ASTM D2395-07ae1

Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Wood and Wood-Based Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The specific gravity of wood gives an excellent measure of the amount of wood substance present in a sample. Thus, it may serve as a valuable indicator of the amount of wood pulp that could be produced, the workability of the material, or the strength characteristics of a specimen or a species. It should be recognized that specific gravity varies between trees, within a tree, and between species. Since the specific gravity of wood substance is practically constant for all species (approximately 1.53), it is apparent that individual specific gravity values are indicative of the amount of wood substance present. It affords a rapid and valuable method for selection of wood for specific uses.
It may be desirable to know the specific gravity of a living tree, a structural member already in place, a log cross section, a segment of a research element, or the earlywood or latewood layer. The specimen thus may be large or small, regular or irregular, and at a variety of moisture contents. These test methods give procedures that include all of these variables and provides for calculation of specific gravity values to degrees of accuracy generally needed.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the specific gravity of wood and wood-based materials to generally desired degrees of accuracy and for specimens of different sizes, shapes, and moisture content conditions. The method title is indicative of the procedures used or the specific area of use.
Section Test Method A—Volume by Measurement7 Test Method B—Volume by Water Immersion8 Test Method C—Flotation Tube9 Test Method D—Forstner Bit10 Test Method E—Increment Core11 Test Method F—Chips12
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Jun-2007
• ICS: 79.040 - Wood, sawlogs and sawn timber
• ICS: 79.060.01 - Wood-based panels in general
• Technical Committee: D07 - Wood
• Drafting Committee: D07.01 - Fundamental Test Methods and Properties

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D2395-07a - Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2007
• Replaced By: ASTM D2395-14 - Standard Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
• Effective Date: 01-May-2014
• Referred By: ASTM D5764-23a - Standard Test Method for Evaluating Dowel-Bearing Strength of Wood and Wood-Based Products
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2007
• Referred By: ASTM D9-20 - Standard Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Based Products
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2007
• Referred By: ASTM E2126-19 - Standard Test Methods for Cyclic (Reversed) Load Test for Shear Resistance of Vertical Elements of the Lateral Force Resisting Systems for Buildings
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2007
• Referred By: ASTM D7672-19 - Standard Specification for Evaluating Structural Capacities of Rim Board Products and Assemblies
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2007
• Referred By: ASTM D2719-19 - Standard Test Methods for Wood Structural Panels in Shear Through-the-Thickness
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2007
• Referred By: ASTM D6643-01(2023) - Standard Test Method for Testing Wood-Base Panel Corner Impact Resistance
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2007
• Referred By: ASTM D3499-19 - Standard Test Method for Toughness of Wood Structural Panels
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2007
• Referred By: ASTM D143-22 - Standard Test Methods for Small Clear Specimens of Timber
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2007
• Referred By: ASTM D3500-20 - Standard Test Methods for Wood Structural Panels in Tension
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2007
• Referred By: ASTM D1037-12(2020) - Standard Test Methods for Evaluating Properties of Wood-Base Fiber and Particle Panel Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2007
• Referred By: ASTM E72-22 - Standard Test Methods of Conducting Strength Tests of Panels for Building Construction
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2007
• Referred By: ASTM E1591-20 - Standard Guide for Obtaining Data for Fire Growth Models
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2007
• Referred By: ASTM D7966/D7966M-16(2023) - Standard Test Method for Resistance to Creep of Adhesives in Static Shear by Compression Loading (Wood-to-Wood)
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2007

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation:D2395 −07a
StandardTest Methods for
1
Specific Gravity of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2395; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1
ε NOTE—Editorial corrections were made throughout in October 2008.
1. Scope 2.2 Other Standards:
3
CAN/CSA O86 Engineering Design in Wood
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the
ANSI/AF&PA NationalDesignSpecificationforWoodCon-
specificgravityofwoodandwood-basedmaterialstogenerally
4
struction
desired degrees of accuracy and for specimens of different
sizes, shapes, and moisture content conditions. The method
3. Terminology
title is indicative of the procedures used or the specific area of
3.1 Definitions:
use.
3.1.1 green volume, n—the solid wood volume before any
Section
shrinkage occurs due to drying to moisture content below the
TestMethodA—VolumebyMeasurement 7
TestMethodB—VolumebyWaterImmersion 8
fiber saturation point (about 30 %).
TestMethodC—FlotationTube 9
3.1.2 moisture content, n—the amount of water contained in
TestMethodD—ForstnerBit 10
TestMethodE—IncrementCore 11
wood,expressedasapercentageofthemassofoven-drywood.
TestMethodF—Chips 12
3.1.2.1 Discussion—In general, the amount of water in
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
wood can be expressed on two different bases: as a percentage
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ofthemassofoven-drywood,orapercentageofthetotalmass
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
of wood and water. To avoid misunderstandings, it must be
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
clear which basis is being used. In the forest industry and the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
wood products industry, the moisture content is usually ex-
pressed as a percentage of the mass of oven-dry wood.
2. Referenced Documents
3.1.3 specific gravity, n—the ratio of the oven-dry mass of a
2
specimen to the mass of a volume of water equal to the volume
2.1 ASTM Standards:
of the specimen at a specified moisture content.
D9 Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Based Prod-
3.1.3.1 Discussion—As both the mass and volume of wood
ucts
vary with the amount of moisture contained in the wood,
D2555 PracticeforEstablishingClearWoodStrengthValues
specific gravity as applied to wood is an indefinite quantity
D4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-
unless the conditions under which it is determined are clearly
ment of Wood and Wood-Base Materials
specified. The specific gravity of wood is based on the
D4444 Test Method for Laboratory Standardization and
oven-dry mass, but the volume may be that in the oven-dry,
Calibration of Hand-Held Moisture Meters
partially dry, or green condition. For further discussion, see
E1547 Terminology Relating to Industrial and Specialty
Appendix X2.
Chemicals
3.1.3.1 specificgravityatM %moisturecontent,n—specific
gravity based on oven-dry mass of wood and its volume at a
1 specified moisture content between the oven-dry condition and
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on
Wood and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.01 on Fundamental the fiber saturation point (volume at 12 % moisture content is
Test Methods and Properties.
frequently used).
Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published July 2007. Originally approved
in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D2395 – 07. DOI: 10.1520/
D2395-07AE01.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available from Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 5060 Spectrum Way,
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Mississauga, ON L4W 5N6, Canada, http://www.csa.ca.
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American Forest and Paper Association (AF&PA), 1111 19th
the ASTM website. St., NW, Suite 800, Washington, DC 20036, http://www.afandpa.org.
Copyright ©ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
´1
D2395−07a
3.1.3.2 specific gravity, basic, n—specific gravity based on 6.2 Measurements—The dimensions of test specimens shall
oven-dry mass of wood and its green volume. be measured to a precision of 60.3 % or less, and the mass
shall be determined to a precision of 60.2 % or less. Where
3.1.3.3 specific gravity, oven-dry
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation:D2395–07a Designation: D 2395 – 07a
Standard Test Methods for
1
Specific Gravity of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2395; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1
´ NOTE—Editorial corrections were made throughout in October 2008.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the specific gravity of wood and wood-based materials to generally desired
degrees of accuracy and for specimens of different sizes, shapes, and moisture content conditions. The method title is indicative
of the procedures used or the specific area of use.
Section
MethodA—VolumebyMeasurement TestMethodA—VolumebyMeasurement
MethodB—VolumebyWaterImmersion TestMethodB—VolumebyWaterImmersion
MethodC—FlotationTube TestMethodC—FlotationTube
MethodD—ForstnerBit TestMethodD—ForstnerBit
MethodE—IncrementCore TestMethodE—IncrementCore
MethodF—Chips TestMethodF—Chips
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D9 Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Based Products
D 2555 Practice for Establishing Clear Wood Strength Values
D 4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measurement of Wood and Wood-Base Materials
D 4444 Test Method for Laboratory Standardization and Calibration of Hand-Held Moisture Meters
E 1547 Terminology Relating to Industrial and Specialty Chemicals
2.2 Other Standards:
3
CAN/CSA O86 Engineering Design in Wood
4
ANSI/AF&PA National Design Specification for Wood Construction
3. Terminology
3.1
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 green volume, n—the solid wood volume before any shrinkage occurs due to drying to moisture content below the fiber
saturation point (about 30 %).
3.1.2 moisture content, n—in this standard, the—the amount of water contained in wood, expressed as a percentage of the mass
of oven-dry wood.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—In general, the amount of water in wood can be expressed on two different bases: as a percentage of the
1
ThesetestmethodsareunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD07onWoodandarethedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD07.01onFundamentalTestMethods
and Properties.
Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published July 2007. Originally approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D 2395 – 07.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book ofASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Additional information on this test method may be obtained from TAPPI 258 om-02, Basic Density and Moisture Content of Pulpwood. Available from TAPPI,15
Technology Parkway South, Norcross, GA 30092.
3
Available from Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 5060 Spectrum Way, Mississauga, ON L4W 5N6, Canada, http://www.csa.ca.
4
Simpson, W. T., “Specific Gravity, Moisture Content, and Density Relationship for Wood,” USDAForest Service, Forest Products Laboratory General Technical Report
FPL-GTR-76.
4
Available from American Forest and Paper Association (AF&PA), 1111 19th St., NW, Suite 800, Washington, DC 20036, http://www.afandpa.org.
Copyright ©ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
´1
D 2395 – 07a
mass of oven-dry wood, or a percentage of the total mass of wood and water. To avoid misunderstandings, it must be clear which
basis is being used. In the forest industry and the wood products industry, the moisture content is usually expressed as a percentage
of the mass of oven-dry wood.
3.1.3 specific gravity, n—in this standard, the—the ratio of the oven-dry mass of a specimen to the mass of a volume of water
equal to the volume of the specimen at a specified moisture content.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—As both the mass and volume of wood vary with the amount of moisture contained in the wood, specific
gravity as applied to wood is an indefinite
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation:D2395–07a Designation: D 2395 – 07a
Standard Test Methods for
1
Specific Gravity of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2395; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1
´ NOTE—Editorial corrections were made throughout in October 2008.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the specific gravity of wood and wood-based materials to generally desired
degrees of accuracy and for specimens of different sizes, shapes, and moisture content conditions. The method title is indicative
of the procedures used or the specific area of use.
Section
MethodA—VolumebyMeasurement TestMethodA—VolumebyMeasurement
MethodB—VolumebyWaterImmersion TestMethodB—VolumebyWaterImmersion
MethodC—FlotationTube TestMethodC—FlotationTube
MethodD—ForstnerBit TestMethodD—ForstnerBit
MethodE—IncrementCore TestMethodE—IncrementCore
MethodF—Chips TestMethodF—Chips
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 9 Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Based Products
D 2555 Practice for Establishing Clear Wood Strength Values
D 4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measurement of Wood and Wood-Base Materials
D 4444 Test Method for Laboratory Standardization and Calibration of Hand-Held Moisture Meters
E 1547 Terminology Relating to Industrial and Specialty Chemicals
2.2 Other Standards:
3
CAN/CSA O86 Engineering Design in Wood
4
ANSI/AF&PA National Design Specification for Wood Construction
3. Terminology
3.1
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 green volume, n—the solid wood volume before any shrinkage occurs due to drying to moisture content below the fiber
saturation point (about 30 %).
3.1.2 moisture content, n—in this standard, the—the amount of water contained in wood, expressed as a percentage of the mass
of oven-dry wood.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—In general, the amount of water in wood can be expressed on two different bases: as a percentage of the
1
ThesetestmethodsareunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD07onWoodandarethedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD07.01onFundamentalTestMethods
and Properties.
Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published July 2007. Originally approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D 2395 – 07.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book ofASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Additional information on this test method may be obtained from TAPPI 258 om-02, Basic Density and Moisture Content of Pulpwood. Available from TAPPI,15
Technology Parkway South, Norcross, GA 30092.
3
Available from Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 5060 Spectrum Way, Mississauga, ON L4W 5N6, Canada, http://www.csa.ca.
4
Simpson, W. T., “Specific Gravity, Moisture Content, and Density Relationship for Wood,” USDAForest Service, Forest Products Laboratory General Technical Report
FPL-GTR-76.
4
Available from American Forest and Paper Association (AF&PA), 1111 19th St., NW, Suite 800, Washington, DC 20036, http://www.afandpa.org.
Copyright ©ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
´1
D 2395 – 07a
mass of oven-dry wood, or a percentage of the total mass of wood and water. To avoid misunderstandings, it must be clear which
basis is being used. In the forest industry and the wood products industry, the moisture content is usually expressed as a percentage
of the mass of oven-dry wood.
3.1.3 specific gravity, n—in this standard, the—the ratio of the oven-dry mass of a specimen to the mass of a volume of water
equal to the volume of the specimen at a specified moisture content.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—As both the mass and volume of wood vary with the amount of moisture contained in the wood, specific
gravity as applied to wood is an indefinite
...