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ASTM E428-00

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Fabrication and Control of Steel Reference Blocks Used in Ultrasonic Examination

Standard Practice for Fabrication and Control of Steel Reference Blocks Used in Ultrasonic Examination

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for fabrication and control of metal alloy reference blocks used in ultrasonic examination that have a flat-surface sound entry, are cylindrical in shape, and contain flat-bottom holes (FBH) which may be used for checking the performance of ultrasonic examination instrumentation and search units and for standardization and control of ultrasonic examination of metal alloy products. The reference blocks described are suitable for use with either the direct-contact method or immersion pulse-echo ultrasonic methods.
1.2 While this procedure is basically designed for the fabrication and control of carbon and alloy steel blocks to be used in conjunction with the examination of these materials, the fabrication and control procedures may also be suitable for the preparation of blocks for other types of materials such as nickel-base alloys, certain types of aluminum alloys, and so forth. Additional procedures and controls may be required when fabricating reference blocks from other than carbon or alloy steel material. This practice shall in no way preclude the specification or addition of any supplemented requirements as deemed necessary for the specific application. This practice, however, must not be confused with, nor does it supersede Practice E127, specifically governing the fabrication and evaluation of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy ultrasonic standard reference blocks.
Note 1--Practice E127 and Guide E1158 also describe procedures for selecting material, fabricating blocks, and checking response. Unlike this practice, Practice E127 has requirements for evaluation relative to a specified standard target.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Jul-2000
ICS
19.100 - Non-destructive testing
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.06 - Ultrasonic Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E428-05 - Standard Practice for Fabrication and Control of Steel Reference Blocks Used in Ultrasonic Examination
Effective Date
01-Jan-2005
Referred By
ASTM A508/A508M-18(2023) - Standard Specification for Quenched and Tempered Vacuum-Treated Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessels
Effective Date
10-Jul-2000
Referred By
ASTM A745/A745M-20 - Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Austenitic Steel Forgings
Effective Date
10-Jul-2000
Referred By
ASTM E588-03(2020) - Standard Practice for Detection of Large Inclusions in Bearing Quality Steel by the Ultrasonic Method
Effective Date
10-Jul-2000
Referred By
ASTM A788/A788M-23 - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements
Effective Date
10-Jul-2000
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ASTM A388/A388M-19 - Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Forgings
Effective Date
10-Jul-2000
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ASTM E1774-17(2022) - Standard Guide for Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMATs)
Effective Date
10-Jul-2000
Referred By
ASTM A503/A503M-15(2020) - Standard Specification for Ultrasonic Examination of Forged Crankshafts
Effective Date
10-Jul-2000
Referred By
ASTM A1-00(2018) - Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Tee Rails
Effective Date
10-Jul-2000
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ASTM E127-20 - Standard Practice for Fabrication and Control of Flat Bottomed Hole Ultrasonic Standard Reference Blocks
Effective Date
10-Jul-2000
Referred By
ASTM A646/A646M-17(2022) - Standard Specification for Premium Quality Alloy Steel Blooms and Billets for Aircraft and Aerospace Forgings
Effective Date
10-Jul-2000

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ASTM E428-00 - Standard Practice for Fabrication and Control of Steel Reference Blocks Used in Ultrasonic ExaminationASTM E428-00 - Standard Practice for Fabrication and Control of Steel Reference Blocks Used in Ultrasonic Examination
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ASTM E428-00 - Standard Practice for Fabrication and Control of Steel Reference Blocks Used in Ultrasonic Examination
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E 428 – 00
Standard Practice for
Fabrication and Control of Steel Reference Blocks Used in
Ultrasonic Examination
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 428; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This specification has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for fabrication and
control of metal alloy reference blocks used in ultrasonic
2. Referenced Documents
examinationthathaveaflat-surfacesoundentry,arecylindrical
2.1 ASTM Standards:
in shape, and contain flat-bottom holes (FBH) which may be
E 127 Practice for Fabricating and Checking Aluminum
used for checking the performance of ultrasonic examination
Alloy Ultrasonic Standard Reference Blocks
instrumentation and search units and for standardization and
E 1158 Guide for Material Selection and Fabrication of
control of ultrasonic examination of metal alloy products. The
Reference Blocks for the Pulsed Longitudinal Wave Ultra-
reference blocks described are suitable for use with either the
sonic Examination of Metal and Metal Alloy Production
direct-contact method or immersion pulse-echo ultrasonic
Material
methods.
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
1.2 While this procedure is basically designed for the
fabrication and control of carbon and alloy steel blocks to be
3. Terminology
used in conjunction with the examination of these materials,
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this prac-
the fabrication and control procedures may also be suitable for
tice, see Terminology E 1316.
the preparation of blocks for other types of materials such as
nickel-base alloys, certain types of aluminum alloys, and so
4. Summary of Practice
forth. Additional procedures and controls may be required
4.1 This practice details a basic fabrication and control
when fabricating reference blocks from other than carbon or
procedure and defines the minimum requirements to be met in
alloy steel material. This practice shall in no way preclude the
matching carbon and alloy steel reference blocks with the
specification or addition of any supplemented requirements as
material to be examined. Additional supplemental require-
deemed necessary for the specific application. This practice,
ments may be needed when using this practice to fabricate
however, must not be confused with, nor does it supersede
reference blocks from other types of materials or with larger
Practice E 127, specifically governing the fabrication and
diameter holes. The physical characteristics of the hole may be
evaluation of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy ultrasonic standard
established by evaluating plastic replicas. It must be recog-
reference blocks.
nized however that there are limitations on the size hole that
NOTE 1—Practice E 127 and Guide E 1158 also describe procedures for
may be replicated and evaluated.
selecting material, fabricating blocks, and checking response. Unlike this
practice, Practice E 127 has requirements for evaluation relative to a
5. Material Selection
specified standard target.
5.1 The material to be used for reference blocks should be
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
similar in its acoustic attenuation to the material which is to be
as the standard.
examined. The grain size, heat treat condition, physical and
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
chemical composition, surface finish, and manufacturing pro-
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
cedure (rolling, forging, etc.) are variables to be considered in
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
matching acoustic responses.
5.1.1 The general evaluation procedure shall be to introduce
a longitudinal pulse-echo beam into either side of the block on
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
the axis to be used for determining metal-path distance. An
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 on
Ultrasonic Testing Procedures.
Current edition approved July 10, 2000. Published September 2000. Originally
published as E 428 – 71. Last previous edition E 428 – 92. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E428–00
immersionexaminationmethodusingcleanwaterasacouplant OnsamplesthataretohaveFBHssmallerthan ⁄64in.(1.2mm)
or, a contact method using appropriate couplant (oil, glycerin, in diameter, the decay patterns shall compare within 610 % or
and so forth) is satisfactory. The examination instruments, as required by the application.
frequency, and search unit used in the evaluation of the raw
5.1.5 Lowering the examination frequency tends to mini-
material intended for the fabrication of the reference blocks
mize discernible differences in response. At 1.0 MHz, a large
shall be comparable to that used in the examination of the
group of materials may be acoustically penetrable with rela-
production material.
tively similar results and may satisfy the requirements of 5.1.4.
5.1.2 The material used for reference blocks shall be 100 % At frequencies such as 5.0 MHz and higher, microstructure
scanned while the examination system is adjusted to display,
changes usually yield readily discernible differences in acous-
whenever possible, an acoustic noise level from the material of tic response and restrict the applicability of reference blocks.
20 % of full-scale deflection (FSD). In cases of materials that
are acoustically transparent to the extent that this requirement
6. Fabrication Procedure
cannot be satisfied, a readable acoustic noise level shall be
6.1 Unless otherwise specified, select the blocks to be made
displayed. The acoustic noise level from the material is not to
from those listed in Table 1. Block sets conforming to
be confused with inherent electrical instrument noise often
customary commercial practice are grouped as follows:
observed when the system sensitivity is adjusted to its maxi-
6.1.1 Distance-Amplitude Response (D/A),
mum level range.
6.1.2 Area-Amplitude Response (A/A), and
5.1.3 The material used for reference blocks shall be free of
6.1.3 Basic (selected from D/A and A/A groups).
discrete ultrasonic discontinuity indications greater than twice
6.2 AllblocksaretobefabricatedinaccordancewithFig.1.
the amplitude of the noise level displayed in accordance with
Dimension “A” (metal travel) and Dimension “D” (FBH
the requirements of 5.1.2.
diameter) are given in Table 1; Dimension “E” (block length)
5.1.4 Attenuation shall be checked by comparing multiple
is derived. The following machining sequence is recom-
reflections from the back surface of the test block material with
mended:
that of the material to be examined. With the amplitude from
thefirstbackreflectionadjustedto90 %ofFSD,thesumofthe
NOTE 2—This practice may be used to produce blocks with flat-bottom
amplitude of the first three back reflections from both samples
holes of a larger diameter than described. Utilization of larger flat-bottom
shall compare within 625 % or as required by the application. holes shall be by agreement of the using parties.
TABLE 1 Standard Block Sizes and Recommended Block Sets
NOTE 1—Material to be as specified by the user.
NOTE 2—All dimensions and tolerances are to be in accordance with Fig. 11.
NOTE 3—1 in. = 25.4 mm.
NOTE 4—Block sets shown are typical of established commercial practice: more or fewer blocks may be required for specific applications.
E428–00
A—Metal travel distance 60.015 in. (0.38 mm)
3 1
B—Hole depth ⁄4 in. nominal 6 ⁄16 in. (1.6 mm)
C—Block diameter tolerance 60.030 in. (0.76 mm)
2 in. (50.8 mm) dia for test distances up to 6 in. (152 mm)
2 ⁄2 in. (63.5 mm) dia for test distances over 6 in. up to 12 in. (305 mm)
Larger dia or serrations may be required for test distances over 12 in.
1 1
D—Hole diameter tolerance 60.0005 in. (0.013 mm) for holes ⁄16 in. (1.6 mm) and smaller, 60.001 in. (0.03 mm) for holes larger than ⁄16 in. (1.59 mm)
E—Surfaces to be flat within 0.0005 in. (0.01 mm) and parallel to within 0.001 in. (0.02 mm).
Due to possible edge build-up during the plating process, this tolerance applies only to the area exclusive of that within ⁄8 in. (3.2 mm) of the block edges.
F—Hole must be straight and perpendicular to the test surface within 0° 20 min.
G—Hole bottom must be flat within 0.001 in./ ⁄8 in. (1 mm/125 mm) and located within 0.015 in. (0.38 mm) of longitudinal axis.
H—Flat counterbore 0.250 diameter by 0.064 in. deep.
I—Typical Block Identification:
4340 = Typical alloy designation.
8=Holesizein ⁄64 -in. increments.
0300 = Metal travel in 00.00 in.
FIG. 1 Ultrasonic Reference Block Physical Dimensions and Tolerances
6.2.1 Machine all blocks to a uniform 32 rms finish and to Careful attention must be given to the squareness of corners of
the required dimensional tolerances. the cutter, the slightest radius reduces the reflective area of the
6.2.2 Drill the test hole to the nominal ⁄4 in. (19.0 mm) hole bottom.
depth with a standard drill point.
6.2.3 Carefully prepare a flat-bottom drill or cutter with
7. Checking Physical Characteristics
cutting edges square and flat within 0.0005 in. (0.013 mm) and
7.1 All dimensions of the reference blocks including the
perpendicular to its longitudinal axis (flatness, squareness, etc.,
diameter and perpendicularity of the examination hole may be
should be checked at a minimum of 603 magnification on an
checked by normal quality control procedures for physical
optical comparator).
measurements. T
...

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3.1 The terms found in this standard are intended to be used uniformly and consistently in all nondestructive testing standards. The purpose of this standard is to promote a clear understanding and interpretation of the NDT standards in which they are used.
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4.1 This practice establishes the basic parameters for the application and control of the radiographic method. This practice is written so it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It is not a detailed how-to procedure to be used by the NDT facility and, therefore, must be supplemented by a detailed procedure (see 6.1). Practices E1030/E1030M, E1032, and E1416 contain information to help develop detailed technique/procedure requirements.
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1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
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5.1 The procedures described in this practice have proven utility in the inspecting (1) monolithic polymer matrix composites (laminates) for bulk defects, (2) metals for corrosion during the service life of the part of interest, (3) thickness checks, (4) adhesive bonding of metals, composites, and sandwich core constructions, (5) coatings, and (6) composite filament windings. Both unpressurized, and with suitable precautions, pressurized materials and components are inspected.  
5.2 This practice provides guidelines for the application of longitudinal wave examination to the detection and quantitative evaluation of damage, discontinuities, and thickness variations in materials.  
5.3 This practice is intended primarily for the testing of parts to acceptance criteria most typically specified in a purchase order or other contractual document, and for testing of parts in-service to detect and evaluate damage.  
5.4 MAUT search units provide near-surface resolution and detection of small discontinuities comparable to phased array transducers. They may or may not be capable of beam steering. The advantage of MAUT for straight-beam longitudinal wave inspections is the ability to provide real-time C-scan data, which facilitates data interpretation and shortens inspection time. Depending on inspection needs, data can be displayed as A-, B- or C-scans, or three-dimensional renderings. Toggling between pulse-echo and through transmission ultrasonic (TTU) modes without having to use another system or changing transducers is also possible.  
5.5 The MAUT technique has proven utility in the inspection of multi-ply carbon-fiber reinforced laminates used in primary aircraft structures.11  
5.6 For ultrasonic testing of laminate composites and sandwich core materials using conventional UT equipment consult Practice E2580. Consult Practice E114 for ultrasonic testing of materials by the pulse-echo method using straightbeam longitudinal waves introduced by a piezoelectric elemen...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for matrix array ultrasonic testing (MAUT) of monolithic composites, composite sandwich constructions, and metallic test articles. These procedures can be used throughout the life cycle of a part during product and process design optimization, on line process control, post-manufacturing inspection, and in-service inspection.  
1.2 In general, ultrasonic testing is a common volumetric method for detection of embedded or subsurface discontinuities. This practice includes general requirements and procedures which may be used for detecting flaws and for making a relative or approximate evaluation of the size of discontinuities and part anomalies. The types of flaws or discontinuities detected include interply delaminations, foreign object debris (FOD), inclusions, disbond/un-bond, fiber debonding, fiber fracture, porosity, voids, impact damage, thickness variation, and corrosion.  
1.3 Typical test articles include monolithic composite layups such as uniaxial, cross ply and angle ply laminates, sandwich constructions, bonded structures, and filament windings, as well as forged, wrought and cast metallic parts. Two techniques can be considered based on accessibility of the inspection surface: namely, pulse echo inspection for one-sided access and through-transmission for two-sided access. As used in this practice, both require the use of a pulsed straight-beam ultrasonic longitudinal wave followed by observing indications of either the reflected (pulse-echo) or received (through transmission) wave.  
1.4 This practice provides two ultrasonic test procedures. Each has its own merits and requirements for inspection and shall be selected as agreed upon in a contractual document.  
1.4.1 Test Procedure A, Pulse Echo (non-contacting and contacting) is at a minimum a single matrix array transducer transmitting and receiving longitudinal waves in the range of 0.5 MHz to 20 MHz (see Fig. 1). Th...

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ASTM
ASTM E1901-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Detection and Evaluation of Discontinuities by Contact Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 This guide provides procedures for the application of contact straight-beam examination for the detection and quantitative evaluation of discontinuities in materials.  
6.2 Although not all requirements of this guide can be applied universally to all examinations, situations, and materials, it does provide basis for establishing contractual criteria between the users, and may be used as a general guide for preparing detailed specifications for a particular application.  
6.3 This guide is directed towards the evaluation of discontinuities detectable with the beam normal to the entry surface. If discontinuities or other orientations are of concern, alternate scanning techniques are required.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures for the contact ultrasonic examination of bulk materials or parts by transmitting pulsed ultrasonic waves into the material and observing the indications of reflected waves. This guide covers only examinations in which one search unit is used as both transmitter and receiver (pulse-echo). This guide includes general requirements and procedures that may be used for detecting discontinuities, locating depth and distance from a point of reference and for making a relative or approximate evaluation of the size of discontinuities as compared to a reference standard.  
1.2 This guide complements Practice E114 by providing more detailed procedures for the selection and standardization of the examination system and for evaluation of the indications obtained.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This guide does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish the appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2934-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Eddy Current (EC) Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of eddy current NDE test results will use this standard. This practice defines a set of information modules that, along with Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard, provide a standard means to organize eddy current test parameters and results. The eddy current examination results may be displayed or analyzed on any device that conforms to the standard. Personnel wishing to view any eddy current examination data stored according to Practice E2339 may use this document to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE compliant inspection record.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the interoperability of eddy current imaging and data acquisition equipment by specifying the image data transfer and archival storage in commonly accepted terms. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339 on Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE). Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of NEMA PS3 / ISO 12052, an international standard for image data acquisition, review, storage, and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and a set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules, and a data dictionary that are specific to eddy current test methods.  
1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from eddy current test equipment using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all the eddy current technique parameters and inspection data are communicated and stored in a standard manner regardless of changes in digital technology.  
1.3 This practice does not specify:  
1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard,  
1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance, or  
1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance.  
1.4 Units—Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E3388-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determining Image Unsharpness and Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and Radioscopy for High Energy Applications

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The gauge is intended to provide a means for measuring image or detector unsharpness and basic spatial image or detector resolution as independently as practicable from the imaging system and contrast sensitivity limitations. When the duplex plate gauge is positioned directly on the film or the digital detector instead on the test object, then the determined image unsharpness UIm corresponds to the inherent film or detector unsharpness (Udetector) and the determined basic spatial image resolution SRbimage corresponds to the basic spatial detector resolution SRbdetector. SRbimage provides a value which depends on the combined effect of detector unsharpness and geometric unsharpness.  
5.2 Basis of Application:  
5.2.1 The following items are subject to contractual agreement between the parties using or referencing this standard.
5.2.1.1 Personnel Qualification—Personnel performing examinations to this practice shall be qualified in accordance with NAS410, EN 4179, ANSI/ASNT CP 189, ISO 9712, or SNT-TC-1A and certified by the employer or certifying agency as applicable. Other equivalent qualification documents may be used when specified on the contract or purchase order. The applicable revision shall be the latest unless otherwise specified in the contractual agreement between parties.
5.2.1.2 If specified in the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualified and evaluated as described in Specification E543. The applicable edition of Specification E543 shall be specified in the contract.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the design and basic use of a gauge used to determine the image unsharpness and the basic spatial resolution of film radiographs or of digital images taken with CR imaging plates, digital detector arrays (DDA), or radioscopic systems (for example, with X-ray image intensifiers) for applications with Se-75, Ir-192, Co-60 and high energy sources with tube potentials ≥ 300 kV. The IQI may be used at lower tube potentials too, if the expected unsharpness is > 200 µm (SRbimage or SRbdetector > 100 µm). For the measurement of lower unsharpness values, the usage of the gauge described in Practice E2002 is recommended.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to radiographic and radioscopic imaging systems utilizing X-ray and gamma ray radiation sources.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 The gauge described can be used effectively if the duplex wire IQI of Practice E2002 does not provide sufficient contrast resolution.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E2446-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Manufacturing Characterization of Computed Radiography Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 There are several factors affecting the quality of a CR image including the basic spatial resolution of the IP system, geometrical unsharpness, scatter and contrast sensitivity. There are several additional factors (for example, software and scanning parameters) that affect the accurate reading of images on exposed IPs using an optical scanner.  
4.2 This practice is to be used to establish a characterization of CR system by performance levels on the basis of a normalized SNR, interpolated basic spatial detector resolution and EPS. The CR system performance levels in this practice do not refer to any particular manufacturers’ imaging plates. A CR system performance level results from the use of a particular imaging plate together with the exposure conditions, standardized phantom, the scanner type, and software and the scanning parameters. This characterization system provides a means to compare differing CR technologies, as is common practice with film systems, which guides the user to the appropriate configuration, IP, and technique for the application at hand. The performance level selected may not match the imaging performance of a corresponding film class because of the difference in the spatial resolution and scatter sensitivity. Therefore, the user should always use IQIs for proof of contrast sensitivity and basic spatial resolution.  
4.3 The measured performance parameters are presented in a characterization chart. This enables users to select specific CR systems by the different characterization data to find the best system for his specific application.  
4.4 The quality factors can be determined most accurately by the tests described in this practice. Some of the system tests require special tools, which may not be available in user laboratories. Simpler tests are described for quality assurance and long term stability tests in Practice E2445.  
4.5 Manufacturers of industrial CR systems or certification agencies will use this practice. Users of i...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the manufacturing characterization of computed radiography (CR) systems, consisting of a particular phosphor imaging plate (IP), scanner, software, scanner operational parameters, and an image display monitor, in combination with specified metal screens for industrial radiography.  
1.2 The practice defines system tests to be used to characterize the systems of different suppliers and make them comparable for users.  
1.3 This practice is intended for use by manufacturers of CR systems or certification agencies to provide quantitative results of CR system characteristics for nondestructive testing (NDT) user or purchaser consumption. Some of these tests require specialized test phantoms to ensure consistency of results among suppliers or manufacturers. These tests are not intended for users to complete, nor are they intended for long term stability tracking and lifetime measurements. However, they may be used for this purpose, if so desired. Practice E2445 describes tests which are intended for users to observe the CR performance and test the long term stability.  
1.4 The CR system performance is described by the basic spatial resolution, contrast, signal and noise parameters, and the equivalent penetrameter sensitivity (EPS). Some of these parameters are used to compare with DDA characterization and film characterization data (see Practice E2597 and Test Method E1815).
Note 1: For film system characterization, the signal is represented by the optical density of 2 (above fog and base) and the noise as granularity. The signal-to-noise ratio is normalized by the aperture (similar to the basic spatial resolution) of the system and is part of characterization. This normalization is given by the scanning circular aperture of 100 µm of the micro-photometer, which is defined in Test Method E1815 for film system characterization.  
1.5 The measurement of CR systems in this practice is restricted ...

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