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ASTM E132-17

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Poisson’s Ratio at Room Temperature

Standard Test Method for Poisson’s Ratio at Room Temperature

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 When uniaxial force is applied to a solid, it deforms in the direction of the applied force, but also expands or contracts laterally depending on whether the force is tensile or compressive. If the solid is homogeneous and isotropic, and the material remains elastic under the action of the applied force, the lateral strain bears a constant relationship to the axial strain. This constant, called Poisson’s ratio, is an intrinsic material property just like Young’s modulus and Shear modulus.  
4.2 Poisson's ratio is used for design of structures where all dimensional changes resulting from application of force need to be taken into account, and in the application of the generalized theory of elasticity to structural analysis.  
4.3 In this test method, the value of Poisson's ratio is obtained from strains resulting from uniaxial stress only.  
4.4 Above the proportional limit, the ratio of transverse strain to axial strain will depend on the average stress and on the stress range for which it is measured and, hence, should not be regarded as Poisson’s ratio. If this ratio is reported, nevertheless, as a value of “Poisson’s ratio” for stresses below the proportional limit, the range of stress should be reported.  
4.5 Deviations from isotropy should be suspected if the Poisson’s ratio, μ, determined by the method described below differs significantly from that determined when the ratio E/G of Young’s modulus, E, to shear modulus, G, is substituted in the following equation:
where E and G must be measured with greater precision than the precision desired in the measurement of μ.  
4.6 The accuracy of the determination of Poisson's ratio is usually limited by the accuracy of the transverse strain measurements because the percentage errors in these measurements are usually greater than in the axial strain measurements. Since a ratio rather than an absolute quantity is measured, it is only necessary to know accurately the relative value of the calibration ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of Poisson’s ratio from tension tests of structural materials at room temperature. This test method is limited to specimens of rectangular section and to materials in which and stresses at which creep is negligible compared to the strain produced immediately upon loading.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
14-Jul-2017
ICS
19.060 - Mechanical testing
Technical Committee
E28 - Mechanical Testing
Drafting Committee
E28.04 - Uniaxial Testing
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM E4-14 - Standard Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
Effective Date
01-Jun-2014
Referred By
ASTM D3039/D3039M-17 - Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials
Effective Date
15-Jul-2017
Referred By
ASTM D6641/D6641M-16e2 - Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials Using a Combined Loading Compression (CLC) Test Fixture
Effective Date
15-Jul-2017
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ASTM C1783-15 - Standard Guide for Development of Specifications for Fiber Reinforced Carbon-Carbon Composite Structures for Nuclear Applications
Effective Date
15-Jul-2017
Referred By
ASTM D3410/D3410M-16e1 - Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials with Unsupported Gage Section by Shear Loading
Effective Date
15-Jul-2017
Referred By
ASTM E606/E606M-21 - Standard Test Method for Strain-Controlled Fatigue Testing
Effective Date
15-Jul-2017
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ASTM D8066/D8066M-23 - Standard Practice Unnotched Compression Testing of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates
Effective Date
15-Jul-2017
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ASTM F3122-14(2022) - Standard Guide for Evaluating Mechanical Properties of Metal Materials Made via Additive Manufacturing Processes
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15-Jul-2017
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ASTM D5450/D5450M-22 - Standard Test Method for Transverse Tensile Properties of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite Cylinders
Effective Date
15-Jul-2017
Referred By
ASTM F2789-10(2020) - Standard Guide for Mechanical and Functional Characterization of Nucleus Devices
Effective Date
15-Jul-2017
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ASTM C1793-15 - Standard Guide for Development of Specifications for Fiber Reinforced Silicon Carbide-Silicon Carbide Composite Structures for Nuclear Applications
Effective Date
15-Jul-2017
Referred By
ASTM D5449/D5449M-22 - Standard Test Method for Transverse Compressive Properties of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite Cylinders
Effective Date
15-Jul-2017
Referred By
ASTM D638-22 - Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
Effective Date
15-Jul-2017
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ASTM C781-20 - Standard Practice for Testing Graphite Materials for Gas-Cooled Nuclear Reactor Components
Effective Date
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E132 − 17
Standard Test Method for
1
Poisson’s Ratio at Room Temperature
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E132; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope E111 Test Method for Young’s Modulus, Tangent Modulus,
and Chord Modulus
1.1 This test method covers the determination of Poisson’s
E1012 Practice for Verification of Testing Frame and Speci-
ratio from tension tests of structural materials at room tem-
men Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive Axial
perature. This test method is limited to specimens of rectan-
Force Application
gular section and to materials in which and stresses at which
creep is negligible compared to the strain produced immedi-
3. Terminology
ately upon loading.
3.1 Definitions:Terms common to mechanical testing.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
3.1.1 The definitions of mechanical testing terms that ap-
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
pear in Terminology E6 apply to this test method. These terms
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
include extensometer and stress-strain diagram.
and are not considered standard.
3.1.2 In addition, the following common terms that appear
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
in Terminology E6 apply to this test method.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.3 The terms accuracy, bias, and precision are used as
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
defined in E177.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.1.4 axial strain, n—linear strain in a plane parallel to the
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
longitudinal axis of the specimen.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.1.5 Poisson’s ratio, µ, n—the negative of the ratio of
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
transverse strain to the corresponding axial strain resulting
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
from an axial stress below the proportional limit of the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
material.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.1.5.1 Discussion—Poisson’s ratio may be negative for
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
some materials. For example, a tensile transverse strain will
2. Referenced Documents
result from a tensile axial strain.
2
3.1.5.2 Discussion—Poisson’s ratio will have more than one
2.1 ASTM Standards:
value if the material is not isotropic.
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
-2
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
3.1.6 proportional limit, [FL ], n—thegreateststressthata
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
material is capable of sustaining without any deviation from
ASTM Test Methods
proportionality of stress to strain (Hooke’s Law).
E8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
3.1.6.1 Discussion—Many experiments have shown that
E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
values observed for the proportional limit vary greatly with the
someter Systems
sensitivity and accuracy of the testing equipment, eccentricity
of loading, the scale to which the stress-strain diagram is
plotted, and other factors. When determination of the propor-
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on
tional limit is required, the procedure and the sensitivity of the
Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.04 on
test equipment should be specified.
Uniaxial Testing.
Current edition approved July 15, 2017. Published September 2017. Originally
3.1.7 transverse strain, ε,n—linear strain in a plane per-
t
approvedin1958.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2010asE132 – 04(2010).DOI:
pendicular to the axis of the specimen.
10.1520/E0132-17.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 3.1.7.1 Discussion—Transversestrainmaydifferwithdirec-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
tion in anisotropic materials.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E132 − 04 (Reapproved 2010) E132 − 17
Standard Test Method for
1
Poisson’s Ratio at Room Temperature
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E132; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of Poisson’s ratio from tension tests of structural materials at room temperature.
This test method is limited to specimens of rectangular section and to materials in which and stresses at which creep is negligible
compared to the strain produced immediately upon loading.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Extensometer Systems
E111 Test Method for Young’s Modulus, Tangent Modulus, and Chord Modulus
E1012 Practice for Verification of Testing Frame and Specimen Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive Axial Force
Application
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:Terms common to mechanical testing.
3.1.1 The definitions of mechanical testing terms that appear in Terminology E6 apply to this test method. These terms include
extensometer and stress-strain diagram.
3.1.2 In addition, the following common terms that appear in Terminology E6 apply to this test method.
3.1.3 The terms accuracy, bias, and precision are used as defined in E177.
3.1.4 axial strain, n—linear strain in a plane parallel to the longitudinal axis of the specimen.
3.1.5 Poisson’s ratio—ratio, μ, n—the negative of the ratio of transverse strain to the corresponding axial strain resulting from
an axial stress below the proportional limit of the material.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.04 on Uniaxial Testing.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2010July 15, 2017. Published November 2010September 2017. Originally approved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 20042010
as E132 – 04.E132 – 04(2010). DOI: 10.1520/E0132-04R10.10.1520/E0132-17.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3.1.5.1 Discussion—
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E132 − 17
Poisson’s ratio may be negative for some materials. For example, a tensile transverse strain will result from a tensile axial strain.
3.1.5.2 Discussion—
Poisson’s ratio will have more than one value if the material is not isotropic.
-2
3.1.6 Discussion—proportional limit, [FL ], n—Above the proportional limit, the ratio of transverse strain to axial strain will
depend on the average stress and on the stress range for which it is measured and, hence, should not be regarded as Poisson’s ratio.
If this ratio is reported, nevertheless, as a value of “Poisson’s ratio” for stresses beyond the proportional limit, the range of stress
should be stated.the greatest stress that a material is capable
...

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4.1 Material testing requires repeatable and predictable testing machine speed. The speed measuring devices integral to the testing machines may be used for measurement of crosshead speed over a defined range of operation. The accuracy of the speed value shall be traceable to a National or International Standards Laboratory. Practices E2658 provides procedures to verify testing machines, in order that the indicated speed values may be traceable. A key element to having traceability is that the devices used in the verification produce known speed characteristics, and have been calibrated in accordance with adequate calibration standards.  
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1.3 Strain gages are part of a complex system that includes structure, adhesive, strain gage, lead wires, instrumentation, and (often) environmental protection. As a result, many things affect the performance of strain gages, including user technique. A further complication is that strain gages, once installed, normally cannot be reinstalled in another location. Therefore, it is not possible to calibrate individual strain gages; performance characteristics are normally presented on a statistical basis.  
1.4 This test method encompasses only fully reversed stain cycles.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1237-20(Guide)
Standard Guide for Installing Bonded Resistance Strain Gages

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Methods and procedures used in installing bonded resistance strain gages can have significant effects upon the performance of those sensors. Optimum and reproducible detection of surface deformation requires appropriate and consistent strain gage and bonding technique selection, surface preparation, procedures for gage installation and adhesive use, lead wire connection, validation of operation, and protective coating application.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides guidelines for installing bonded resistance strain gages. It is not intended to be used for bulk or diffused semiconductor gages. This guide pertains only to adhesively bonded strain gages.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E251-20a(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Metallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Strain gages are the most widely used devices for the determination of materials, properties and for analyzing stresses in structures. However, performance characteristics of strain gages are affected by both the materials from which they are made and their geometric design. These test methods detail the minimum information that must accompany strain gages if they are to be used with acceptable accuracy of measurement.  
4.2 Most performance characteristics of strain gages require mechanical testing that is destructive. Since test strain gages cannot be used again, it is necessary to treat data statistically and then apply values to the remaining population from the same lot or batch. Failure to acknowledge the resulting uncertainties can have serious repercussions. Resistance measurement is non-destructive and can be made for each strain gage.  
4.3 Properly designed and manufactured strain gages, whose performance characteristics have been accurately determined and with appropriate uncertainties applied, represent powerful measurement tools. They can determine small dimensional changes in structures with excellent accuracy, far beyond that of other known devices. It is important to recognize, however, that individual strain gages cannot be calibrated. If calibration and traceability to a standard are required, strain gages should not be employed.  
4.4 To be used, strain gages must be bonded to a structure. Good results depend heavily on the materials used to clean the bonding surface, to bond the strain gage, and to provide a protective coating. Skill of the installer is another major factor in success. Finally, instrumentation systems must be carefully designed to assure that they do not unduly degrade the performance of the strain gages. In many cases, it is impossible to achieve this goal. If so, allowance must be made when considering accuracy of data. Test conditions can, in some instances, be so severe that error signals from strain gage systems far ...
SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of these test methods are to provide uniform test methods for the determination of strain gage performance characteristics. Suggested testing equipment designs are included.  
1.2 Test Methods E251 describes methods and procedures for determining five strain gage performance characteristics:    
Section  
Part I—General Requirements  
7  
Part II—Resistance at a Reference Temperature  
8  
Part III—Gage Factor at a Reference Temperature  
9  
Part IV—Temperature Coefficient of Gage Factor  
10  
Part V—Transverse Sensitivity  
11  
Part VI—Thermal Output  
12  
1.3 Strain gages are very sensitive devices with essentially infinite resolution. Their response to strain, however, is low and great care must be exercised in their use. The performance characteristics identified by these test methods must be known to an acceptable accuracy to obtain meaningful results in field applications.  
1.3.1 Strain gage resistance is used to balance instrumentation circuits and to provide a reference value for measurements since all data are related to a change in the strain gage resistance from a known reference value.  
1.3.2 Gage factor is the transfer function of a strain gage. It relates resistance change in the strain gage and strain to which it is subjected. Accuracy of strain gage data can be no better than the accuracy of the gage factor.  
1.3.3 Changes in gage factor as temperature varies also affect accuracy although to a much lesser degree since variations are usually small.  
1.3.4 Transverse sensitivity is a measure of the strain gage's response to strains perpendicular to its measurement axis. Although transverse sensitivity is usually much less than 10 % of the gage factor, large errors can occur if the value is not known with reasonable precision.  
1.3.5 Thermal output is the response of a strain gage to temperature changes. Thermal output is an additive (not multiplica...

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ASTM
ASTM E1012-19(Practice)
Standard Practice for Verification of Testing Frame and Specimen Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive Axial Force Application

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 It has been shown that bending stresses that inadvertently occur due to misalignment between the applied force and the specimen axes during the application of tensile and compressive forces can affect the test results. In recognition of this effect, some test methods include a statement limiting the misalignment that is permitted. The purpose of this practice is to provide a reference for test methods and practices that require the application of tensile or compressive forces under conditions where alignment is important. The objective is to implement the use of common terminology and methods for verification of alignment of testing machines, associated components and test specimens.  
4.2 Alignment verification intervals when required are specified in the methods or practices that require the alignment verification. Certain types of testing can provide an indication of the current alignment condition of a testing frame with each specimen tested. If a test method requires alignment verification, the frequency of the alignment verification should capture all the considerations that is, time interval, changes to the testing frame and when applicable, current indicators of the alignment condition through test results.  
4.3 Whether or not to improve axiality should be a matter of negotiation between the interested parties.
SCOPE
1.1 Included in this practice are methods covering the determination of the amount of bending that occurs during the application of tensile and compressive forces to notched and unnotched test specimens during routine testing in the elastic range. These methods are particularly applicable to the force levels normally used for tension testing, compression testing, creep testing, and uniaxial fatigue testing. The principal objective of this practice is to assess the amount of bending exerted upon a test specimen by the ordinary components assembled into a materials testing machine, during routine tests.  
1.2 This practice is valid for metallic and nonmetallic testing.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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