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ASTM D7434-08

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determining the Performance of Passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Transponders on Palletized or Unitized Loads

Standard Test Method for Determining the Performance of Passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Transponders on Palletized or Unitized Loads

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Many materials used in the production of goods can have an adverse affect on the performance of an RFID system. This test method qualifies the performance of an RFID system applied to a unit load.
This test method is intended for systems used exclusively within the United States. Additional test standards from ISO or other standards bodies may apply to internationally handled goods and may include additional test scenarios not outlined in this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method quantitatively evaluates the readability of radio frequency identification (RFID) pallet transponders placed on pallet loads that are mechanically handled by material handling equipment such as fork trucks, pallet jacks, and automated guided vehicle systems.
1.2 This test method is intended for use in laboratory settings that simulate, as closely as is practicable, the distribution environment of the product being tested.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Jul-2008
ICS
35.240.60 - IT applications in transport
Technical Committee
D10 - Packaging
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D7434-08(2014) - Standard Test Method for Determining the Performance of Passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Transponders on Palletized or Unitized Loads (Withdrawn 2018)
Effective Date
01-Oct-2014

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ASTM D7434-08 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Performance of Passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Transponders on Palletized or Unitized LoadsASTM D7434-08 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Performance of Passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Transponders on Palletized or Unitized Loads
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ASTM D7434-08 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Performance of Passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Transponders on Palletized or Unitized Loads
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D7434 −08
StandardTest Method for
Determining the Performance of Passive Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID) Transponders on Palletized or Unitized
Loads
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7434; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 critical transponder distance—the distance between
1.1 This test method quantitatively evaluates the readability
the transponder and the interrogator antenna at which a
of radio frequency identification (RFID) pallet transponders
transponder becomes undetectable by an RFID system, when
placed on pallet loads that are mechanically handled by
moving the RFID transponder out of the read field.
material handling equipment such as fork trucks, pallet jacks,
and automated guided vehicle systems.
3.2.2 direct line of sight—an unobstructed visible path from
1.2 This test method is intended for use in laboratory one object to another.
settings that simulate, as closely as is practicable, the distribu-
3.2.3 firmware—a series of programmable instructions,
tion environment of the product being tested.
stored in read only memory (ROM), which controls the
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
capabilities of an interrogator.
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
3.2.4 radio frequency identification (RFID)— a wireless
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
data communication technology that uses radio waves to
and are not considered standard.
transfer data from one source to another.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2.5 read field—the area in which an RFID transponder is
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
capable of responding to the interrogator. The outermost
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
boundary of the read field correlates to the critical transponder
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
distance. The distance between the critical transponder dis-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
tance and the transponder acquisition distance represents an
2. Referenced Documents
area of RF energy that may or may not be sufficient to activate
a passive transponder.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-
3.2.6 RF—the energy used by RFID systems to activate
ments
transponders and wirelessly transfer information.
D4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or
3.2.7 RF inhibiting—a substance or material that causes a
Packaging Components for Testing
significant reduction in the effectiveness of radio waves that
E337 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psy-
reach an RFID transponder.
chrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Tem-
peratures)
3.2.8 software—an array of logic, displayed as an
application, used to access and control a device.
3. Terminology
3.2.9 transponder acquisition distance—the distance be-
3.1 Definitions—Terms and definitions used in this test
tween the transponder and the interrogator antenna at which a
method may be found in Terminology D996.
transponder is first detected by an RFID system, when moving
the transponder into the read field.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on
Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.17 on Auto-ID
Applications .
4. Summary of Test Method
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2008. Published September 2008. DOI:
10.1520/D7434-08.
4.1 This procedure is used to determine the read perfor-
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
manceoftheRFsystemwhileaffixedtoafullyassembled,unit
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
load. The read field is developed by determining the critical
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. transponder distance and the transponder acquisition distance
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7434−08
5. Significance and Use 8.3.2 Interrogator Antenna—A manufactured device that
emitsRFenergytotranspondersandreceivesinformationfrom
5.1 Many materials used in the production of goods can
transponders in the form of reflected RF energy.
have an adverse affect on the performance of an RFID system.
8.3.3 Transponder (pallet transponder)— A microchip with
This test method qualifies the performance of an RFID system
a small conductive antenna that receives RF energy from the
applied to a unit load.
interrogator antenna and reflects the information on the micro
5.2 This test method is intended for systems used exclu-
chip back to the interrogator antenna in the form of RF energy.
sively within the United States. Additional test standards from
8.3.4 Host Computer—Any computer with the proper soft-
ISO or other standards bodies may apply to internationally
ware to communicate with and operate the RFID interrogator.
handled goods and may include additional test scenarios not
outlined in this test method.
9. Test Specimen
9.1 Each unit load shall be comprised of a specified quantity
6. Interferences
of unit case load(s), representative of a production run unit
6.1 RFID systems are subject to interference from metal,
load.
water, and ambient RF energy. If significant levels of any of
9.2 Each unit case load shall consist of a representative
these interferences are present in the immediate testing area,
production run package, or components of an assembled
the observed read field will be affected. Due to uncontrolled
packaging system, to include primary, secondary, and/or ter-
variation in testing facilities, numerical values for interference
tiary packaging up through the shipping case level.
cannot be stated. Possible sources of interference shall be
9.3 An RFID transponder specimen shall be a randomly
documented in the final report.
selected transponder from an RFID transponder inventory.
6.1.1 Documentation of interference shall include informa-
tion regarding, material, size, and location relative to interro-
10. Conditioning
gator antenna.
10.1 Test specimens shall be conditioned at the standard
6.2 If significant levels of interference are unavoidable,
conditioning atmosphere of 23 6 2°C (73.4 6 3.6°F) for a
testing shall be conducted in such a manner that interferences
minimum of 24 h prior to testing (see Practice D4332) unless
remain unchanged throughout testing.
otherwise noted as per 13.1.1.
7. Atmospheric Conditions
11. Procedure
7.1 Testing shall be conducted at standard conditioning
11.1 Mapping the Read Field:
atmosphere 23 6 1°C (73.4 6 2°F) and 50 6 2 % relative
11.1.1 Determining the Critical Distance Read Field of the
humidity, unless otherwise noted as per 13.1.1.
Unit Load:
7.2 The exact measurement of temperature and relative
11.1.1.1 Assemble RFID system.
humidity of the testing atmosphere shall be made as close
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide describes what parameters should be measured and stored to obtain a complete sediment and hydraulic data set that could be used to compute sediment transport using any prominently known sediment-transport equations.  
5.2 The criteria will address only the collection of data on noncohesive sediment. A noncohesive sediment is one that consists of discrete particles and whose movement depends on the particular properties of the particles themselves (1). These properties can include particle size, shape, density, and position on the streambed with respect to other particles. Generally, sand, gravel, cobbles, and boulders are considered to be noncohesive sediments.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers criteria for a complete sediment data set.  
1.2 This guide provides guidelines for the collection of non-cohesive sediment alluvial data.  
1.3 This guide describes what parameters should be measured and stored to obtain a complete sediment and hydraulic data set that could be used to compute sediment transport using any prominently known sediment-transport equations.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F3218-19(Practice)
Standard Practice for Documenting Environmental Conditions for Utilization with A-UGV Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This section provides a description of the environmental conditions listed in Section 1 and describes the sub-conditions within each condition. Examples provided for many of the conditions and sub-conditions are provided as guidance only. Each of the conditions described should be evaluated and documented as set forth in Sections 5, 6, and 7.  
4.2 Environmental Consistency: Static, Dynamic, Transitional:  
4.2.1 Static is when the environment is similar throughout the test apparatus. For example, there are minor fluctuations in temperature throughout the apparatus as shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Dynamic is when the environment significantly differs within the test apparatus. For example, when the temperature changes between repetitions as shown in Fig. 3. Transitional is when the environment significantly differs in different areas within the test apparatus as shown in Fig. 4. The intent here is to not give specific guidance, but to provide a high-level classification of a particular set of environmental conditions. If environment consistency is dynamic or transitional, or both, a report form (see Section 7) for each unique set of environmental conditions should be completed.
FIG. 1 Example of Static Environment using Temperature
FIG. 2 Example of Static Environment using Temperature and Showing a Transition between Two Static Environments
FIG. 3 Example of Dynamic Environment using Temperature and Showing that the Environment Changed during the Test
FIG. 4 Example of Transitional Environment using Temperature; Portions of the Environment May Remain Static or May Be Dynamic (for example, Cold to Colder)  
4.3 Lighting:  
4.3.1 Various lighting conditions can potentially affect A-UGV optical sensor performance by affecting sensor and in turn, A-UGV responsiveness. Lighting sources can include ambient lighting as well as light emitters associated A-UGV operation. Two setups for lighting include direct or ambient source(s) applied to the A-UGV. Direct...
SCOPE
1.1 When conducting test methods, it is important to consider the role that the environmental conditions play in the Automatic through Autonomous – Unmanned Ground Vehicle (A-UGV) performance. Various A-UGVs are designed to be operated both indoors and outdoors under conditions specified by the manufacturer. Likewise, end users of the A-UGV will be operating these vehicles in a variety of environmental conditions. When conducting and replicating F45 test methods by vehicle manufacturers and users, it is important to specify and document the environmental conditions under which the A-UGV is to be tested as there will be variations in vehicle performance caused by the conditions, especially when comparing and replicating sets of test results. It is also important to consider changes in environmental conditions during the course of operations (for example, transitions between conditions). As such, environmental conditions specified in this practice are static, dynamic, or transitional, or combinations thereof; with the A-UGV stationary or in motion. This practice provides brief introduction to the following list of environmental conditions that can affect performance of the A-UGV: Lighting, External sensor emission, Temperature, Humidity, Electrical Interference, Air quality, Ground Surface, and Boundaries. This practice then breaks down each condition into sub-categories so that the user can document the various aspects associated with the category prior to A-UGV tests defined in ASTM F45 Test Methods (for example, F3244). It is recommended that salient environment conditions be documented when conducting F45 test methods.  
1.2 The environmental conditions listed in 1.1 to be documented for A-UGV(s) being tested are described and parameterized in Section 4 and allow a basis for performance comparison in test methods. The approach is to divide the list of environmental conditions into sub-conditions that represent the var...

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ASTM
ASTM F3201-16(Practice)
Standard Practice for Ensuring Dependability of Software Used in Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)

SCOPE
1.1 This standard practice intends to ensure the dependability of UAS software. Dependability includes both the safety and security aspects of the software.  
1.2 This practice will focus on the following areas: (a) Organizational controls (for example, management, training) in place during software development. (b) Use of the software in the system, including its architecture and contribution to overall system safety and security. (c) Metrics and design analysis related to assessing the code. (d) Techniques and tools related to code review. (e) Quality assurance. (f) Testing of the software.  
1.3 There is interest from industry and some parts of the CAAs to pursue an alternate means of compliance for software assurance for small UAS (sUAS).  
1.4 This practice is intended to support sUAS operations. It is assumed that the risk of sUAS will vary based on concept of operations, environment, and other variables. The fact that there are no souls onboard the UAS may reduce or eliminate some hazards and risks. However, at the discretion of the CAA, this practice may be applied to other UAS operations.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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