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ASTM D7361-07(2012)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Accelerated Compressive Creep of Geosynthetic Materials Based on Time-Temperature Superposition Using the Stepped Isothermal Method

Standard Test Method for Accelerated Compressive Creep of Geosynthetic Materials Based on Time-Temperature Superposition Using the Stepped Isothermal Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Use of the SIM decreases the time required for creep to occur and the obtaining of the associated data.  
5.2 The statements set forth in Section 1.5 are very important in the context of significance and use, as well as scope of the standard.  
5.3 Creep test data are used to calculate the creep modulus of materials as a function of time. These data are then used to predict the long-term creep deformation expected of geosynthetics used in drainage applications.Note 1—Currently, SIM testing has focused mainly geonets made from high density polyethylene. Additional testing on other materials is ongoing.  
5.4 R+H testing is done to establish the range of creep strains experienced in the brief period of very rapid response following the peak of the load ramp.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers accelerated testing for compressive creep properties using the Stepped Isothermal Method (SIM).  
1.2 The test method is focused on geosynthetic drainage materials such as HDPE geonet specimens.  
1.3 The SIM tests are laterally unconfined tests based on time-temperature superposition procedures.  
1.4 Ramp and Hold (R+H) tests may be completed in conjunction with SIM tests. They are designed to provide additional estimates of the initial rapid compressive creep strain levels appropriate for the SIM results.  
1.5 This method can be used to establish the sustained load compressive creep characteristics of a geosynthetic that demonstrates a relationship between time-dependent behavior and temperature. Results of this method are to be used to augment results of compressive creep tests performed at 20 ± 1°C and may not be used as the sole basis for determination of long term compressive creep behavior of geosynthetic material.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2012
ICS
59.080.70 - Geotextiles
Technical Committee
D35 - Geosynthetics
Drafting Committee
D35.02 - Endurance Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D7361-07 - Standard Test Method for Accelerated Compressive Creep of Geosynthetic Materials Based on Time-Temperature Superposition Using the Stepped Isothermal Method
Effective Date
01-Jul-2012
Referred By
ASTM D7931/D7931M-21a - Standard Guide for Specifying Drainage Geocomposites
Effective Date
01-Jul-2012
Referred By
ASTM D4716/D4716M-22 - Standard Test Method for Determining the (In-plane) Flow Rate per Unit Width and Hydraulic Transmissivity of a Geosynthetic Using a Constant Head
Effective Date
01-Jul-2012
Referred By
ASTM E2777-20 - Standard Guide for Vegetative (Green) Roof Systems
Effective Date
01-Jul-2012
Referred By
ASTM D5819-22 - Standard Guide for Selecting Test Methods for Experimental Evaluation of Geosynthetic Durability
Effective Date
01-Jul-2012

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ASTM D7361-07(2012) - Standard Test Method for Accelerated Compressive Creep of Geosynthetic Materials Based on Time-Temperature Superposition Using the Stepped Isothermal MethodASTM D7361-07(2012) - Standard Test Method for Accelerated Compressive Creep of Geosynthetic Materials Based on Time-Temperature Superposition Using the Stepped Isothermal Method
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ASTM D7361-07(2012) - Standard Test Method for Accelerated Compressive Creep of Geosynthetic Materials Based on Time-Temperature Superposition Using the Stepped Isothermal Method
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D7361 − 07 (Reapproved 2012)
Standard Test Method for
Accelerated Compressive Creep of Geosynthetic Materials
Based on Time-Temperature Superposition Using the
1
Stepped Isothermal Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7361; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D1621Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid
Cellular Plastics
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversacceleratedtestingforcompres-
D2990Test Methods forTensile, Compressive, and Flexural
sive creep properties using the Stepped Isothermal Method
Creep and Creep-Rupture of Plastics
(SIM).
D4439Terminology for Geosynthetics
1.2 The test method is focused on geosynthetic drainage
D5262Test Method for Evaluating the Unconfined Tension
materials such as HDPE geonet specimens.
Creep and Creep Rupture Behavior of Geosynthetics
D6364Test Method for Determining Short-Term Compres-
1.3 The SIM tests are laterally unconfined tests based on
time-temperature superposition procedures. sion Behavior of Geosynthetics
1.4 Ramp and Hold (R+H) tests may be completed in
3. Terminology
conjunction with SIM tests. They are designed to provide
3.1 Definitions: For definitions related to geosynthetics see
additional estimates of the initial rapid compressive creep
Terminology D4439.
strain levels appropriate for the SIM results.
3.2 Definitions:For definitions related to creep see Test
1.5 This method can be used to establish the sustained load
Methods D2990, D5262 and D4439.
compressive creep characteristics of a geosynthetic that dem-
3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
onstrates a relationship between time-dependent behavior and
3.3.1 viscoelastic response—refers to polymeric creep,
temperature. Results of this method are to be used to augment
strain, stress relaxation or a combination thereof.
results of compressive creep tests performed at 20 6 1°C and
3.3.2 compressive creep—time-dependent deformation that
may not be used as the sole basis for determination of long
occurswhenaspecimenissubjectedtoaconstantcompressive
term compressive creep behavior of geosynthetic material.
load.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3.3.3 time-temperature superposition—the practice of shift-
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
ing viscoelastic response curves obtained at different tempera-
only.
tures along a horizontal log time axis so as to achieve a master
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
curve covering an extended range of time.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.3.4 shift factor—the displacement along the log time axis
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
by which a section of the creep or creep modulus curve is
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
moved to create the master curve at the reference temperature.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Shift factors are denoted by the symbol ~ when the displace-
mentsaregenerallytoshortertimes(attenuation)orthesymbol
2. Referenced Documents
a when the displacements are generally to longer times
2 T
2.1 ASTM Standards:
(acceleration).
3.3.5 stepped isothermal method (SIM)—a method of expo-
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on sure that uses temperature steps and dwell times to accelerate
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.02 on Endur-
creep response of a material being tested under load.
ance Properties.
3.3.6 mean test temperature—the arithmetic average of all
Current edition approved July 1, 2012. Published July 2012. DOI: 10.1520/
D7361-07R12.
temperature readings of the atmosphere surrounding the test
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
specimen for a particular temperature step, starting at a time
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
not later than established temperature ramp time, and finishing
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. at a time just prior to the subsequent temperature reset.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7361 − 07 (2012)
3.3.7 offset modulus method or pointing—data analysis 6.2.6 computer data acquisition and control.
method used to normalize any prestrain in the samples by
7. Sampling
shifting the origin of a stress vs. strain curve to an axis origin
of co
...

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5.1 This test method is recommended for the evaluation of the performance of water-saturated soil-geotextile systems under unidirectional flow conditions. The results obtained may be used as an indication of the compatibility of the soil-geotextile system with respect to both particle retention and flow capacity.  
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1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
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ASTM D7747/D7747M-11(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Integrity of Seams Produced Using Thermo-Fusion Methods for Reinforced Geomembranes by the Strip Tensile Method

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4.1 The use of reinforced geomembranes as barrier materials has created a need for a standard test method to evaluate the quality of seams produced by thermo-fusion methods. This test method is used for quality control purposes and is intended to provide quality control and quality assurance personnel with data to evaluate seam quality.  
4.2 This standard arose from the need for a destructive test method for evaluating seams of reinforced geomembranes. Standards written for destructive testing of nonreinforced geomembranes do not include all break codes (Fig. 1) applicable to reinforced geomembranes.
FIG. 1 Break Codes for Dual Hot Wedge and Hot Air Seams of Reinforced Geomembranes Tested for Seam Strength in Shear and Peel Modes  
4.3 When reinforcement occurs in directions other than machine and cross-machine, scrim are cut at specimen edges, generally lowering results. To partially compensate for this, testing can be performed according to Test Method D7749 or the 2 in. wide strip specimen specified in this method can be utilized. Testing of 1 in. and 2 in. specimens is Method A and Method B, respectively.  
4.4 The shear test outlined in this method correlates to strength of parent material measured according to Test Method D7003/D7003M only if reinforcement is parallel to TD. For other materials, seam strength and parent material strength can be compared through Test Methods D7749 and D7004/D7004M. Values obtained with the strip methods shall not be compared to values obtained with grab methods.
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1.1 This test method describes destructive quality control tests used to determine the integrity of thermo-fusion seams made with reinforced geomembranes. Test procedures are described for seam tests for peel and shear properties using strip specimens.  
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1.3.3 Flexible polypropylene (fPP).  
1.3.4 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC).  
1.3.5 Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE).  
1.3.6 Ethylene interpolymer alloy (EIA).  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish ap...

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ASTM D6992-16(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Accelerated Tensile Creep and Creep-Rupture of Geosynthetic Materials Based on Time-Temperature Superposition Using the Stepped Isothermal Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Use of the Stepped Isothermal Method decreases the time required for creep to occur and the obtaining of the associated data.  
5.2 The statements set forth in 1.6 are very important in the context of significance and use, as well as scope of the standard.  
5.3 Creep test data are used to calculate the creep modulus of materials as a function of time. These data are then used to predict the long-term creep deformation expected of geosynthetics used in reinforcement applications.
Note 1: Currently, SIM testing has focused mainly on woven and knitted geogrids and woven geotextiles made from polyester, aramid, polyaramid, poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA), and polypropylene yarns and narrow strips. Additional correlation studies on other materials are needed.  
5.4 Creep-rupture test data are used to develop a regression line relating creep stress to rupture time. These results predict the long-term rupture strength expected for geosynthetics in reinforcement applications.  
5.5 Tensile testing is used to establish the ultimate tensile strength (TULT) of a material and to determine elastic stress, strain, and variations thereof for SIM tests.  
5.6 Ramp and Hold (R+H) testing is done to establish the range of creep strains experienced in the brief period of very rapid response following the peak of the load ramp.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers accelerated testing for tensile creep, and tensile creep-rupture properties using the Stepped Isothermal Method (SIM).  
1.2 The test method is focused on geosynthetic reinforcement materials such as yarns, ribs of geogrids, or narrow geotextile specimens.  
1.3 The SIM tests are laterally unconfined tests based on time-temperature superposition procedures.  
1.4 Tensile tests are to be completed before SIM tests and the results are used to determine the stress levels for subsequent SIM tests defined in terms of the percentage of Ultimate Tensile Strength (TULT). Additionally, the tensile test can be designed to provide estimates of the initial elastic strain distributions appropriate for the SIM results.  
1.5 Ramp and Hold (R+H) tests may be completed in conjunction with SIM tests. They are designed to provide additional estimates of the initial elastic and initial rapid creep strain levels appropriate for the SIM results.  
1.6 This method can be used to establish the sustained load creep and creep-rupture characteristics of a geosynthetic. Results of this method are to be used to augment results of Test Method D5262 and may not be used as the sole basis for determination of long-term creep and creep-rupture behavior of geosynthetic material.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    9 pages
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ASTM
ASTM D7106/D7106M-05(2023)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selection of Test Methods for Ethylene Propylene Diene Terpolymer (EPDM) Geomembranes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This standard provides guidance to obtain data that is the most representative of the material’s characteristics and performance. To properly evaluate EPDM, tests should be performed in accordance with specific test methods and procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers and provides recommendations for the selection of appropriate test methods for Ethylene Propylene Diene Terpolymer (EPDM) geomembranes used in geotechnical and geoenvironmental applications.  
1.2 This guide includes test methods for three different types of EPDM geomembranes including: scrim-reinforced membranes, composite membranes, and smooth, nonreinforced membranes.  
1.3 The test methods are divided into three categories including manufacturing quality control, optional performance tests, and seam testing.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    3 pages
    English language
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