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ASTM D3418-03

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Transition Temperatures and Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry

Standard Test Method for Transition Temperatures and Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Thermal analysis provides a rapid method for measuring transitions due to morphological or chemical changes, in a polymer as it is heated/cooled through a specified temperature range. Change in specific heat capacity, heat flow and temperature values are determined for these transitions. Differential scanning calorimetry is used to assist in identifying specific polymers, polymer alloys, and certain polymer additives, which exhibit thermal transitions. Chemical reactions that cause or affect certain transitions have been measured with the aid of this technique; such reactions include oxidation, curing of thermosetting resins, and thermal decomposition.
This test method is useful for specification acceptance, process control, and research.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of transition temperatures and enthalpies of fusion and crystallization of polymers by differential scanning calorimetry.p>Note 1—True heats of fusion are to be determined in conjunction with structure investigation, and frequently, specialized crystallization techniques are needed.
1.2 This test method is applicable to polymers in granular form or to any fabricated shape from which it is possible to cut appropriate specimens.
1.3 The normal operating temperature range is from the cryogenic region to 600°C. Certain equipment allows the temperature range to be extended.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are the standard.
Note 2—This test method does not apply to all types of polymers as written (see 6.8).
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 3—This standard is similar but not equivalent to ISO 11357-1, -2, -3. The ISO procedures provide additional information not supplied by this test method.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Nov-2003
ICS
83.080.01 - Plastics in general
Technical Committee
D20 - Plastics
Drafting Committee
D20.30 - Thermal Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D3418-99 - Standard Test Method for Transition Temperatures of Polymers By Differential Scanning Calorimetry
Effective Date
01-Dec-2003
Referred By
ASTM F2820-12(2021)e1 - Standard Specification for Polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) Polymers for Surgical Implant Applications
Effective Date
01-Dec-2003
Referred By
ASTM D5747/D5747M-21 - Standard Practice for Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of Geomembranes to Liquids
Effective Date
01-Dec-2003
Referred By
ASTM F3384-21 - Standard Specification for Polydioxanone Polymer Resins for Surgical Implants
Effective Date
01-Dec-2003
Referred By
ASTM D8349-21 - Standard Classification System for and Basis of Specifications for Thermoplastic Joining Interface Materials for Creation of Joints Between Different Materials for the Production of End Items or Parts that are Intended to be Disassembled and/or Reassembled
Effective Date
01-Dec-2003
Referred By
ASTM F3510-21 - Standard Guide for Characterizing Fiber-Based Constructs for Tissue-Engineered Medical Products
Effective Date
01-Dec-2003
Referred By
ASTM D4067-23 - Standard Classification System and Basis for Specification for Reinforced and Filled Poly(Phenylene Sulfide) (PPS) Injection Molding and Extrusion Materials Using ASTM Methods
Effective Date
01-Dec-2003
Referred By
ASTM D6835-23 - Standard Classification System for Thermoplastic Elastomer-Ether-Ester Molding and Extrusion Materials (TEEE)
Effective Date
01-Dec-2003
Referred By
ASTM D5577-19 - Standard Guide for Techniques to Separate and Identify Contaminants in Recycled Plastics
Effective Date
01-Dec-2003
Referred By
ASTM F2313-18 - Standard Specification for Poly(glycolide) and Poly(glycolide-co-lactide) Resins for Surgical Implants with Mole Fractions Greater Than or Equal to 70 % Glycolide
Effective Date
01-Dec-2003
Referred By
ASTM D8156-18 - Standard Classification System for and Basis of Specifications for Thermoplastic Elastomer Copolyester Molding and Extrusion Materials (TPC)
Effective Date
01-Dec-2003
Referred By
ASTM D5336-22 - Standard Classification System and Basis for Specification for Polyphthalamide (PPA) Injection Molding Materials
Effective Date
01-Dec-2003
Referred By
ASTM D5028-17 - Standard Test Method for Curing Properties of Pultrusion Resins by Thermal Analysis
Effective Date
01-Dec-2003
Referred By
ASTM D5592-94(2018) - Standard Guide for Material Properties Needed in Engineering Design Using Plastics
Effective Date
01-Dec-2003
Referred By
ASTM F2150-19 - Standard Guide for Characterization and Testing of Biomaterial Scaffolds Used in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue-Engineered Medical Products
Effective Date
01-Dec-2003

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ASTM D3418-03 - Standard Test Method for Transition Temperatures and Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by Differential Scanning CalorimetryASTM D3418-03 - Standard Test Method for Transition Temperatures and Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
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ASTM D3418-03 - Standard Test Method for Transition Temperatures and Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D3418–03
Standard Test Method for
Transition Temperatures and Enthalpies of Fusion and
Crystallization of Polymers by Differential Scanning
1
Calorimetry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3418; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* E 794 Test Method for Melting and Crystallization Tem-
perature by Thermal Analysis
1.1 This test method covers determination of transition
E 967 Practice for Temperature Calibration of Differential
temperatures and enthalpies of fusion and crystallization of
Scanning Calorimeters and Differential ThermalAnalyzers
polymers by differential scanning calorimetry.
E 968 Practice for Heat Flow Calibration of Differential
NOTE 1—True heats of fusion are to be determined in conjunction with
Scanning Calorimeters
structure investigation, and frequently, specialized crystallization tech-
E 1142 Terminology Relating toThermophysical Properties
niques are needed.
E 1356 Test Method for Glass Transition Temperatures by
1.2 This test method is applicable to polymers in granular
Differential Scanning Calorimetry or Differential Thermal
form or to any fabricated shape from which it is possible to cut
Analysis
appropriate specimens.
E 1953 Practice for Description of ThermalAnalysisAppa-
1.3 The normal operating temperature range is from the
ratus
3
cryogenic region to 600°C. Certain equipment allows the
2.2 ISO Standards:
temperature range to be extended.
ISO 11357-1 Plastics—Differential Scanning Calorimetry
1.4 The values stated in SI units are the standard.
(DSC)—Part 1: General Principles
ISO 11357-2 Plastics—Differential Scanning Calorimetry
NOTE 2—This test method does not apply to all types of polymers as
written (see 6.8). (DSC)—Part 2: Determination of Glass Transition Tem-
perature
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ISO 11357-3 Plastics—Differential Scanning Calorimetry
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
(DSC)—Part 3: Determination of Temperature and En-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
thalpy of Melting and Crystallization
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3. Terminology
NOTE 3—ThisstandardissimilarbutnotequivalenttoISO 11357-1,-2,
3.1 Specialized terms used in this test method are defined in
-3. The ISO procedures provide additional information not supplied by
Terminologies E 473 and E 1142.
this test method.
4. Summary of Test Method
2. Referenced Documents
4.1 This test method consists of heating or cooling the test
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
material at a controlled rate under a specified purge gas at a
E 473 Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis
controlled flow rate and continuously monitoring with a
E 793 Test Method for Enthalpies of Productivity and
suitable sensing device the difference in heat input between a
Crystallization by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
reference material and a test material due to energy changes in
the material.Atransition is marked by absorption or release of
energy by the specimen resulting in a corresponding endother-
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20 on Plastics
mic or exothermic peak or baseline shift in the heating or
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.30 on Thermal Properties
cooling curve. Areas under the crystallization exotherm or
(Section D20.30.07).
fusionendothermofthetestmaterialsarecomparedagainstthe
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2003. Published January 2004. Originally
approved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 3418 - 99.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3418–03
respective areas obtained by the treatment of a well- 7. Apparatus
characterized standard.
7.1 Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC)—The essen-
tial instrumentation required to provide the minimum differen-
5. Significance and Use
tial scanning calorimetric capa
...

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5.1 This test method provides a simple means of characterizing the thermomechanical behavior of plastic compositions using very small amounts of material. The data obtained is used for quality control, research and development as well as the establishment of optimum processing conditions.  
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5.4 Before proceeding with this test method, refer to the specification of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, or testing parameters, or combination thereof, covered in the relevant ASTM materials specification shall take precedence over those m...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method outlines the use of dynamic mechanical instrumentation for determining and reporting the visco-elastic properties of thermoplastic and thermosetting resins and composite systems in the form of rectangular bars molded directly or cut from sheets, plates, or molded shapes. The data generated, using three-point bending techniques, is used to identify the thermomechanical properties of a plastic material or compositions using a variety of dynamic mechanical instruments.  
1.2 This test method is intended to provide means for determining the viscoelastic properties of a wide variety of plastics materials using nonresonant, forced-vibration techniques in accordance with Practice D4065. Plots of the elastic (storage) modulus; loss (viscous) modulus; complex modulus and tan delta as a function of frequency, time, or temperature are indicative of significant transitions in the thermomechanical performance of polymeric material systems.  
1.3 This test method is valid for a wide range of frequencies, typically from 0.01 Hz to 100 Hz.  
1.4 Due to possible instrumentation compliance, the data generated are intended to indicate relative and not necessarily absolute property values.  
1.5 Test data obtained by this test method are relevant and appropriate for use in engineering design.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This test method is equivalent to ISO 6721, Part 5.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established ...

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ASTM
ASTM D695-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid Plastics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Compression tests provide information about the compressive properties of plastics when employed under conditions approximating those under which the tests are made.  
4.2 Compressive properties include modulus of elasticity, yield stress, deformation beyond yield point, and compressive strength (unless the material merely flattens but does not fracture). Materials possessing a low order of ductility may not exhibit a yield point. In the case of a material that fails in compression by a shattering fracture, the compressive strength has a very definite value. In the case of a material that does not fail in compression by a shattering fracture, the compressive strength is an arbitrary one depending upon the degree of distortion that is regarded as indicating complete failure of the material. Many plastic materials will continue to deform in compression until a flat disk is produced, the compressive stress (nominal) rising steadily in the process, without any well-defined fracture occurring. Compressive strength can have no real meaning in such cases.  
4.3 Compression tests provide a standard method of obtaining data for research and development, quality control, acceptance or rejection under specifications, and special purposes. The tests cannot be considered significant for engineering design in applications differing widely from the load-time scale of the standard test. Such applications require additional tests such as impact, creep, and fatigue.  
4.4 Before proceeding with this test method, reference should be made to the ASTM specification for the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, and testing parameters covered in the materials specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in this test method. If there is no material specification, then the default conditions apply. Table 1 in Classification D4000 lists the ASTM materials standards that currently exist.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the mechanical properties of unreinforced and reinforced rigid plastics, including high-modulus composites, when loaded in compression at relatively low uniform rates of straining or loading. Test specimens of standard shape are employed. This procedure is applicable for a composite modulus up to and including 41,370 MPa (6,000,000 psi).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
Note 1: For compressive properties of resin-matrix composites reinforced with oriented continuous, discontinuous, or cross-ply reinforcements, tests may be made in accordance with Test Method D3410/D3410M or D6641/D6641M.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific precautionary statement is given in 13.1.
Note 2: This standard is equivalent to ISO 604.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1929-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Ignition Temperature of Plastics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Tests made under conditions herein prescribed can be of considerable value in comparing the relative ignition characteristics of different materials. Values obtained represent the lowest ambient air temperature that will cause ignition of the material under the conditions of this test. Test values are expected to rank materials according to ignition susceptibility under actual use conditions.  
4.2 This test is not intended to be the sole criterion for fire hazard. In addition to ignition temperatures, fire hazards include other factors such as burning rate or flame spread, intensity of burning, fuel contribution, products of combustion, and others.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire test response test method2 covers a laboratory determination of the flash ignition temperature and spontaneous ignition temperature of plastics using a hot-air furnace.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 Caution—During the course of combustion, gases or vapors, or both, are evolved that have the potential to be hazardous to personnel.  
1.4 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.5 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 1.3 and 1.4.
Note 1: This test method and ISO 871-2022 (Option 1) are similar in all technical details.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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