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ASTM E2698-10

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Radiological Examination Using Digital Detector Arrays

Standard Practice for Radiological Examination Using Digital Detector Arrays

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice establishes the basic parameters for the application and control of the digital radiologic method. This practice is written so it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It will require a detailed procedure delineating the technique or procedure requirements and shall be approved by the CEO.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes the minimum requirements for radiological examination for metallic and nonmetallic material using a digital detector array (DDA) system.
1.2 The requirements in this practice are intended to control the quality of radiologic images and are not intended to establish acceptance criteria for parts or materials.
1.3 This practice covers the radiologic examination with DDAs including DDAs described in Practice E2597 such as a device that contains a photoconductor attached to a Thin Film Transistor (TFT) read out structure, a device that has a phosphor coupled directly to an amorphous silicon read-out structure, and devices where a phosphor is coupled to a CMOS (Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor) array, a Linear Detector Array (LDA) or a CCD (charge coupled device) crystalline silicon read-out structure.
1.4 The DDA shall be selected for an NDT application based on knowledge of the technology described in Guide , and of the selected DDA properties provided by the manufacturer in accordance with Practice E2597.
1.5 The requirements of this practice and Practice  shall be used together and both be approved by the CEO Level 3 in Radiography before inspection of production hardware. The requirements of Practice  will provide the baseline evaluation and long term stability test procedures for the DDA system.
1.6 The requirements in this practice shall be used when placing a DDA into NDT service and, before being placed into service, an established baseline of system qualification shall be performed in accordance with Practice .
1.7 Techniques and applications employed with DDAs are diverse. This practice is not intended to be limiting or restrictive. Refer to Guides E94, E1000, , Terminology E1316, Practice E747 and E1025, Fed. Std. Nos. 21CFR 1020.40 and 29 CFR 1910.96 for a list of documents that provide additional information and guidance.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Apr-2010
ICS
11.040.50 - Radiographic equipment
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.01 - Radiology (X and Gamma) Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E2698-18 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination Using Digital Detector Arrays
Effective Date
01-Feb-2018
Referred By
ASTM E2737-23 - Standard Practice for Digital Detector Array Performance Evaluation and Long-Term Stability
Effective Date
15-Apr-2010
Referred By
ASTM E1165-20 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots of Industrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole Imaging
Effective Date
15-Apr-2010
Referred By
ASTM E2981-21 - Standard Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Composite Overwraps in Filament Wound Pressure Vessels Used in Aerospace Applications
Effective Date
15-Apr-2010
Referred By
ASTM E1742/E1742M-18 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination
Effective Date
15-Apr-2010
Referred By
ASTM E1161-21 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Semiconductors and Electronic Components
Effective Date
15-Apr-2010
Referred By
ASTM E1475-13(2023) - Standard Guide for Data Fields for Computerized Transfer of Digital Radiological Examination Data
Effective Date
15-Apr-2010
Referred By
ASTM E3375-23 - Standard Practice for Cone Beam Computed Tomographic (CT) Examination
Effective Date
15-Apr-2010
Referred By
ASTM E2982-21 - Standard Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Thin-Walled Metallic Liners in Filament-Wound Pressure Vessels Used in Aerospace Applications
Effective Date
15-Apr-2010
Referred By
ASTM E1441-19 - Standard Guide for Computed Tomography (CT)
Effective Date
15-Apr-2010
Referred By
ASTM E3166-20e1 - Standard Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Metal Additively Manufactured Aerospace Parts After Build
Effective Date
15-Apr-2010
Referred By
ASTM E543-21 - Standard Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
Effective Date
15-Apr-2010
Referred By
ASTM E1411-16 - Standard Practice for Qualification of Radioscopic Systems
Effective Date
15-Apr-2010
Referred By
ASTM E1255-16 - Standard Practice for Radioscopy
Effective Date
15-Apr-2010
Referred By
ASTM E2662-15(2022) - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Flat Panel Composites and Sandwich Core Materials Used in Aerospace Applications
Effective Date
15-Apr-2010

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ASTM E2698-10 - Standard Practice for Radiological Examination Using Digital Detector ArraysASTM E2698-10 - Standard Practice for Radiological Examination Using Digital Detector Arrays
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ASTM E2698-10 - Standard Practice for Radiological Examination Using Digital Detector Arrays
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E2698 − 10
Standard Practice for
1
Radiological Examination Using Digital Detector Arrays
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2698; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This practice establishes the minimum requirements for 2.1 ASTM Standards:
radiological examination for metallic and nonmetallic material E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination
E543 Specification forAgencies Performing Nondestructive
using a digital detector array (DDA) system.
Testing
1.2 The requirements in this practice are intended to control
E747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Group-
the quality of radiologic images and are not intended to
ing Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
establish acceptance criteria for parts or materials.
Used for Radiology
1.3 This practice covers the radiologic examination with
E1000 Guide for Radioscopy
DDAs including DDAs described in Practice E2597 such as a
E1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material
device that contains a photoconductor attached to a Thin Film
Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality In-
Transistor (TFT) read out structure, a device that has a
dicators (IQI) Used for Radiology
phosphor coupled directly to an amorphous silicon read-out
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
structure, and devices where a phosphor is coupled to a CMOS
E1647 Practice for Determining Contrast Sensitivity in Ra-
(Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor) array, a Linear
diology
Detector Array (LDA) or a CCD (charge coupled device)
E1742 Practice for Radiographic Examination
crystalline silicon read-out structure.
E2002 Practice for DeterminingTotal Image Unsharpness in
Radiology
1.4 The DDA shall be selected for an NDT application
E2597 Practice for Manufacturing Characterization of Digi-
based on knowledge of the technology described in Guide
tal Detector Arrays
E2736, and of the selected DDA properties provided by the
E2736 Guide for Digital Detector Arrays
manufacturer in accordance with Practice E2597.
E2737 Practice for Digital Detector Array Performance
1.5 The requirements of this practice and Practice E2737
Evaluation and Long-Term Stability
shall be used together and both be approved by the CEO Level
3
2.2 AWS Documents:
3 in Radiography before inspection of production hardware.
AWSA2.4 Symbols forWelding and NondestructiveTesting
The requirements of Practice E2737 will provide the baseline
4
2.3 Aerospace Industries Association Document:
evaluation and long term stability test procedures for the DDA
NAS 410 Certification & Qualification of Nondestructive
system.
Test Personnel
1.6 The requirements in this practice shall be used when
2.4 Government Standards:
placing a DDAinto NDT service and, before being placed into
NIST Handbook 114 General Safety Standard for Installa-
service, an established baseline of system qualification shall be
tions Using Non-medical X-ray and Sealed Gamma Ray
performed in accordance with Practice E2737.
5
Sources, Energies up to 10 MeV
1.7 Techniques and applications employed with DDAs are
DoD Contracts any specifications called out on the DoDISS
diverse. This practice is not intended to be limiting or restric-
(Department of Defense Index of Specifications and
tive. Refer to Guides E94, E1000, E2736,Terminology E1316,
Practice E747 and E1025, Fed. Std. Nos. 21CFR 1020.40 and
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
29 CFR 1910.96 for a list of documents that provide additional
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
information and guidance.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3
Available from American Welding Society (AWS), 550 NW LeJeune Rd.,
Miami, FL 33126, http://www.aws.org.
1 4
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde- Available fromAerospace IndustriesAssociation ofAmerica, Inc. (AIA), 1000
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on WilsonBlvd.,Suite1700,Arlington,VA22209-3928,http://www.aia-aerospace.org.
5
Radiology (X and Gamma) Method. Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100
Current edition approved April 15, 2010. Published July 2010. Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http://www.nist.gov.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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E2698 − 10
Stan
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ASTM E2737-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Digital Detector Array Performance Evaluation and Long-Term Stability

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is intended to be used by the DDA user to measure and record the baseline performance of an acquired DDA in order to monitor its performance throughout its service as an imaging system. This practice is not intended to be used as an “acceptance test” of a DDA.  
4.2 This practice defines the tests to be performed and their required intervals. Also defined are the methods of tabulating results that DDA users will complete following initial baselining of the DDA system. These tests will also be performed periodically at the stated required intervals to evaluate the DDA system to determine if the system remains within acceptable operational limits as established in this practice and defined between the user and CEO.  
4.3 There are several factors that affect the quality of a DDA image including the basic spatial resolution, geometric unsharpness, scatter, signal to noise ratio, contrast sensitivity, contrast/noise ratio, image lag, and for some types of DDAs, burn-in. There are several additional factors and settings which can affect these results (for example, integration time, detector parameters, imaging software, and even X-ray radiation quality). Additionally, detector correction techniques may have an impact on the quality of the image. This practice delineates tests for each of the properties listed herein and establishes standard techniques for assuring repeatability throughout the lifecycle testing of the DDA.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the baseline and periodic performance evaluation of Digital Detector Array (DDA) systems used for industrial radiography. It is intended to ensure that the evaluation of image quality, as far as this is influenced by the DDA system, meets the needs of users, and their customers, and enables process control to monitor long-term stability of the DDA system.  
1.2 This practice specifies the fundamental parameters of DDA systems to be measured to determine baseline performance, and to track the long-term stability of the DDA system.  
1.3 The DDA system tests specified in this practice shall be completed upon acceptance of the system from the manufacturer to baseline the performance of the DDA. Periodic performance testing shall then be used to monitor long-term stability of the system in order to identify when an action needs to be taken due to system degradation beyond a certain defined level.  
1.4 Two types of phantoms, the duplex plate and the five-groove wedge, are used for testing as specified herein. The use of these two types of phantoms is not intended to exclude the use of other phantom configurations. In the event the tests or phantoms specified herein are not sufficient or appropriate, the user, in coordination with the cognizant engineering organization (CEO) may develop additional or modified tests, test objects, phantoms, or image quality indicators to evaluate the DDA system performance. Acceptance levels for these ALTERNATE test methods shall be determined by agreement between the user and CEO.  
1.5 The user of this practice shall consider that higher energies than 450 keV may require different test methods or modifications to the test methods described here. This practice is not intended for usage with isotopes.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E3398-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Digital Neutron Radiography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Purpose—Practices to be employed for the radiographic examination of materials and components with neutrons using digital neutron detectors are outlined herein. They are intended as a guide for the assessment of a digital neutron radiograph’s characteristics. For information on neutron beam lines for imaging and film neutron radiography, refer to Guide E748.  
4.2 Limitations—Acceptance standards have not been established for any material or production process. Neutron radiography, whether performed by means of a reactor, an accelerator, subcritical assembly, or radioactive source, will be consistent in sensitivity and spatial resolution only if the consistency of all details of the technique, such as neutron source, collimation, geometry, imaging system, etc., are maintained. This guide is limited to the use of digital neutron detectors in combination with neutron conversion materials for image recording. This guide is intended for use with thermal and cold neutron spectrums. The production of thermal neutron radiographs by employing the use of film and appropriate conversion screens is covered in Guide E748.  
4.3 Interpretation and Acceptance Standards—Interpretat- ion and acceptance standards are not covered by this guide. Designation of accept-reject standards is recognized to be within the cognizance of product specifications.  
4.4 Other Aspects of the Neutron Radiographic Process—For many important aspects of neutron radiography such as technique, files, viewing of radiographs, storage of radiographs, film processing, and record keeping, refer to Guide E94, which covers these aspects for X-ray radiography. (See Section 2.)
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the evaluation, qualification, and quantification of digital neutron images. These images can be acquired by many methods, including: neutron sensitive imaging plates (Computed Radiography – CR), Digital Detector Arrays – DDA’s (amorphous silicon, CMOS, CCD, etc.), micro-channel plates, neutron sensitive fluoroscopes, neutron sensitive scintillators coupled to optical cameras, digitized radiographic films, and linear diode arrays.  
1.2 This guide does not purport to establish what is considered an acceptable image but is intended to only give guidance on digital neutron imaging, as well as image quality metrics of importance, and how they can be measured and reported.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E2736-17(2022)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Digital Detector Array Radiography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This standard provides a guide for the other DDA standards (see Practices E2597, E2698, and E2737). It is not intended for use with computed radiography apparatus. Figure 1 describes how this standard is interrelated with the aforementioned standards.
FIG. 1 Flow Diagram Representing the Connection Between the Four DDA Standards  
4.2 This guide is intended to assist the user to understand the definitions and corresponding performance parameters used in related standards as stated in 4.1 in order to make an informed decision on how a given DDA can be used in the target application.  
4.3 This guide is also intended to assist cognizant engineering officers, prime manufacturers, and the general service and manufacturing customer base that may rely on DDAs to provide advanced radiological results so that these parties may set their own acceptance criteria for use of these DDAs by suppliers and shops to verify that their parts and structures are of sound integrity to enter into service.  
4.4 The manufacturer characterization standard for DDA (see Practice E2597) serves as a starting point for the end user to select a DDA for the specific application at hand. DDA manufacturers and system integrators will provide DDA performance data using standardized geometry, X-ray beam spectra, and phantoms as prescribed in Practice E2597. The end user will look at these performance results and compare DDA metrics from various manufacturers and will decide on a DDA that can meet the specification required for inspection by the end user. See Sections 5 and 8 for a discussion on the characterization tests and guidelines for selection of DDAs for specific applications.  
4.5 Practice E2698 is designed to assist the end user to set up the DDA with minimum requirements for radiological examinations. This standard will also help the user to get the required SNR, to set up the required magnification, and provides guidance for viewing and storage of radiographs. Discussion is also...
SCOPE
1.1 This standard is a user guide, which is intended to serve as a tutorial for selection and use of various digital detector array systems nominally composed of the detector array and an imaging system to perform digital radiography. This guide also serves as an in-detail reference for the following standards: Practices E2597, E2698, and E2737.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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Standard Practice for Determining Contrast Sensitivity in Radiology

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The contrast sensitivity gauge measures contrast sensitivity independent of the imaging system spatial resolution limitations. The thickness recess dimensions of the contrast sensitivity gauge are large with respect to the unsharpness limitations of most imaging systems. Four levels of contrast sensitivity are measured: 4 %, 3 %, 2 %, and 1 %.  
5.2 The contrast sensitivity gauge is intended for use in conjunction with a high-contrast resolution measuring gauge, such as Practice E2002, ISO 19232 – 5 Duplex Wire Image Quality Indicator7, or a line-pair gauge. Such gauges measure system unsharpness essentially independent of the imaging system's contrast sensitivity. Such measurements are appropriate for the qualification and performance monitoring of radiographic and radioscopic imaging systems with film, realtime devices, Computed Radiography (CR) and Digital Detector Arrays (DDA).  
5.3 Radioscopic/radiographic system performance may be specified by combining the measured contrast sensitivity expressed as a percentage with the unsharpness expressed in millimetres of unsharpness. For the duplex wire image quality indicator, the unsharpness is equal to twice the wire diameter. For the line pair gauge, the unsharpness is equal to the reciprocal of the line-pair/mm value. As an example, an imaging system that exhibits 2 % contrast sensitivity and images the 0.1 mm paired wires of the duplex wire IQI (equivalent to imaging 5 line-pairs/millimeter resolution on a line-pair gauge) performs at a 2 %–0.2 mm sensitivity level. A standard method of evaluating overall radioscopic system performance is given in Practice E1411 and in EN 13068–1. A conversion table from duplex wire read out to lp/mm can be found in Practice E2002. For CR system performance evaluation, this contrast sensitivity gauge is used in Practice E2445.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the design and material selection of a contrast sensitivity measuring gauge used to determine the minimum change in material thickness or density that may be imaged without regard to unsharpness limitations.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to transmitted-beam radiographic imaging systems (film, radioscopy, computed radiography, and digital detector array image detectors) utilizing X-ray and gamma ray radiation sources.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety statements, see NIST/ANSI Handbook 114 Section 8, Code of Federal Regulations 21 CFR 1020.40 and 29 CFR 1910.96.  
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Standard Guide for Non-computed X-Ray Compton Scatter Tomography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Principal Advantage of Compton Scatter Tomography—The principal advantage of CST is the ability to perform three-dimensional X-ray examination without the requirement for access to the back side of the examination object. CST offers the possibility to perform X-ray examination that is not possible by any other method. The CST sub-surface slice image is minimally affected by examination object features outside the plane of examination. The result is a radioscopic image that contains information primarily from the slice plane. Scattered radiation limits image quality in normal radiographic and radioscopic imaging. Scatter radiation does not have the same detrimental effect upon CST because scatter radiation is used to form the image. In fact, the more radiation the examination object scatters, the better the CST result. Low subject contrast materials that cannot be imaged well by conventional radiographic and radioscopic means are often excellent candidates for CST. Very high contrast sensitivities and excellent spatial resolution are possible with CST tomography.  
5.2 Limitations—As with any nondestructive testing method, CST has its limitations. The technique is useful on reasonably thick sections of low-density materials. While a 25 mm (1 in.) depth in aluminum or 50 mm (2 in.) in plastic is achievable, the examination depth is decreased dramatically as the material density increases. Proper image interpretation requires the use of standards and examination objects with known internal conditions or representative quality indicators (RQIs). The examination volume is typically small, on the order of a few cubic inches and may require a few minutes to image. Therefore, completely examining large structures with CST requires intensive re-positioning of the examination volume that can be time-consuming. As with other penetrating radiation methods, the radiation hazard must be properly addressed.
SCOPE
1.1 Purpose—This guide covers a tutorial introduction to familiarize the reader with the operational capabilities and limitations inherent in a single non-computed X-ray Compton Scatter Tomography (CST). Also included is a brief description of the physics and typical hardware configuration for CST. This single technique is still used for a small number of inspections. This is not meant as comprehensive guide covering the variety of Compton scattering techniques that are now used for non-destructive testing and security screen screening.  
1.2 Advantages—X-ray Compton Scatter Tomography (CST) is a radiologic nondestructive examination method with several advantages that include:  
1.2.1 The ability to perform X-ray examination without access to the opposite side of the examination object;  
1.2.2 The X-ray beam need not completely penetrate the examination object allowing thick objects to be partially examined. Thick examination objects become part of the radiation shielding thereby reducing the radiation hazard;  
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ASTM E2597/E2597M-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Manufacturing Characterization of Digital Detector Arrays

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides a means to compare DDAs on a common set of technical measurements, realizing that in practice, adjustments can be made to achieve similar results even with disparate DDAs, given geometric magnification, or other industrial radiologic settings that may compensate for one shortcoming of a device.  
4.2 A user should understand the definitions and corresponding performance parameters used in this practice in order to make an informed decision on how a given DDA can be used in the target application.  
4.3 The factors that will be evaluated for each DDA are: interpolated basic spatial resolution (iSRbdetector), efficiency (normalized Detector  SNR (SNRN) at 1 mGy, for different energies and beam qualities), achievable contrast sensitivity (CSa), specific material thickness range (SMTR) and ISO-MTL , image lag, burn-in, bad pixels distribution and statistics and internal scatter ratio (ISR).  
4.4 Given that each of these parameters are discussed together in many of the following sections, the following list will be helpful in selecting the key sections for a given test as follows. It should be noted that other sections of the document are needed to establish the appropriate technique for the parameter under test. Note that for each parameter (test), the first section listed is typically an apparatus or gauge (if required), the second section listed are the standardized measurements, and the third section listed involves the analysis or computations:  
4.4.1 For iSRbdetector, see 5.1, 7.7, 8.2.  
4.4.2 For Detector Efficiency, see 5.3, 7.8, 8.3.  
4.4.3 For CSa, see 5.2, 7.9, 8.4.  
4.4.4 For SMTR, see 5.2 (or 7.9, if already completed), 7.10, 8.5.  
4.4.5 For ISO-MTL, see 5.2 (or 7.9, if already completed), 7.10, 8.6.  
4.4.6 For Image Lag, see 7.11.1, 8.7.1.  
4.4.7 For Burn-in, see 5.4, 7.11.2, 8.7.2.  
4.4.8 For Bad Pixel Tests, see 6.2, 7.12, 8.8.  
4.4.9 For ISR, see 5.4, 7.13, 8.9.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the evaluation of Digital Detector Arrays (DDAs), and assures that one common standard exists for quantitative comparison of DDAs so that an appropriate DDA is selected to meet NDT requirements.  
1.2 This practice is intended for use by manufacturers or integrators of DDAs to provide quantitative results of DDA characteristics for NDT user or purchaser consumption. Some of these tests require specialized test phantoms to assure consistency among results among suppliers or manufacturers. These tests are not intended for users to complete, nor are they intended for long term stability tracking and lifetime measurements. However, they may be used for this purpose, if so desired.
Note 1: Further information on application of DDAs is contained in Guide E2736 and Practices E2698 and E2737.  
1.3 The results reported based on this practice should be based on a group of at least three individual detectors for a particular model number.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E1672-12(2020)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Computed Tomography (CT) System Selection

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide will aid the purchaser in generating a CT system specification. This guide covers the conversion of purchaser's requirements to system components that must occur for a useful CT system specification to be prepared.  
5.2 Additional information can be gained in discussions with potential suppliers or with independent consultants.  
5.3 This guide is applicable to purchasers seeking scan services.  
5.4 This guide is applicable to purchasers needing to procure a CT system for a specific examination application.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers guidelines for translating application requirements into computed tomography (CT) system requirements/specifications and establishes a common terminology to guide both purchaser and supplier in the CT system selection process. This guide is applicable to the purchaser of both CT systems and scan services. Computed tomography systems are complex instruments, consisting of many components that must correctly interact in order to yield images that repeatedly reproduce satisfactory examination results. Computed tomography system purchasers are generally concerned with application requirements. Computed tomography system suppliers are generally concerned with the system component selection to meet the purchaser's performance requirements. This guide is not intended to be limiting or restrictive, but rather to address the relationships between application requirements and performance specifications that must be understood and considered for proper CT system selection.  
1.2 Computed tomography (CT) may be used for new applications or in place of radiography or radioscopy, provided that the capability to disclose physical features or indications that form the acceptance/rejection criteria is fully documented and available for review. In general, CT has lower spatial resolution than film radiography and is of comparable spatial resolution with digital radiography or radioscopy unless magnification is used. Magnification can be used in CT or radiography/radioscopy to increase spatial resolution but concurrently with loss of field of view.  
1.3 Computed tomography (CT) systems use a set of transmission measurements made along a set of paths projected through the object from many different directions. Each of the transmission measurements within these views is digitized and stored in a computer, where they are subsequently conditioned (for example, normalized and corrected) and reconstructed, typically into slices of the object normal to the set of projection paths by one of a variety of techniques. If many slices are reconstructed, a three dimensional representation of the object is obtained. An in-depth treatment of CT principles is given in Guide E1441.  
1.4 Computed tomography (CT), as with conventional radiography and radioscopic examinations, is broadly applicable to any material or object through which a beam of penetrating radiation may be passed and detected, including metals, plastics, ceramics, metallic/nonmetallic composite material and assemblies. The principal advantage of CT is that it has the potential to provide densitometric (that is, radiological density and geometry) images of thin cross sections through an object. In many newer systems the cross-sections are now combined into 3D data volumes for additional interpretation. Because of the absence of structural superposition, images may be much easier to interpret than conventional radiological images. The new purchaser can quickly learn to read CT data because images correspond more closely to the way the human mind visualizes 3D structures than conventional projection radiology. Further, because CT images are digital, the images may be enhanced, analyzed, compressed, archived, input as data into performance calculations, compared with digital data from other nondestructive evaluation modalities, or transmitted to other locations for remote viewing. 3D data sets can be rendered ...

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ASTM
ASTM E1695-20e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Computed Tomography (CT) System Performance

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The major factors affecting the quality of a CT image are total image unsharpness (UTimage), contrast (Δµ), and random noise (σ). Geometrical and detector unsharpness limit the spatial resolution of a CT system, that is, its ability to image fine structural detail in an object. Random noise and contrast response limit the contrast sensitivity of a CT system, that is, its ability to detect the presence or absence of features in an object. Spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity may be measured in various ways. In this test method, spatial resolution is quantified in terms of the modulation transfer function (MTF), and contrast sensitivity is quantified in terms of the contrast discrimination function (CDF). The relationship between contrast sensitivity and spatial resolution describing the resolving and detecting capabilities is given by the contrast-detail-diagram (CDD metric, see also Guide E1441 and Practice E1570). This test method allows the purchaser or the provider of CT systems or services, or both, to measure and specify spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity and is a measure for system stability over time and performance acceptability.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides instruction for determining the spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity in X-ray and γ-ray computed tomography (CT) volumes. The determination is based on examination of the CT volume of a uniform cylinder of material. The spatial resolution measurement (Modulation Transfer Function) is derived from an image analysis of the sharpness at the edges of the reconstructed cylinder slices. The contrast sensitivity measurement (Contrast Discrimination Function) is derived from an image analysis of the contrast and the statistical noise at the center of the cylinder slices.  
1.2 This test method is more quantitative and less susceptible to interpretation than alternative approaches because the required cylinder is easy to fabricate and the analysis easy to perform.  
1.3 This test method is not to predict the detectability of specific object features or flaws in a specific application. This is subject of IQI and RQI standards and standard practices.  
1.4 This method tests and describes overall CT system performance. Performance tests of systems components such as X-ray tubes, gamma sources, and detectors are covered by separate documents, namely Guide E1000, Practice E2737, and Practice E2002; c.f. 2.1, which should be consulted for further system analysis.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1570-19(Practice)
Standard Practice for Fan Beam Computed Tomographic (CT) Examination

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice establishes the basic parameters for the application and control of fan-beam CT examinations. This practice is written so it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It will require a detailed procedure delineating the technique or procedure requirements and shall be approved by the Cognizant Engineering Organization (CEO).  
5.2 The requirements in this practice shall be used when placing a CT system into NDT service and establishing a baseline of system performance measures. Monitoring the system performance over time shall be performed, including calibration procedures, performance measurements, and system maintenance in accordance with Section 9.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes the minimum requirements for computed tomography (CT) examination of test objects using fan beam systems (systems that generate one or a few CT cross sectional slices at a time). The examination may be used to nondestructively disclose physical features or anomalies within a test object by providing radiological density and geometric measurements. This practice implicitly assumes the use of penetrating radiation, specifically X-ray and γ-ray.  
1.2 CT is broadly applicable to any material or test object through which a beam of penetrating radiation passes. The principal advantage of CT is that it provides densitometric (that is, radiological density and geometry) images of thin cross sections through an object without the structural superposition in projection radiography.  
1.3 There are areas in this practice that may require agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization. These items should be addressed in the purchase order or the contract. Generally, the items are application specific or performance related, or both.  
1.4 Techniques and applications employed with CT are diverse. This practice is not intended to be limiting or restrictive. Refer to Guides E1441 and E1672 that provide additional information and guidance on CT fundamentals and tradeoffs in designing or purchasing a CT system, or both.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2698-18e1(Practice)
Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination Using Digital Detector Arrays

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice establishes the basic parameters for the application and control of the digital detector array radiographic method. This practice is written so it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It will require a detailed procedure delineating the technique or procedure requirements and shall be approved by the Cognizant Engineering Organization (CEO).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes the minimum requirements for radiographic examination of metallic and nonmetallic materials using digital detector arrays (DDAs).  
1.2 The stated requirements of this specification are based on the use of an X-ray generating source. Additionally, some of the tests and requirements may not be applicable to X-ray energy levels >450kV.  
1.3 The requirements in this practice are intended to control the quality of radiographic examinations obtained using DDAs and are not intended to establish acceptance criteria for parts or materials.  
1.4 This practice covers the radiographic examination with DDAs including DDAs described in Practice E2597/E2597M such as a device that contains a photoconductor attached to a Thin Film Transistor (TFT) read out structure, a device that has a phosphor coupled directly to an amorphous silicon read-out structure, and devices where a phosphor is coupled to a CMOS (complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor) array, or a CCD (charge coupled device) crystalline silicon read-out structure.  
1.5 The requirements of this practice and Practice E2737 shall be used together. The requirements of Practice E2737 will provide the baseline evaluation and long term stability test procedures for the DDA system. The user of the DDA system shall establish a written procedure that addresses the specific requirements and tests to be used in their application and shall be approved by the Cognizant Radiographic Level 3 before examination of production hardware. This practice also requires the user to perform a system qualification suitable for its intended purpose and to issue a system qualification report (see 9.1).  
1.6 The DDA shall be selected for an NDT application based on knowledge of the technology described in Guide E2736, and of the selected DDA properties provided by the manufacturer in accordance with Practice E2597/E2597M.  
1.7 Techniques and applications employed with DDAs are diverse. This practice is not intended to be limiting or restrictive. Refer to Guides E94/E94M, E1000, and E2736, Terminology E1316, Practices E747 and E1025, and Federal Standards 21-CFR-1020.40 and 29-CFR-1910.96 for a list of documents that provide additional information and guidance.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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