S in natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), substitute natural gas, landfill gas, sewage treatment off gasses, recycle gas, flare gasses, and mixtures of fuel gases. This method can also be used to measure the hydrogen sulfide concentration in carbon dioxide. Air does not interfere. The applicable range is 0.1 to 16 parts per million by volume (ppm/v) (approximately 0.1 to 22 mg/m3) and may be extended to 100 % H2S by manual or automatic volumetric dilution.  
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This test method is for the determination of total sulfur in combustible fuel gases and is applicable to natural gases, manufactured gases, mixed gases, and other miscellaneous gaseous fuels. For the use of barium chloride titration following collection of sulfur dioxide by alternative procedures, ammonia, amines, substances producing water soluble cations, and fluorides will interfere with the titration. The apparatus includes the following: (1) burner, (2) chimneys, absorbers, and spray traps, (3) flow meter, (4) vacuum system, (5) air-purifying system, and (6) monometer. The schematic diagrams of the gas burner, combustion and absorption apparatus, suction system, and purified air system are provided. Reagent grade chemicals shall be used in all tests and include: (1) water, (2) denatured ethyl or isopropyl alcohol, (3) barium chloride, standard solution, (4) hydrochloric acid, (5) hydrogen peroxide, (6) iso-propanol, (7) potassium hydrogen phthalate, (8) phenolphthalein, (9) methyl orange indicator solution, (10) silver nitrate solution, (11) sodium carbonate solution, (12) sodium hydroxide solution, (13) sulfuric acid, (14) tetrahydroxyquinone indicator, and (15) thorin indicator. The procedure for the following are detailed: (1) calibration and standardization of sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, and barium chloride solutions, (2) preparation of apparatus, (3) sulfur determination, (4) analysis of absorbent, and (5) quality assurance. The formula of calculating the volume of gas in standard cubic feet burned during the determination and the concentration of sulfur from the results of titration are given.
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1.1 This test method is for the determination of total sulfur in combustible fuel gases, when present in sulfur concentrations between approximately 25 and 700 mg/m3 (1 to 30 grains per 100 cubic feet). It is applicable to natural gases, manufactured gases, mixed gases, and other miscellaneous gaseous fuels.  
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1.3 The calculation method within this practice is based on the MWM Method as defined in EN 16726, Annex A.2 The calculation method is an optimization algorithm that uses varying sequences of ternary and binary gas component tables generated from the composition of a gaseous fuel sample.3 Both the source code and a Microsoft Excel-based calculator are available for this method.  
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Standard Practice for Total Sulfur Analyzer Based On-line/At-line for Sulfur Content of Gaseous Fuels

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5.1 On-line, at-line, in-line and other near-real time monitoring systems that measure fuel gas characteristics such as the total sulfur content are prevalent in the natural gas and fuel gas industries. The installation and operation of particular systems vary on the specific objectives, contractual obligations, process type, regulatory requirements, and internal performance requirements needed by the user. This protocol is intended to provide guidelines for standardized start-up procedures, operating procedures, and quality assurance practices for on-line, at-line, in-line and other near-real time total sulfur monitoring systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is for the determination of total sulfur from gas phase sulfur-containing compounds in high methane or hydrogen content gaseous fuels using on-line/at-line instrumentation.  
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1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Test Method for Determination of Ethyl Mercaptan in LP-Gas Vapor

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5.1 LP-gas is colorless and odorless, and not detectable by normal human senses. To provide an olfactory warning in the event of a leak, LP-gas intended for domestic or commercial fuel use is intentionally odorized so as to be readily detectable well below flammable or suffocating concentration levels of LP-gas in air. (See Appendix X1 for important explanations.) The most common odorant for LP-gas is ethyl mercaptan. The field use of this test method will rapidly determine the presence and concentration of ethyl mercaptan in LP-gas vapor without the necessity for complex laboratory equipment.
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1.1 This test method describes a rapid and simple procedure using length-of-stain tubes for field measurement of ethyl mercaptan in the vapor phase of LP-gas systems. Although length-of-stain tubes are available to detect ethyl mercaptan concentrations in the range of 0.5 to 120 parts per million by volume, this test method is specifically applicable to systems containing 5 ppm by volume or more of ethyl mercaptan in LP-gas vapors.  
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