ASTM E105-04

Standard Practice for Probability Sampling Of Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The purpose of the sample may be to estimate properties of a larger population, such as a lot, pile or shipment, the percentage of some constituent, the fraction of the items that fail to meet (or meet) a specified requirement, the average characteristic or quality of an item, the total weight of the shipment, or the probable maximum or minimum content of, say, some chemical.
The purpose may be the rational disposition of a lot or shipment without the intermediate step of the formation of an estimate.
The purpose may to provide aid toward rational action concerning the production process that generated the lot, pile or shipment.
Whatever the purpose of the sample, adhering to the principles of probability sampling will allow the uncertainties, such as bias and variance of estimates or the risks of the rational disposition or action, to be calculated objectively and validly from the theory of combinatorial probabilities. This assumes, of course, that the sampling operations themselves ere carried out properly, as well. For example, that any random numbers required were generated properly, the units to be sampled from were correctly identified, located, and drawn, and the measurements were made with measurement error at a level not exceeding the required purposes.
Determination of bias and variance and of risks can be calculated when the selection was only partially determined by random numbers and a frame, but they then require suppositions and assumptions which may be more or less mistaken or require additional data which may introduce experimental error.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is primarily a statement of principles for the guidance of ASTM technical committees and others in the preparation of a sampling plan for a specific material.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-May-2004
• ICS: 91.100.01 - Construction materials in general
• Technical Committee: E11 - Quality and Statistics
• Drafting Committee: E11.10 - Sampling / Statistics

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM E105-58(1996) - Standard Practice for Probability Sampling Of Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2004
• Replaced By: ASTM E105-10 - Standard Practice for Probability Sampling Of Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2010
• Referred By: ASTM F739-20 - Standard Test Method for Permeation of Liquids and Gases Through Protective Clothing Materials Under Conditions of Continuous Contact
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2004
• Referred By: ASTM E2548-16 - Standard Guide for Sampling Seized Drugs for Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2004
• Referred By: ASTM E3264-21 - Standard Guide for Homogeneity of Samples and Reference Materials Used for Inter- and Intra-Laboratory Studies
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2004
• Referred By: ASTM C802-14(2022) - Standard Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Test Program to Determine the Precision of Test Methods for Construction Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2004
• Referred By: ASTM E141-10(2018) - Standard Practice for Acceptance of Evidence Based on the Results of Probability Sampling
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2004
• Referred By: ASTM D5457-23 - Standard Specification for Computing Reference Resistance of Wood-Based Materials and Structural Connections for Load and Resistance Factor Design
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2004
• Referred By: ASTM D2221-01(2021) - Standard Test Method for Creep Properties of Package Cushioning Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2004
• Referred By: ASTM D1977-22 - Standard Test Method for Nickel and Vanadium in FCC Equilibrium Catalysts by Hydrofluoric/Sulfuric Acid Decomposition and Atomic Spectroscopic Analysis
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2004
• Referred By: ASTM D75/D75M-19 - Standard Practice for Sampling Aggregates
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2004
• Referred By: ASTM D3737-18e1 - Standard Practice for Establishing Allowable Properties for Structural Glued Laminated Timber (Glulam)
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2004
• Referred By: ASTM C750-18 - Standard Specification for Nuclear-Grade Boron Carbide Powder
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2004
• Referred By: ASTM C985M-22 - Standard Specification for Nonreinforced Concrete Specified Strength Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe (Metric)
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2004
• Referred By: ASTM C985-22 - Standard Specification for Nonreinforced Concrete Specified Strength Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2004

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation:E105–04
Standard Practice for
1
Probability Sampling of Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E105; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope ere carried out properly, as well. For example, that any random
numbers required were generated properly, the units to be
1.1 This practice is primarily a statement of principles for
sampled from were correctly identified, located, and drawn,
the guidance of ASTM technical committees and others in the
and the measurements were made with measurement error at a
preparation of a sampling plan for a specific material.
level not exceeding the required purposes.
2. Terminology 3.5 Determination of bias and variance and of risks can be
calculated when the selection was only partially determined by
2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
random numbers and a frame, but they then require supposi-
2.1.1 probability sampling plans, make use of the theory of
tions and assumptions which may be more or less mistaken or
probability to combine a suitable procedure for selecting
require additional data which may introduce experimental
sample items with an appropriate procedure for summarizing
error.
the test results so that inferences may be drawn and risks
calculated from the test results by the theory of probability. For
4. Characteristics of a Probability Sampling Plan
any given set of conditions there will usually be several
4.1 A probability sampling plan will possess certain char-
possible plans, all valid, but differing in speed, simplicity, and
acteristics of importance, as follows:
cost.
4.1.1 It will possess an objective procedure for the selection
3. Significance and Use of the sample, with the use of random numbers.
4.1.2 It will include a definite formula for the estimate, if
3.1 The purpose of the sample may be to estimate properties
there is to be an estimate; also for the standard error of any
of a larger population, such as a lot, pile or shipment, the
estimate. If the sample is used for decision without the
percentage of some constituent, the fraction of the items that
intermediate step of an estimate, the decision process will
fail to meet (or meet) a specified requirement, the average
follow definite rules. In acceptance sampling, for example,
characteristic or quality of an item, the total weight of the
these are often based on predetermined risks of taking the
shipment, or the probable maximum or minimum content of,
undesired action when the true levels of the characteristic
say, some chemical.
concerned have predetermined values; for example, acceptable
3.2 The purpose may be the rational disposition of a lot or
and rejectable quality levels may be specified.
shipment without the intermediate step of the formation of an
4.2 The minimum requirements that must be met in order to
estimate.
obtain the characteristics mentioned in 4.1 appear in Section 5,
3.3 The purpose may to provide aid toward rational action
which also indicates the minimum requirements for the de-
concerning the production process that generated the lot, pile
scription of a satisfactory sampling plan.
or shipment.
3.4 Whatever the purpose of the sample, adhering to the
5. Minimum Standards for a Probability Sampling Plan
principles of probability sampling will allow the uncertainties,
5.1 For a sampling plan to have the requirements mentioned
such as bias and variance of estimates or the risks of the
in Section 4 it is necessary:
rational disposition or action, to be calculated objectively and
5.1.1 That every part of the pile, lot, or shipment have a
validly from the theory of combinatorial probabilities. This
nonzero chance of selection,
assumes, of course, that the sampling operations themselves
5.1.2 That these probabilities of selection be known, at least
for the parts actually selected, and
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E11 on Quality and
5.1.3 That, either in measurement or in computation, each
Statistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.10 on Sampling /
item be weighted in inverse proportion to its probability of
Statistics.
selection. This latter criterion should not be departed from; for
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2004.PublishedJuly2004.Originallyapproved
in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 1996 as E105 – 58 (1996). DOI:
10.1520/E0105-04.
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E105–04
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