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ASTM E2698-18

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination Using Digital Detector Arrays

Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination Using Digital Detector Arrays

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice establishes the basic parameters for the application and control of the digital detector array radiographic method. This practice is written so it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It will require a detailed procedure delineating the technique or procedure requirements and shall be approved by the Cognizant Engineering Organization (CEO).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes the minimum requirements for radiographic examination of metallic and nonmetallic materials using digital detector arrays (DDAs).  
1.2 The stated requirements of this specification are based on the use of an X-ray generating source. Additionally, some of the tests and requirements may not be applicable to X-ray energy levels >450kV.  
1.3 The requirements in this practice are intended to control the quality of radiographic examinations obtained using DDAs and are not intended to establish acceptance criteria for parts or materials.  
1.4 This practice covers the radiographic examination with DDAs including DDAs described in Practice E2597/E2597M such as a device that contains a photoconductor attached to a Thin Film Transistor (TFT) read out structure, a device that has a phosphor coupled directly to an amorphous silicon read-out structure, and devices where a phosphor is coupled to a CMOS (complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor) array, or a CCD (charge coupled device) crystalline silicon read-out structure.  
1.5 The requirements of this practice and Practice E2737 shall be used together. The requirements of Practice E2737 will provide the baseline evaluation and long term stability test procedures for the DDA system. The user of the DDA system shall establish a written procedure that addresses the specific requirements and tests to be used in their application and shall be approved by the Cognizant Radiographic Level 3 before examination of production hardware. This practice also requires the user to perform a system qualification suitable for its intended purpose and to issue a system qualification report (see 9.1).  
1.6 The DDA shall be selected for an NDT application based on knowledge of the technology described in Guide E2736, and of the selected DDA properties provided by the manufacturer in accordance with Practice E2597/E2597M.  
1.7 Techniques and applications employed with DDAs are diverse. This practice is not intended to be limiting or restrictive. Refer to Guides E94/E94M, E1000, and E2736, Terminology E1316, Practices E747 and E1025, and Federal Standards 21-CFR-1020.40 and 29-CFR-1910.96 for a list of documents that provide additional information and guidance.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Jan-2018
ICS
11.040.50 - Radiographic equipment
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.01 - Radiology (X and Gamma) Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E2698-10 - Standard Practice for Radiological Examination Using Digital Detector Arrays
Effective Date
01-Feb-2018
Referred By
ASTM E3375-23 - Standard Practice for Cone Beam Computed Tomographic (CT) Examination
Effective Date
01-Feb-2018
Referred By
ASTM E1161-21 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Semiconductors and Electronic Components
Effective Date
01-Feb-2018
Referred By
ASTM E1475-13(2023) - Standard Guide for Data Fields for Computerized Transfer of Digital Radiological Examination Data
Effective Date
01-Feb-2018
Referred By
ASTM E2597/E2597M-22 - Standard Practice for Manufacturing Characterization of Digital Detector Arrays
Effective Date
01-Feb-2018
Referred By
ASTM F2895-20 - Standard Practice for Digital Radiography of Cast Metallic Implants
Effective Date
01-Feb-2018
Referred By
ASTM E1165-20 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots of Industrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole Imaging
Effective Date
01-Feb-2018
Referred By
ASTM E2699-23 - Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Digital X-ray (DX) Test Methods
Effective Date
01-Feb-2018
Referred By
ASTM E1735-19 - Standard Practice for Determining Relative Image Quality Response of Industrial Radiographic Imaging Systems from 4 to 25 MeV
Effective Date
01-Feb-2018
Referred By
ASTM E3327/E3327M-21 - Standard Guide for the Qualification and Control of the Assisted Defect Recognition of Digital Radiographic Test Data
Effective Date
01-Feb-2018
Referred By
ASTM E1441-19 - Standard Guide for Computed Tomography (CT)
Effective Date
01-Feb-2018
Referred By
ASTM E1411-16 - Standard Practice for Qualification of Radioscopic Systems
Effective Date
01-Feb-2018
Referred By
ASTM E2736-17(2022) - Standard Guide for Digital Detector Array Radiography
Effective Date
01-Feb-2018
Referred By
ASTM E3166-20e1 - Standard Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Metal Additively Manufactured Aerospace Parts After Build
Effective Date
01-Feb-2018
Referred By
ASTM E94/E94M-22 - Standard Guide for Radiographic Examination Using Industrial Radiographic Film
Effective Date
01-Feb-2018

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E2698 − 18
Standard Practice for
1
Radiographic Examination Using Digital Detector Arrays
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2698; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.7 Techniques and applications employed with DDAs are
diverse. This practice is not intended to be limiting or restric-
1.1 This practice establishes the minimum requirements for
tive. Refer to Guides E94/E94M, E1000, and E2736, Termi-
radiographicexaminationofmetallicandnonmetallicmaterials
nology E1316, Practices E747 and E1025, and Federal Stan-
using digital detector arrays (DDAs).
dards 21-CFR-1020.40 and 29-CFR-1910.96 for a list of
1.2 The stated requirements of this specification are based
documents that provide additional information and guidance.
ontheuseofanX-raygeneratingsource.Additionally,someof
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
the tests and requirements may not be applicable to X-ray
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
energy levels >450kV.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1.3 The requirements in this practice are intended to control
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
the quality of radiographic examinations obtained using DDAs
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
andarenotintendedtoestablishacceptancecriteriaforpartsor
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
materials.
2. Referenced Documents
1.4 This practice covers the radiographic examination with
2
DDAs including DDAs described in Practice E2597/E2597M
2.1 ASTM Standards:
such as a device that contains a photoconductor attached to a
E94/E94M Guide for Radiographic Examination Using In-
ThinFilmTransistor(TFT)readoutstructure,adevicethathas
dustrial Radiographic Film
a phosphor coupled directly to an amorphous silicon read-out
E543 Specification forAgencies Performing Nondestructive
structure, and devices where a phosphor is coupled to a CMOS
Testing
(complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor) array, or a CCD
E747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Group-
(charge coupled device) crystalline silicon read-out structure.
ing Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
Used for Radiology
1.5 The requirements of this practice and Practice E2737
E1000 Guide for Radioscopy
shallbeusedtogether.TherequirementsofPracticeE2737will
E1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material
provide the baseline evaluation and long term stability test
Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality In-
procedures for the DDA system. The user of the DDA system
dicators (IQI) Used for Radiography
shall establish a written procedure that addresses the specific
E1165 Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots of
requirements and tests to be used in their application and shall
Industrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole Imaging
be approved by the Cognizant Radiographic Level 3 before
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
examination of production hardware. This practice also re-
E1742/E1742M Practice for Radiographic Examination
quires the user to perform a system qualification suitable for its
E1817 Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiological Ex-
intendedpurposeandtoissueasystemqualificationreport(see
amination by Using Representative Quality Indicators
9.1).
(RQIs)
1.6 The DDA shall be selected for an NDT application
E2002 Practice for Determining Total Image Unsharpness
based on knowledge of the technology described in Guide
and Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and Radios-
E2736, and of the selected DDA properties provided by the
copy
manufacturer in accordance with Practice E2597/E2597M.
E2339 Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in
Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE)
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on
2
Radiology (X and Gamma) Method. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2018. Published April 2018. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E2698 – 10. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E2698-18. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2698 − 18
detector
E2597/E2597M PracticeforManufacturingCh
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2698 − 10 E2698 − 18
Standard Practice for
RadiologicalRadiographic Examination Using Digital
1
Detector Arrays
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2698; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice establishes the minimum requirements for radiologicalradiographic examination forof metallic and
nonmetallic materialmaterials using a digital detector array (DDA) system.arrays (DDAs).
1.2 The stated requirements of this specification are based on the use of an X-ray generating source. Additionally, some of the
tests and requirements may not be applicable to X-ray energy levels >450kV.
1.3 The requirements in this practice are intended to control the quality of radiologic images radiographic examinations obtained
using DDAs and are not intended to establish acceptance criteria for parts or materials.
1.4 This practice covers the radiologicradiographic examination with DDAs including DDAs described in Practice
E2597E2597/E2597M such as a device that contains a photoconductor attached to a Thin Film Transistor (TFT) read out structure,
a device that has a phosphor coupled directly to an amorphous silicon read-out structure, and devices where a phosphor is coupled
to a CMOS (Complementary(complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor) array, a Linear Detector Array (LDA) or a CCD (charge
coupled device) crystalline silicon read-out structure.
1.5 The requirements of this practice and Practice E2737 shall be used together. The requirements of Practice E2737 will
provide the baseline evaluation and long term stability test procedures for the DDA system. The user of the DDA system shall
establish a written procedure that addresses the specific requirements and tests to be used in their application and shall be approved
by the Cognizant Radiographic Level 3 before examination of production hardware. This practice also requires the user to perform
a system qualification suitable for its intended purpose and to issue a system qualification report (see 9.1).
1.6 The DDA shall be selected for an NDT application based on knowledge of the technology described in Guide E2736, and
of the selected DDA properties provided by the manufacturer in accordance with Practice E2597E2597/E2597M.
1.5 The requirements of this practice and Practice E2737 shall be used together and both be approved by the CEO Level 3 in
Radiography before inspection of production hardware. The requirements of Practice E2737 will provide the baseline evaluation
and long term stability test procedures for the DDA system.
1.6 The requirements in this practice shall be used when placing a DDA into NDT service and, before being placed into service,
an established baseline of system qualification shall be performed in accordance with Practice E2737.
1.7 Techniques and applications employed with DDAs are diverse. This practice is not intended to be limiting or restrictive.
Refer to Guides E94E94/E94M, E1000, and E2736, Terminology E1316, PracticePractices E747 and E1025, Fed. Std. Nos. 21CFR
1020.40 and 29 CFR 1910.96 and Federal Standards 21-CFR-1020.40 and 29-CFR-1910.96 for a list of documents that provide
additional information and guidance.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E94E94/E94M Guide for Radiographic Examination Using Industrial Radiographic Film
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Radiology (X and
Gamma) Method.
Current edition approved April 15, 2010Feb. 1, 2018. Published July 2010April 2018. Originally approved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E2698 – 10.
DOI: 10.1520/E2698-18.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Bar
...

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ASTM E2737-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Digital Detector Array Performance Evaluation and Long-Term Stability

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is intended to be used by the DDA user to measure and record the baseline performance of an acquired DDA in order to monitor its performance throughout its service as an imaging system. This practice is not intended to be used as an “acceptance test” of a DDA.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the baseline and periodic performance evaluation of Digital Detector Array (DDA) systems used for industrial radiography. It is intended to ensure that the evaluation of image quality, as far as this is influenced by the DDA system, meets the needs of users, and their customers, and enables process control to monitor long-term stability of the DDA system.  
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4.1 Purpose—Practices to be employed for the radiographic examination of materials and components with neutrons using digital neutron detectors are outlined herein. They are intended as a guide for the assessment of a digital neutron radiograph’s characteristics. For information on neutron beam lines for imaging and film neutron radiography, refer to Guide E748.  
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SCOPE
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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SCOPE
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides a means to compare DDAs on a common set of technical measurements, realizing that in practice, adjustments can be made to achieve similar results even with disparate DDAs, given geometric magnification, or other industrial radiologic settings that may compensate for one shortcoming of a device.  
4.2 A user should understand the definitions and corresponding performance parameters used in this practice in order to make an informed decision on how a given DDA can be used in the target application.  
4.3 The factors that will be evaluated for each DDA are: interpolated basic spatial resolution (iSRbdetector), efficiency (normalized Detector  SNR (SNRN) at 1 mGy, for different energies and beam qualities), achievable contrast sensitivity (CSa), specific material thickness range (SMTR) and ISO-MTL , image lag, burn-in, bad pixels distribution and statistics and internal scatter ratio (ISR).  
4.4 Given that each of these parameters are discussed together in many of the following sections, the following list will be helpful in selecting the key sections for a given test as follows. It should be noted that other sections of the document are needed to establish the appropriate technique for the parameter under test. Note that for each parameter (test), the first section listed is typically an apparatus or gauge (if required), the second section listed are the standardized measurements, and the third section listed involves the analysis or computations:  
4.4.1 For iSRbdetector, see 5.1, 7.7, 8.2.  
4.4.2 For Detector Efficiency, see 5.3, 7.8, 8.3.  
4.4.3 For CSa, see 5.2, 7.9, 8.4.  
4.4.4 For SMTR, see 5.2 (or 7.9, if already completed), 7.10, 8.5.  
4.4.5 For ISO-MTL, see 5.2 (or 7.9, if already completed), 7.10, 8.6.  
4.4.6 For Image Lag, see 7.11.1, 8.7.1.  
4.4.7 For Burn-in, see 5.4, 7.11.2, 8.7.2.  
4.4.8 For Bad Pixel Tests, see 6.2, 7.12, 8.8.  
4.4.9 For ISR, see 5.4, 7.13, 8.9.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the evaluation of Digital Detector Arrays (DDAs), and assures that one common standard exists for quantitative comparison of DDAs so that an appropriate DDA is selected to meet NDT requirements.  
1.2 This practice is intended for use by manufacturers or integrators of DDAs to provide quantitative results of DDA characteristics for NDT user or purchaser consumption. Some of these tests require specialized test phantoms to assure consistency among results among suppliers or manufacturers. These tests are not intended for users to complete, nor are they intended for long term stability tracking and lifetime measurements. However, they may be used for this purpose, if so desired.
Note 1: Further information on application of DDAs is contained in Guide E2736 and Practices E2698 and E2737.  
1.3 The results reported based on this practice should be based on a group of at least three individual detectors for a particular model number.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1672-12(2020)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Computed Tomography (CT) System Selection

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide will aid the purchaser in generating a CT system specification. This guide covers the conversion of purchaser's requirements to system components that must occur for a useful CT system specification to be prepared.  
5.2 Additional information can be gained in discussions with potential suppliers or with independent consultants.  
5.3 This guide is applicable to purchasers seeking scan services.  
5.4 This guide is applicable to purchasers needing to procure a CT system for a specific examination application.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers guidelines for translating application requirements into computed tomography (CT) system requirements/specifications and establishes a common terminology to guide both purchaser and supplier in the CT system selection process. This guide is applicable to the purchaser of both CT systems and scan services. Computed tomography systems are complex instruments, consisting of many components that must correctly interact in order to yield images that repeatedly reproduce satisfactory examination results. Computed tomography system purchasers are generally concerned with application requirements. Computed tomography system suppliers are generally concerned with the system component selection to meet the purchaser's performance requirements. This guide is not intended to be limiting or restrictive, but rather to address the relationships between application requirements and performance specifications that must be understood and considered for proper CT system selection.  
1.2 Computed tomography (CT) may be used for new applications or in place of radiography or radioscopy, provided that the capability to disclose physical features or indications that form the acceptance/rejection criteria is fully documented and available for review. In general, CT has lower spatial resolution than film radiography and is of comparable spatial resolution with digital radiography or radioscopy unless magnification is used. Magnification can be used in CT or radiography/radioscopy to increase spatial resolution but concurrently with loss of field of view.  
1.3 Computed tomography (CT) systems use a set of transmission measurements made along a set of paths projected through the object from many different directions. Each of the transmission measurements within these views is digitized and stored in a computer, where they are subsequently conditioned (for example, normalized and corrected) and reconstructed, typically into slices of the object normal to the set of projection paths by one of a variety of techniques. If many slices are reconstructed, a three dimensional representation of the object is obtained. An in-depth treatment of CT principles is given in Guide E1441.  
1.4 Computed tomography (CT), as with conventional radiography and radioscopic examinations, is broadly applicable to any material or object through which a beam of penetrating radiation may be passed and detected, including metals, plastics, ceramics, metallic/nonmetallic composite material and assemblies. The principal advantage of CT is that it has the potential to provide densitometric (that is, radiological density and geometry) images of thin cross sections through an object. In many newer systems the cross-sections are now combined into 3D data volumes for additional interpretation. Because of the absence of structural superposition, images may be much easier to interpret than conventional radiological images. The new purchaser can quickly learn to read CT data because images correspond more closely to the way the human mind visualizes 3D structures than conventional projection radiology. Further, because CT images are digital, the images may be enhanced, analyzed, compressed, archived, input as data into performance calculations, compared with digital data from other nondestructive evaluation modalities, or transmitted to other locations for remote viewing. 3D data sets can be rendered ...

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ASTM
ASTM E1695-20e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Computed Tomography (CT) System Performance

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The major factors affecting the quality of a CT image are total image unsharpness (UTimage), contrast (Δµ), and random noise (σ). Geometrical and detector unsharpness limit the spatial resolution of a CT system, that is, its ability to image fine structural detail in an object. Random noise and contrast response limit the contrast sensitivity of a CT system, that is, its ability to detect the presence or absence of features in an object. Spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity may be measured in various ways. In this test method, spatial resolution is quantified in terms of the modulation transfer function (MTF), and contrast sensitivity is quantified in terms of the contrast discrimination function (CDF). The relationship between contrast sensitivity and spatial resolution describing the resolving and detecting capabilities is given by the contrast-detail-diagram (CDD metric, see also Guide E1441 and Practice E1570). This test method allows the purchaser or the provider of CT systems or services, or both, to measure and specify spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity and is a measure for system stability over time and performance acceptability.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides instruction for determining the spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity in X-ray and γ-ray computed tomography (CT) volumes. The determination is based on examination of the CT volume of a uniform cylinder of material. The spatial resolution measurement (Modulation Transfer Function) is derived from an image analysis of the sharpness at the edges of the reconstructed cylinder slices. The contrast sensitivity measurement (Contrast Discrimination Function) is derived from an image analysis of the contrast and the statistical noise at the center of the cylinder slices.  
1.2 This test method is more quantitative and less susceptible to interpretation than alternative approaches because the required cylinder is easy to fabricate and the analysis easy to perform.  
1.3 This test method is not to predict the detectability of specific object features or flaws in a specific application. This is subject of IQI and RQI standards and standard practices.  
1.4 This method tests and describes overall CT system performance. Performance tests of systems components such as X-ray tubes, gamma sources, and detectors are covered by separate documents, namely Guide E1000, Practice E2737, and Practice E2002; c.f. 2.1, which should be consulted for further system analysis.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1570-19(Practice)
Standard Practice for Fan Beam Computed Tomographic (CT) Examination

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice establishes the basic parameters for the application and control of fan-beam CT examinations. This practice is written so it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It will require a detailed procedure delineating the technique or procedure requirements and shall be approved by the Cognizant Engineering Organization (CEO).  
5.2 The requirements in this practice shall be used when placing a CT system into NDT service and establishing a baseline of system performance measures. Monitoring the system performance over time shall be performed, including calibration procedures, performance measurements, and system maintenance in accordance with Section 9.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes the minimum requirements for computed tomography (CT) examination of test objects using fan beam systems (systems that generate one or a few CT cross sectional slices at a time). The examination may be used to nondestructively disclose physical features or anomalies within a test object by providing radiological density and geometric measurements. This practice implicitly assumes the use of penetrating radiation, specifically X-ray and γ-ray.  
1.2 CT is broadly applicable to any material or test object through which a beam of penetrating radiation passes. The principal advantage of CT is that it provides densitometric (that is, radiological density and geometry) images of thin cross sections through an object without the structural superposition in projection radiography.  
1.3 There are areas in this practice that may require agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization. These items should be addressed in the purchase order or the contract. Generally, the items are application specific or performance related, or both.  
1.4 Techniques and applications employed with CT are diverse. This practice is not intended to be limiting or restrictive. Refer to Guides E1441 and E1672 that provide additional information and guidance on CT fundamentals and tradeoffs in designing or purchasing a CT system, or both.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E2698-18e1(Practice)
Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination Using Digital Detector Arrays

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice establishes the basic parameters for the application and control of the digital detector array radiographic method. This practice is written so it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It will require a detailed procedure delineating the technique or procedure requirements and shall be approved by the Cognizant Engineering Organization (CEO).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes the minimum requirements for radiographic examination of metallic and nonmetallic materials using digital detector arrays (DDAs).  
1.2 The stated requirements of this specification are based on the use of an X-ray generating source. Additionally, some of the tests and requirements may not be applicable to X-ray energy levels >450kV.  
1.3 The requirements in this practice are intended to control the quality of radiographic examinations obtained using DDAs and are not intended to establish acceptance criteria for parts or materials.  
1.4 This practice covers the radiographic examination with DDAs including DDAs described in Practice E2597/E2597M such as a device that contains a photoconductor attached to a Thin Film Transistor (TFT) read out structure, a device that has a phosphor coupled directly to an amorphous silicon read-out structure, and devices where a phosphor is coupled to a CMOS (complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor) array, or a CCD (charge coupled device) crystalline silicon read-out structure.  
1.5 The requirements of this practice and Practice E2737 shall be used together. The requirements of Practice E2737 will provide the baseline evaluation and long term stability test procedures for the DDA system. The user of the DDA system shall establish a written procedure that addresses the specific requirements and tests to be used in their application and shall be approved by the Cognizant Radiographic Level 3 before examination of production hardware. This practice also requires the user to perform a system qualification suitable for its intended purpose and to issue a system qualification report (see 9.1).  
1.6 The DDA shall be selected for an NDT application based on knowledge of the technology described in Guide E2736, and of the selected DDA properties provided by the manufacturer in accordance with Practice E2597/E2597M.  
1.7 Techniques and applications employed with DDAs are diverse. This practice is not intended to be limiting or restrictive. Refer to Guides E94/E94M, E1000, and E2736, Terminology E1316, Practices E747 and E1025, and Federal Standards 21-CFR-1020.40 and 29-CFR-1910.96 for a list of documents that provide additional information and guidance.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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