ASTM E2817-11(2018)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Test Fueling Masonry Heaters
Standard Test Method for Test Fueling Masonry Heaters
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used for determining emission factors and emission rates for cordwood or other densified, binder free biomass fuel burning masonry heaters.
5.1.1 The emission factor is useful for determining emission performance during product development.
5.1.2 The emission factor is useful for the air quality regulatory community for determining compliance with emission performance limits.
5.1.3 The emission rate may be useful for the air quality regulatory community for determining impacts on air quality from masonry heaters, but must be used with caution as use patterns must be factored into any prediction of atmospheric particulate matter impacts from masonry heaters based on results from this method.
5.2 The reporting units are grams of particulate per kilogram of dry fuel (emissions factor), grams of particulate per hour of heating cycle (heating cycle emissions rate, based on the builder or manufacturer’s specified firing interval), and grams of particulate per hour of test run (combustion period emissions rate, based on the tested combustion period).
5.3 Warning—Use of masonry heater emissions rate reporting numbers (grams per hour) for comparative purposes with other solid fuel burning appliances will require careful study of each of the appliance’s comparative operating characteristics in the given application. Intermittently fired appliances such as masonry heaters and continuously fired appliances such as wood and pellet stoves are not accurately compared by their respective emissions rates.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the fueling and operating protocol for determining particulate matter emissions from solid fuel biomass (cordwood or other densified, binder free biomass fuels) fires in masonry heaters. It may also be used to test other similar appliances (see 3.2.20).
1.2 This test method is applicable to the operation and fueling of masonry heaters during particulate emissions measurement test periods. The prescribed methods and procedures of these protocols are performed on masonry heaters installed and operated in accordance with the builder or manufacturer’s specifications.
1.3 In conjunction with Test Method E2515, this test method provides a protocol for laboratory emissions testing of masonry heaters that is intended to simulate actual use in residential homes and other consumer applications. Since such actual use involves almost solely cordwood fueling, Annex A1, Cordwood Fuel, provides as close a simulation as is currently possible of consumer use, and is recommended for predicting actual consumer emissions performance. For regulatory and other potential uses in comparing relative emissions of various masonry heater products and designs, Annex A2, Cribwood Fueling, and Annex A3, Cribwood Fuel, Top-Down Burn, provide optional additional fueling protocols that substitute dimensional lumber cribs for the cordwood fuel. Data that establish the relationships between the emissions results generated by Annex A2 and Annex A3 and the emissions results generated by Annex A1 are not currently available.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2817 − 11 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Test Method for
Test Fueling Masonry Heaters
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2817; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 This test method covers the fueling and operating
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
protocol for determining particulate matter emissions from
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
solid fuel biomass (cordwood or other densified, binder free
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
biomass fuels) fires in masonry heaters. It may also be used to
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
test other similar appliances (see 3.2.20).
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.2 This test method is applicable to the operation and
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
fueling of masonry heaters during particulate emissions mea-
surement test periods. The prescribed methods and procedures 2. Referenced Documents
of these protocols are performed on masonry heaters installed
2.1 ASTM Standards:
and operated in accordance with the builder or manufacturer’s
E631Terminology of Building Constructions
specifications.
E1602Guide for Construction of Solid Fuel Burning Ma-
sonry Heaters
1.3 In conjunction with Test Method E2515, this test
E2515Test Method for Determination of Particulate Matter
method provides a protocol for laboratory emissions testing of
Emissions Collected by a Dilution Tunnel
masonry heaters that is intended to simulate actual use in
2.2 Other Standards:
residential homes and other consumer applications. Since such
EN15250Slow Heat Release Appliances Fired By Solid
actualuseinvolvesalmostsolelycordwoodfueling,AnnexA1,
Fuel-Requirements And Test Methods
Cordwood Fuel, provides as close a simulation as is currently
EN15544One Off Kachelgrundfen/Putzgrundfen (Tiled/
possible of consumer use, and is recommended for predicting
Mortared Stoves): Calculation Method
actual consumer emissions performance. For regulatory and
NISTMonograph175Standard Limits of Error
other potential uses in comparing relative emissions of various
masonry heater products and designs, Annex A2, Cribwood USEPATitle40Code of Federal Regulations
Fueling, and Annex A3, Cribwood Fuel, Top-Down Burn,
3. Terminology
provide optional additional fueling protocols that substitute
dimensional lumber cribs for the cordwood fuel. Data that 3.1 Definitions—Terms used in this test method are defined
establish the relationships between the emissions results gen-
in Terminology E631.
erated by Annex A2 and Annex A3 and the emissions results
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
generated by Annex A1 are not currently available.
3.2.1 ashpit loss, n—the incomplete burned residue (char-
coal) left with the ash after a test run is completed.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
3.2.2 burn rate, n—the average rate at which test-fuel is
conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-
consumed in a masonry heater during a test run. The burn rate
tion only and are not considered standard.
excludes the inorganic salts and minerals (that is, “ash”) and
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Available from Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V.(DIN), Am DIN-Platz,
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Burggrafenstrasse 6, 10787 Berlin, Germany, http://www.din.de.
Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.54 Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100
on Solid Fuel Burning Appliances. Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http://www.nist.gov.
Current edition approved March 1, 2018. Published April 2018. Originally AvailablefromUnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA),William
approved in 2011. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E2817–11. DOI: Jefferson Clinton Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460,
10.1520/E2817-11R18. http://www.epa.gov.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2817 − 11 (2018)
incompletely burned residues (charcoal) remaining at the end 3.2.14 fuel piece, n—(1) cordwood fuel: triangularly split
of a test run; measured in mass of dry wood burned per hour solid wood fuel: each piece shall be able to pass through a
(kg/hour, lb/hour).
152-mm(6-in.)holewhilenotpassingthrougha76-mm(3-in.)
hole. Other cordwood cross sections shall be allowed if
3.2.3 calibration error, n—the difference between the gas
specified in the builder or manufacturer’s instructions. (2) crib
concentration displayed by a gas analyzer and the known
fuel:“2×2,”“2×4,”or“4×4”woodpiecesusedtoconstruct
concentration of the calibration gas when the calibration gas is
fuel cribs: “2×2,” “2×4,” and “4×4” referring to the
introduced directly to the analyzer.
nominal width and depth dimensions for commonly available
3.2.4 calibration (span) drift, n—the difference between the
dimensional lumber. The actual dimensions are
expected instrument’s response and the actual instrument’s
1 1
38mm×38mm (1 ⁄2 in.×1 ⁄2 in.), 38 mm × 89 mm
response when a calibration (span) gas is introduced to the
1 1 1 1
(1 ⁄2in.×3 ⁄2 in.) and 89mm×89mm (3 ⁄2in.×3 ⁄2 in.).
analyzer after a stated period of time has elapsed during which
3.2.15 fuel weight, total, n—(1) cordwood: the total weight
no maintenance, repair or adjustment has taken place:
of the kindling and fuel pieces used in a test run (the test load
calibration span drift5
~ !
can be added as multiple fuel loadings if the builder or
~actualresponse 2 expectedresponse!
S D manufacturer indicates this in the operating instructions; no
expectedresponse
suchindividualfuelloadingshallbelessthan20%ofthetotal
3.2.5 calibration (span) gas, n—a known concentration of
fuel weight). (2) crib fuel: the total weight of the kindling and
carbon dioxide (CO ), carbon monoxide (CO), or oxygen (O )
2 2
fuel pieces and spacers.
in nitrogen (N ), or a combination thereof.
3.2.16 grate, n—for the purposes of masonry heater testing
3.2.6 combustion period emissions rate (ER ), n—the
CP
and operation, any grate included with the masonry heater or
particulate emissions rate during the masonry heater combus-
specifiedbythemasonryheaterbuilderormanufacturerforthe
tion period only (cf. heating cycle emissions rate).
purpose of supplying combustion air, elevating the fuel load
3.2.7 Douglas fir, n—for crib fueling protocols; untreated,
above the hearth, preventing fuel pieces from falling outside
standard, or better grade Douglas fir lumber with agency grade
the intended burning area, or all of the above. The volume
stamp: D. Fir or Douglas Fir.
below a fuel-elevating grate shall not be considered part of the
usable firebox volume.
3.2.8 firebox, n—the chamber within the masonry heater
where the fuel is placed and combusted.
3.2.17 heating cycle emissions rate (ER ), n—theeffective
HC
3.2.9 firebox length, n—the longest horizontal fire chamber particulate emissions over the heating cycle of the masonry
dimension where fuel pieces might reasonably be expected to
heater. It is calculated based on the builder or manufacturer’s
be placed in accordance with the manufacturer’s written specified period of time between firings in which the heat
instructions that is parallel to a wall of the chamber (in non
stored in the masonry heater radiates useful heat to the heated
orthogonal fireboxes the fuel load will be placed according to space (cf. combustion period emissions rate).
the builder or manufacturer’s instructions or at the best
3.2.18 internal assembly, n—the core construction and fire-
judgment of the testing lab).
box design factors that may affect combustion function or
3.2.10 firebox width, n—theshortesthorizontalfirechamber
particulate emissions factor of a masonry heater.
dimension where fuel pieces might reasonably be expected to
3.2.19 kindling brand, n—the fuel comprised of fuel strips
be placed in accordance with the manufacturer’s written
separated by air spaces and placed above or contiguous to
instructions that is parallel to a wall of the chamber (in non
crumpled newspaper to initiate combustion in the tested
orthogonal fireboxes the fuel load will be placed according to
masonry heater (see Annex A2, Cribwood Fueling, or Annex
the builder or manufacturer’s instructions or at the best
A3, Cribwood Fuel, Top-Down Burn).
judgment of the testing lab).
3.2.20 masonry heater, n—solid-fuelbiomassburningappli-
3.2.11 firing interval (Θ ), n—the period of time during
FI
ance or unit as described in Guide E1602. This method may
whichthestoredheatenergyisreleasedpriortothenextfiring,
also be used in testing other appliances conforming to
as specified by the builder or manufacturer.
EN15250 or EN15544, or both, but not necessarily conform-
3.2.12 flue-gas temperature, n—the temperature measured
ing to the Guide E1602 masonry heater definition.
attheprimaryflue-gassamplingandtemperaturemeasurement
3.2.21 maximum flue-gas oxygen depression, n—the differ-
location: Pre-Test flue-gas temperature is measured at the
ence between the baseline air supply oxygen concentration
Primary Flue-Gas Sampling and Temperature Measurement
(thatis,20.9%)andthelowestoxygenconcentrationmeasured
Locationwithin15minutesbeforeatestisinitiatedandatleast
1 hour after the masonry heater was closed in accordance with andrecordedduringthetestrunor,alternatively,thedifference
betweenthebaselineairsupplyoxygenconcentration(20.9%)
9.5.2.
and the lowest oxygen measured and recorded during the test
3.2.13 fuel crib, n—the fuel load placed in the firebox prior
run determined by subtracting the maximum flue gas carbon
totheteststart.Thefuelcribincludesallofthekindlingpieces,
dioxide(CO )andcarbonmonoxide(CO)valuesfrom20.9%:
fuelpiecesandspacersneededtoassembleafuelcrib.Specific
fuel crib configurations are described in AnnexA2, Cribwood CO
maximumO depression 5 20.9%2 %CO 1 %
F S DG
2 2
Fueling, or Annex A3, Cribwood Fuel, Top-Down Burn. 2
E2817 − 11 (2018)
3.2.22 particulate matter (PM), n—all gas-borne matter time has elapsed during which no maintenance repair or
resultingfromcombustionofsolidfuel,asspecifiedinthistest adjustment has taken place:
method, which is collected in accordance with Test Method
actualresponse 2 expectedresponse
~ !
zerodrift 5 3100
E2515. S D
span ~spanvalue!
3.2.23 primary flue-gas sampling and temperature measure-
3.2.36 zero gas, n—a gas with no detectable (measurable)
ment location, n—area within the center 33% of the cross-
amounts of CO , CO, or O (usually N ), or a combination
2 2 2
sectional area of the flue-gas exhaust duct at the point 30 cm
thereof.
(12 in.) downstream from the beginning of the flue collar or
4. Summary of Test Method
chimney system anchor plate or other connector used to
connect the chimney to the masonry heater. 4.1 This test method is to be used in conjunction with Test
Method E2515.The test masonry heater is constructed, fueled,
3.2.24 response time, n—the amount of time required for a
andfiredaccordingtothebuilderormanufacturer’sinstallation
gas measurement system to respond and display a 95% step
and operating instructions. In the absence of such written
change in a gas concentration.
instructions, this test method provides defaults for the testing
3.2.25 sampling system bias, n—the difference between the
laboratory or other users to determine needed testing values.
gas concentrations displayed by an analyzer when a gas of
4.2 Thebuilderormanufacturerofthemasonryheaterbeing
known concentration is introduced at the inlet of the sampling
evaluated shall provide the following, as furnished to consum-
probe and the gas concentration displayed when the same gas
ers or other end users:
is introduced directly to the analyzer.
4.2.1 Minimum and maximum designed heating capacity in
3.2.26 spacers, n—wood pieces used to hold individual fuel
kilowatts (BTU/hr),
pieces together when constructing fuel cribs. Their function is
4.2.2 Firing interval (hours),
to provide reproducible fuel crib geometry and air spaces
4.2.3 Minimum and Maximum fuel load in kilograms
between fuel pieces, as well as to hold the fuel cribs together
(pounds),
(with nails).
4.2.4 Usablefireboxdimensionsincentimetres(inches)and
3.2.27 span (or span value), n—the upper limit of a gas
volume in cubic centimetres (cubic inches),
analyzer’s measurement range. (Typically 25% for CO and 4.2.5 Fuel piece length in centimetres (inches), and
O , and 5% or 10% for CO.)
4.2.6 A copy of the operating manual as furnished to
consumers or other end users.
3.2.28 test facility, n—the area in which the masonry heater
is installed, operated, and sampled for emissions; may include
5. Significance and Use
commercial and residential structures.
5.1 This test method is used for determining emission
3.2.29 test-fuel loading factor, n—theratiobetweentest-fuel
factors and emission rates for cordwood or other densified,
crib volume, including kindling pieces and inter-fuel-piece
binder free biomass fuel burning masonry heaters.
spacing, and the usable firebox volume. For these protocols,
5.1.1 Theemissionfactorisusefulfordeterminingemission
the test-fuel loading factor for masonry heaters is 0.30 (that is,
performance during product development.
30%) unless otherwise specified.
5.1.2 The emission factor is useful for the air quality
regulatory community for determining compliance with emis-
3.2.30 testrun,n—thetimefromthestartofatestatignition
untilthetimeflue-gasoxygenconcentrationhasrecoveredtoat sion performance limits.
5.1.3 The emission rate may be useful for the air quality
least 95% of the ambient oxygen concentration. A valid tes
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