ASTM E1360-05(2010)

Standard Practice for Specifying Color by Using the Optical Society of America Uniform Color Scales System

SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides a means for specifying the colors of objects in terms of the Optical Society of America Uniform Color Scales. Both computational and visual methods are included. The practice is limited to opaque objects, such as painted surfaces, viewed in daylight by an observer having normal color vision.
1.2 This practice does not cover the preparation of specimens. If the preparation of specimens is required in conjunction with this practice, a mutually agreed upon procedure shall be established.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Jun-2010
• ICS: 17.180.20 - Colours and measurement of light
• Technical Committee: E12 - Color and Appearance
• Drafting Committee: E12.07 - Color Order Systems

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM E1360-05 - Standard Practice for Specifying Color by Using the Optical Society of America Uniform Color Scales System
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2010
• Replaced By: ASTM E1360-05(2015) - Standard Practice for Specifying Color by Using the Optical Society of America Uniform Color Scales System
• Effective Date: 01-May-2015
• Referred By: ASTM D3134-15(2019) - Standard Practice for Establishing Color and Gloss Tolerances
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2010
• Referred By: ASTM D5382-02(2017) - Standard Guide to Evaluation of Optical Properties of Powder Coatings
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2010
• Referred By: ASTM E1499-16(2023) - Standard Guide for Selection, Evaluation, and Training of Observers
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2010
• Referred By: ASTM E313-20 - Standard Practice for Calculating Yellowness and Whiteness Indices from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2010

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1360 − 05(Reapproved 2010)
Standard Practice for
Specifying Color by Using the Optical Society of America
Uniform Color Scales System
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1360; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
TheOpticalSocietyofAmericaUniformColorScales(OSA-UCS)weredevelopedbyacommittee
oftheOpticalSocietyofAmericaintheyearsbetween1947and1974inanefforttoprovideasystem
andasetofsamplesthatrepresenttheclosestpossibleapproximationtoequalvisualspacing (1). The
system is defined by a set of equations derived from the results of visual scaling experiments and
related to the 1964 CIE system. The OSA sample set consisted of 558 atlas samples that fell at the
lattice points of a rhombohedral close-packed arrangement within the color space defined by the
equations. The unit in this spacing is a cuboctahedron, each color being surrounded by twelve
equidistant nearest neighbors. See Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Fig. 3 shows a OSA-UCS lightness plane plotted
on the CIE 1964 chromaticity diagram. The OSA-UCS system is described in Appendix X1.
The system is independent of the OSA-UCS atlas samples, and other groups of samples could be
chosenwithinthedefinedcolorspace;however,forthevisualdeterminationofcolorsdescribedinthis
standard, the OSA set of samples is used.
1. Scope D1729Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color
Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque Materials
1.1 This practice provides a means for specifying the colors
E284Terminology of Appearance
of objects in terms of the Optical Society ofAmerica Uniform
E308PracticeforComputingtheColorsofObjectsbyUsing
Color Scales. Both computational and visual methods are
the CIE System
included. The practice is limited to opaque objects, such as
E1164PracticeforObtainingSpectrometricDataforObject-
painted surfaces, viewed in daylight by an observer having
Color Evaluation
normal color vision.
1.2 This practice does not cover the preparation of speci-
3. Terminology
mens. If the preparation of specimens is required in conjunc-
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
tion with this practice, a mutually agreed upon procedure shall
be established.
3.1.1 chromaticness, n—an attribute of a visual sensation
combining hue and chroma; the visual correlate of the colori-
2. Referenced Documents
metric quantity chomaticity.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.2 hue, n—the attribute of color perception by means of
D1535PracticeforSpecifyingColorbytheMunsellSystem
which an object is judged to be red, yellow, green, blue, or
intermediate between some adjacent pair of these. In the
OSA-UCS system each hue is denoted by its angle within a
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E12 on Color and
360° circle beginning in the yellow direction on the right hand
AppearanceandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeE12.07onColorOrder
sideofthehuecircleandproceedingcounterclockwisethrough
Systems.
the greens, blues, and reds to return to the yellow hue, 360, on
CurrenteditionapprovedJuly1,2010.PublishedJuly2010.Originallyapproved
in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E1360–05. DOI: 10.1520/ the+j axis.
E1360-05R10.
2 3.1.3 OSA-UCS color system, n—Optical Society of
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of
this practice.
America Uniform Color Scales color order system based on
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
equality of visual spacing, which uses the lightness scale 6L
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
and the opponent-color scales 6j(yellowness-blueness) and 6
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. g(greenness-redness).Acolor in the OSA-UCS system may be
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1360 − 05 (2010)
NOTE 1—Cuboctahedron showing location of L, j, and g axes through
its center and the locations and L, j, g coordinates of the center point and
its12nearestneighbors.ThelatticeoftheOSA-UCSsystemisderivedby
extending this unit in all directions to the extremes of color space. In this
NOTE 1—CIE 1964 (x , y )-chromaticity diagram showing chroma-
drawing horizontal nearest-neighbor planes are emphasized with heavy 10 10
ticitypoints(j,g)ofcolorsofOSAColorSystemforlightnesslevelL=0.
lines.FromBillmeyer,F.W.,Jr.,“SurveyofColorOrderSystems,”Color
The chromaticity point N is that of the nominal gray (D ) in the system.
Research and Application, Vol 12, (2). Copyright © 1987, John Wiley & 65
From Wyszecki, G., and Stiles, W. S., Color Science, 2nd ed., (3).
Sons.
Copyright 1982, John Wiley & Sons.
FIG. 1 Cuboctahedron Showing Axes and Horizontal Planes
FIG. 3 OSA L = O Plane on the CIE 1964 Chromaticity Diagram
which consisted of 558 samples displayed in a face-centered
lattice in three-dimensional space such that each interior
samplehas12nearestneighborsatequalintervalsfromit.This
configuration is sometimes referred to as a cuboctahedral or
rhombohedral lattice.
3.2 Definitions:
3.2.1 The definitions in Practice D1535 and Terminology
E284 are applicable to this practice.
4. Summary of Practice
4.1 Computation Method—CIE 1964 tristimulus values for
standard illuminant D and the 1964 supplementary (10°)
NOTE 1—Cuboctahedron of Fig. 1 showing a typical vertical plane ()
standard observer are obtained from spectrophotometric or
and a typical oblique plane (.) containing nearest-neighbor colors.
colorimetric measurements. See Practice E308 and Practice
From Billmeyer, F. W., Jr., “Survey of Color Order Systems,” Color
E1164. Transformation equations (5) from CIE 1964 tristimu-
Research and Application, Vol 12, (2). Copyright 1987, John Wiley &
lus values to OSA-UCS notations are given in Section 7, and
Sons.
the OSA-UCS notations and CIE specifications of the OSA
FIG. 2 Cuboctahedron Showing Vertical and Oblique Planes
atlas samples are given in Table 1.
4.2 Visual Method—Observers must have normal color
describedbyitsL,j,gnotationorbyitslightness,L;hueangle,
vision. Specimens should be viewed on an essentially nonse-
h , and chroma, c , designation.
OSA OSA lectivegraybackgroundof30%luminousreflectance,equiva-
lent to the OSA-UCS notationL=0,j=0,g=0, abbreviated
NOTE 1—The conventional terms yellowness, greenness, blueness, and
redness are used throughout this practice for convenience. However, this as (0,0,0), and illuminated with natural or artificial daylight.
does not imply that the j and g axes indicate the locations of the
OSA-UCS atlas samples are used as references in judging
corresponding unitary hues: The+j axis closely approximates the direc-
test-specimen color.
tion toward unitary yellow; but the+g axis divides the green and blue
regions, the−j axis divides the blue and purple regions, and the− g axis
5. Significance and Use
locates pinks and magentas. It is probably best to think of j and g as
abstract symbols unassociated with color names (4).
5.1 Notationalsystemsthatspecifyandidentifycolorshave
3.1.4 OSA-UCS samples, n—the Optical Society of Ameri- provedtobeveryuseful.Thispracticedescribeshowtoassign
ca’s physical exemplification of the OSA-UCS color system, anOSA-UCSnotationtoacolorspecimen.Thisnotationgives
E1360 − 05 (2010)
TABLE 1 CIE Specification for OSA-UCS Notations
OSA Lattice Coordinates CIE Specifications OSA Lattice Coordinates CIE Specifications
L jg Y x y L jg Y x y
10 10 10 10 10 10
A: Full-Step Colors A: Full-Step Colors
−7 −3 −1 3.22 0.2588 0.2169 0 −6 10.29 0.4236 0.2940
−3 1 3.24 0.2152 0.2251 0 −4 10.83 0.3875 0.3053
0 −2 11.25 0.3511 0.3176
−1 −1 3.54 0.3113 0.2841 0 0 11.53 0.3139 0.3309
−1 1 3.59 0.2569 0.3002 0 2 11.61 0.2756 0.3455
0 4 11.45 0.2357 0.3617
1 −1 3.79 0.3783 0.3571
1 1 3.92 0.3147 0.3858 2 −8 9.49 0.5132 0.3159
2 −6 10.27 0.4751 0.3304
−6 −4 −2 4.85 0.2656 0.2044 2 −4 11.00 0.4363 0.3461
−4 0 4.89 0.2304 0.2101 2 −2 11.62 0.3968 0.3631
−4 2 4.88 0.1960 0.2164 2 0 12.04 0.3564 0.3816
2 2 12.18 0.3145 0.4023
−2 −4 5.05 0.3508 0.2471 2 4 11.97 0.2699 0.4262
−2 −2 5.22 0.3090 0.2565
−2 0 5.32 0.2665 0.2670 4 −8 9.06 0.5677 0.3432
−2 2 5.32 0.2239 0.2783 4 −6 9.97 0.5289 0.3627
4 −4 10.89 0.4883 0.3837
0 −6 4.85 0.4574 0.2841 4 −2 11.70 0.4466 0.4063
0 −4 5.24 0.4103 0.2981 4 0 12.29 0.4038 0.4310
0 −2 5.56 0.3626 0.3136 4 2 12.52 0.3592 0.4590
0 0 5.75 0.3139 0.3309 4 4 12.29 0.3110 0.4927
0 2 5.78 0.2632 0.3505
−3 −5 −1 13.44 0.2529 0.2238
2 −6 5.00 0.5240 0.3260 −5 1 13.48 0.2276 0.2287
2 −4 5.24 0.4774 0.3475 −5 3 13.45 0.2025 0.2339
2 −2 5.73 0.4249 0.3710
2 0 6.06 0.3709 0.3974 −3 −5 13.71 0.3372 0.2488
2 2 6.13 0.3139 0.4283 −3 −3 14.01 0.3088 0.2552
−3 −1 14.21 0.2802 0.2621
−5 −5 −1 6.97 0.2402 0.1997 −3 1 14.30 0.2515 0.2694
−5 1 6.99 0.2114 0.2044 −3 3 14.27 0.2224 0.2772
−5 3 6.96 0.1829 0.2095 −3 5 14.11 0.1930 0.2855
−3 −3 7.35 0.3069 0.2380 −1 −7 13.63 0.4063 0.2760
−3 −1 7.48 0.2723 0.2454 −1 −5 14.18 0.3754 0.2845
−3 1 7.52 0.2375 0.2533 −1 −3 14.64 0.3442 0.2937
−3 3 7.48 0.2027 0.2619 −1 −1 14.97 0.3126 0.3035
−1 1 15.14 0.2805 0.3140
−1 −5 7.42 0.3907 0.2740 −1 3 15.12 0.2476 0.3254
−1 −3 7.76 0.3516 0.2848 −1 5 14.89 0.2136 0.3377
−1 −1 8.00 0.3122 0.2965
−1 1 8.10 0.2720 0.3093 1 −9 12.89 0.4840 0.2981
−1 3 8.05 0.2305 0.3233 1 −7 13.71 0.4510 0.3089
1 −5 14.47 0.4176 0.3206
1 −7 6.95 0.4886 0.3026 1 −3 15.13 0.3839 0.3329
1 −5 7.53 0.4463 0.3171 1 −1 15.62 0.3496 0.3465
1 −3 8.04 0.4034 0.3329 1 1 15.90 0.3146 0.3609
1 −1 8.43 0.3596 0.3503 1 3 15.90 0.2782 0.3771
1 1 8.62 0.3147 0.3695 1 5 15.57 0.2397 0.3950
1 3 8.56 0.2670 0.3916
3 −9 12.53 0.5328 0.3256
3 −7 6.67 0.5505 0.3363 3 −7 13.53 0.4984 0.3399
3 −5 7.39 0.5063 0.3568 3 −5 14.50 0.4631 0.3553
3 −3 8.08 0.4604 0.3791 3 −3 15.37 0.4272 0.3717
3 −1 8.65 0.4132 0.4035 3 −1 16.05 0.3906 0.3893
3 1 8.96 0.3646 0.4307 3 1 16.46 0.3581 0.4087
3 3 8.89 0.3127 0.4631 3 3 16.49 0.3139 0.4305
3 5 16.03 0.2716 0.4561
−4 −4 −2 10.12 0.2758 0.2303
−4 0 10.20 0.2465 0.2362 5 −7 13.07 0.5465 0.3666
−4 2 10.21 0.2172 0.2425 5 −5 14.21 0.5104 0.3863
−4 4 10.13 0.1881 0.2492 5 −3 15.28 0.4732 0.4073
5 −1 16.17 0.4349 0.4299
−2 −4 10.45 0.3435 0.2642 5 1 16.72 0.3956 0.4548
−2 −2 10.72 0.3104 0.2726 5 3 16.78 0.3543 0.4837
−2 0 10.88 0.2770 0.2818 5 5 16.20 0.3092 0.5189
−2 2 10.91 0.2430 0.2914
−2 4 10.80 0.2084 0.3022
A: Full-Step Colors A: Full-Step Colors
−2 −6 0 17.31 0.2354 0.2183 1 −9 22.22 0.4541 0.3038
−6 2 17.31 0.2133 0.2225 1 −7 23.26 0.4268 0.3129
1 −5 24.20 0.3993 0.3226
E1360 − 05 (2010)
TABLE 1 Continued
OSA Lattice Coordinates CIE Specifications OSA Lattice Coordinates CIE Specifications
L jg Y x y L jg Y x y
10 10 10 10 10 10
−4 −2 18.10 0.2824 0.2474 1 −3 25.00 0.3714 0.3330
−4 0 18.23 0.2574 0.2531 1 −1 25.60 0.3432 0.3439
−4 2 18.26 0.2323 0.2591 1 1 25.96 0.3145 0.3555
−4 4 18.18 0.2071 0.2655 1 3 26.02 0.2849 0.3682
1 5 25.75 0.2541 0.3820
−2 −6 18.09 0.3658 0.2683
−2 −4 18.58 0.3386 0.2754 3 −9 21.97 0.4933 0.3291
−2 −2 18.96 0.3112 0.2829 3 −7 23.24 0.4646 0.3408
−2 0 19.19 0.2836 0.2910 3 −5 24.42 0.4357 0.3529
−2 2 19.27 0.2555 0.2995 3 −3 25.46 0.4063 0.3659
−2 4 19.16 0.2268 0.3086 3 −1 26.26 0.3764 0.3797
−2 6 18.87 0.1977 0.3182 3 1 26.77 0.3459 0.3946
3 3 26.89 0.3144 0.4109
0 −10 16.86 0.4609 0.2831 3 5 26.54 0.2812 0.4292
0 −8 17.71 0.4320 0.2914
0 −6 18.50 0.4029 0.3004 5 −9 21.43 0.5332 0.3520
0 −4 19.19 0.3736 0.3099 5 −7 22.89 0.5039 0.3664
0 −2 19.73 0.3440 0.3200 5 −5 24.31 0.4738 0.3815
0 0 20.10 0.3139 0.3309 5 −3 25.58 0.4432 0.3975
0 2 20.24 0.2831 0.3426 5 −1 26.60 0.4119 0.4146
0 4 20.12 0.2512 0.3553 5 1 27.26 0.3801 0.4330
0 6 19.71 0.2180 0.3692 5 3 27.45 0.3470 0.4535
5 5 27.01 0.3119 0.4773
2 −10 16.59 0.5043 0.3094
2 −8 17.65 0.4739 0.3203 7 −9 20.62 0.5724 0.3707
2 −6 18.66 0.4430 0.3320 7 −7 22.22 0.5431 0.3883
2 −4 19.57 0.4118 0.3443 7 −5 23.82 0.5127 0.4067
2 −2 20.32 0.3801 0.3577 7 −3 25.31 0.4814 0.4261
2 0 20.84 0.3479 0.3719 7 −1 26.55 0.4493 0.4468
2 2 21.07 0.3147 0.3874 7 1 27.38 0.4165 0.4694
2 4 20.93 0.2800 0.4046 7 3 27.63 0.3823 0.4948
2 6 20.35 0.2430 0.4243 7 5 27.09 0.3460 0.5249
4 −10 16.06 0.5486 0.3328 0 −6 0 26.50 0.2457 0.2349
4 −8 17.28 0.5175 0.3468 −6 2 26.52 0.2260 0.2391
4 −6 18.50 0.4853 0.3618
4 −4 19.64 0.4525 0.3775 −4 −2 27.49 0.2872 0.2598
4 −2 20.61 0.4192 0.3942 −4 0 27.68 0.2655 0.2652
4 0 21.32 0.3851 0.4124 −4 2 27.75 0.2437 0.2708
4 2 22.65 0.3500 0.4324 −4 4 27.68 0.2217 0.2767
4 4 21.49 0.3130 0.4551
−2 −4 28.12 0.3350 0.2835
6 −10 15.33 0.5915 0.3515 −2 −2 28.58 0.3118 0.2903
6 −8 18.65 0.5608 0.3691 −2 0 28.88 0.2883 0.2974
6 −6 18.02 0.5283 0.3877 −2 2 29.00 0.2644 0.3049
6 −4 19.36 0.4948 0.4072 −2 4 28.93 0.2401 0.3128
6 −2 20.55 0.4603 0.4282
6 0 21.45 0.4250 0.4508 0 −8 27.22 0.4130 0.2972
6 2 21.89 0.3885 0.4758 0 −6 28.14 0.3886 0.3050
6 4 21.91 0.3498 0.5046 0 −4 28.93 0.3640 0.3131
0 −2 29.57 0.3391 0.3218
−1 −5 −1 22.61 0.2618 0.2405 0 0 30.00 0.3138 0.3310
−5 1 22.69 0.2397 0.2454 0 2 30.20 0.2882 0.3406
−5 3 22.66 0.2176 0.2504 0 4 30.13 0.2617 0.3511
0 6 29.77 0.2345 0.3622
−3 −3 23.36 0.3099 0.2670
−3 −1 23.67 0.2856 0.2734 2 −8 27.35 0.4469 0.3230
−3 1 23.81 0.2612 0.2801 2 −6 28.50 0.4212 0.3327
−3 3 23.81 0.2364 0.2871 2 −4 29.52 0.3951 0.3429
−3 5 23.64 0.2113 0.2945 2 −2 30.36 0.3688 0.3537
2 0 30.95 0.3421 0.3652
−1 −7 22.97 0.3911 0.2841 2 2 31.25 0.3147 0.3775
−1 −5 23.68 0.3652 0.2917 2 4 31.19 0.2863 0.3909
−1 −3 24.27 0.3392 0.2996 2 6 30.73 0.2567 0.4056
−1 −1 24.70 0.3129 0.3081
−1 1 24.94 0.2861 0.3171 4 −8 27.16 0.4824 0.3475
−1 3 24.96 0.2588 0.3266
−1 5 24.74 0.2308 0.3369
A: Full-Step Colors A: Full-Step Colors
4 −6 28.55 0.4555 0.3594 9 −7 31.66 0.5387 0.4045
4 −4 29.81 0.4283 0.3719 9 −5 33.55 0.5126 0.4214
4 −2 30.87 0.4007 0.3852 9 −3 35.29 0.4858 0.4389
4 0 31.64 0.3726 0.3993 9 −1 36.76 0.4585 0.4578
4 2 32.05 0.3438 0.4146 9 1 37.79 0.4305 0.4780
E1360 − 05 (2010)
TABLE 1 Continued
OSA Lattice Coordinates CIE Specifications OSA Lattice Coordinates CIE Specifications
L jg Y x y L jg Y x y
10 10 10 10 10 10
4 4 32.01 0.3139 0.4315 9 3 38.24 0.4017 0.5003
4 6 31.42 0.2822 0.4506
2 −4 0 39.65 0.2716 0.2739
6 −8 26.63 0.5186 0.3697 −4 2 39.76 0.2523 0.2792
6 −6 28.24 0.4910 0.3841 −4 4 39.71 0.2329 0.2847
6 −4 29.74 0.4629 0.3992
6 −2 31.02 0.4343 0.4152 −2 −4 40.18 0.3324 0.28
...