ASTM D2838-09e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Shrink Tension and Orientation Release Stress of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting (Withdrawn 2018)
Standard Test Method for Shrink Tension and Orientation Release Stress of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting (Withdrawn 2018)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 As a result of the manufacturing process, internal stresses are locked into the film and these can be released by heating. For any given type of film or sheeting, the temperatures at which shrinkage will begin are related to processing techniques employed to manufacture the film and also may be related to a phase transition in the base resin.
5.2 Shrink tension affects the appearance and performance of a film in a shrink-packaging application. It may also be used to determine the degree and direction of orientation. The orientation exerts a great influence upon important physical characteristics such as tensile strength, stiffness, tear resistance, and impact strength.
5.3 Data from Procedure A are most useful for determining the degree and direction of orientation, orientation release stress, and the maximum force that the film can exert at a given temperature.
5.4 Since, in actual applications, film is seldom, if ever, totally restrained, data from Procedure B are useful in estimating the force an item to be packaged will actually receive and in predicting the appearance of packaged items.
5.5 The characterization of shrink tension as a function of temperature, and the resultant determination of orientation release stress and its corresponding temperature, is usually carried out only for a particular material of specified thickness for a defined fabrication process. For product development purposes, quality control and determination of conformity to specification limits, the measurement of shrink tension at only one or two specified temperatures is normally sufficient.
5.6 Before proceeding with this test method, reference shall be made to the specification of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, or testing parameters, or combination thereof, covered in the relevant ASTM material specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in this test method. If there are no relevant ASTM material spec...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the shrink tension and related characteristics, that is, shrink force and orientation release stress, of heat-shrinkable plastic film and sheeting of less than 1.0 mm (0.04 in.) thickness. Two procedures are described that permit the measurement of shrink forces at predetermined temperatures. They are as follows:
1.1.1 Procedure A is designed to measure the maximum force exerted by a specimen that is totally restrained from shrinking as it is heated rapidly to a specific temperature.
1.1.2 Procedure B is designed to measure the maximum force exerted by a specimen that is permitted to shrink a predetermined amount prior to restraint while being heated rapidly to a specific temperature.
1.2 Orientation release stress can be determined from the data obtained using Procedure A.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: Film has been arbitrarily defined as sheeting having nominal thickness not greater than 0.25 mm (0.010 in.).
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this test method.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covers the determination of the shrink tension and related characteristics, that is, shrink force and orientation release stress, of heat-shrinkable plastic film and sheeting of less than 1.0 mm (0.04 in.) thickness. Two procedures are described that permit the measurement of shrink forces at predetermined temperatures. They are as follows:
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D20 on Plastics, this test method was withdrawn in January 2018 in accordance with...
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´1
Designation: D2838 − 09
Standard Test Method for
Shrink Tension and Orientation Release Stress of Plastic
1
Film and Thin Sheeting
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2838; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—Editorially corrected Note 1 in August 2015.
1. Scope* D883Terminology Relating to Plastics
D4000Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materi-
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the shrink
als
tension and related characteristics, that is, shrink force and
D5947Test Methods for Physical Dimensions of Solid
orientation release stress, of heat-shrinkable plastic film and
Plastics Specimens
sheeting of less than 1.0 mm (0.04 in.) thickness. Two
D6287Practice for Cutting Film and Sheeting Test Speci-
proceduresaredescribedthatpermitthemeasurementofshrink
mens
forces at predetermined temperatures. They are as follows:
D6988GuideforDeterminationofThicknessofPlasticFilm
1.1.1 Procedure A is designed to measure the maximum
Test Specimens
force exerted by a specimen that is totally restrained from
E2251Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermom-
shrinking as it is heated rapidly to a specific temperature.
eters with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids
1.1.2 Procedure B is designed to measure the maximum
force exerted by a specimen that is permitted to shrink a
3. Terminology
predetermined amount prior to restraint while being heated
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
rapidly to a specific temperature.
3.1.1 orientation release stress, n—the maximum shrink
1.2 Orientation release stress can be determined from the
tension developed by a film in a specified direction throughout
data obtained using Procedure A.
its range of shrink temperatures while totally restrained from
shrinking.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. The values in parentheses are for information only. 3.1.2 shrink force, n—the force per original unit width
developed by a film in a specified direction and at a specified
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
temperature in its attempt to shrink while under restraint.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3.1.3 shrink tension, n—the force per original average
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- cross-sectionalareadevelopedbyafilminaspecifieddirection
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. and at a specified temperature in its attempt to shrink while
under restraint.
NOTE 1—Film has been arbitrarily defined as sheeting having nominal
thickness not greater than 0.25 mm (0.010 in.).
3.2 Definitions:
NOTE 2—There is no known ISO equivalent to this test method.
3.2.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer
to Terminology D883.
2. Referenced Documents
2 4. Summary of Test Method
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D618Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing 4.1 A 25.4-mm (1-in.) wide strip of film or sheeting is
clampedinthearmsofashrinktensionholder(seeFig.1),one
armofwhichcontainsastraingage.Theholderisimmersedin
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD20onPlastics
a hot bath and the force exerted by the film is measured by the
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.19 on Film, Sheeting, and
strain gage. The data is collected by a data acquisition device.
Molded Products.
The tests may be carried out with or without free shrinkage of
Current edition approved May 1, 2009. Published June 2009. Originally
approved in 1969. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D2838-08. DOI:
the material before restraint.
10.1520/D2838-09.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
5. Significance and Use
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
5.1 As a result of the manufacturing process, internal
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. stresses are locked into the film and these can be released by
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
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D2838 − 09
FIG. 1 Design for Shrink Tension Holder
heating. For any given type of film or sheeting, the tempera- specification limits, the measurement of shrink tension at only
tures at which shrinkage will begin are related to processing one or two specified temperatures is normally sufficient.
techniq
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: D2838 − 09 D2838 − 09
Standard Test Method for
Shrink Tension and Orientation Release Stress of Plastic
1
Film and Thin Sheeting
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2838; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—Editorially corrected Note 1 in August 2015.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the shrink tension and related characteristics, that is, shrink force and
orientation release stress, of heat-shrinkable plastic film and sheeting of less than 1.0 mm (0.04 in.) thickness. Two procedures are
described that permit the measurement of shrink forces at predetermined temperatures. They are as follows:
1.1.1 Procedure A is designed to measure the maximum force exerted by a specimen that is totally restrained from shrinking
as it is heated rapidly to a specific temperature.
1.1.2 Procedure B is designed to measure the maximum force exerted by a specimen that is permitted to shrink a predetermined
amount prior to restraint while being heated rapidly to a specific temperature.
1.2 Orientation release stress can be determined from the data obtained using Procedure A.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
NOTE 1—Film has been arbitrarily defined as sheeting having nominal thickness not greater than 0.25 μmmm (0.010 in.).
NOTE 2—There is no known ISO equivalent to this test method.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materials
D5947 Test Methods for Physical Dimensions of Solid Plastics Specimens
D6287 Practice for Cutting Film and Sheeting Test Specimens
D6988 Guide for Determination of Thickness of Plastic Film Test Specimens
E2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermometers with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 orientation release stress, n—the maximum shrink tension developed by a film in a specified direction throughout its range
of shrink temperatures while totally restrained from shrinking.
3.1.2 shrink force, n—the force per original unit width developed by a film in a specified direction and at a specified temperature
in its attempt to shrink while under restraint.
3.1.3 shrink tension, n—the force per original average cross-sectional area developed by a film in a specified direction and at
a specified temperature in its attempt to shrink while under restraint.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.19 on Film, Sheeting, and Molded
Products.
Current edition approved May 1, 2009. Published June 2009. Originally approved in 1969. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D2838 - 08. DOI: 10.1520/D2838-09.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
´1
D2838 − 09
3.2 Definitions:
3.2.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D883.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A 25.4-mm (1-in.) wide strip of film or sheeting is clamped in the arms of a shrink tension holder (see Fig. 1), one arm of
which contains a strain gage. The holder is immersed in a hot bath and the force exerted by the film is measured by the strain gage.
The data is collected by a data acquisition device. The tests may be carried out with or without free shrinkage of the material before
restraint.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 As a result of the manufacturing process, internal
...
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