ASTM E291-09

Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Caustic Soda and Caustic Potash (Sodium Hydroxide and Potassium Hydroxide)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Caustic soda and caustic potash are used in a large number of manufacturing processes. The chemicals are available in several grades depending on their intended use. The test methods listed in 1.2 provide procedures for analyzing caustic soda and caustic potash to determine if they are suitable for their intended use.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover only the analyses usually required on the following commercial products:
1.1.1 Caustic soda (sodium hydroxide), 50 and 73 % liquors; anhydrous (solid, flake, ground, or powdered), and
1.1.2 Caustic potash (potassium hydroxide), 45 % liquor; anhydrous (solid, flake, ground, or powdered).
1.2 The analytical procedures appear in the following order:
Alkalinity (Total), Titrimetric (for 50 to 100 %
NaOH and 45 to 100 % KOH) 8 to 14 Carbonate, Gas-Volumetric (0.001 g CO2, min)15 to 24 Carbonate, Gravimetric (0.001 g CO2, min)25 to 33 Chloride, Titrimetric, (0.001 g Cl−, min)34 to 40 Chloride, Potentiometric Titration (0.3 to 1.2 %)41 to 47 Chloride, Ion Selective Electrode (0.6 to 120 μg/g)48 to 55 Iron, Photometric (0.005 mg Fe, min)56 to 64 Sulfate, Gravimetric, (0.002 g SO3, min)65 to 71 Keywords72
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard with the exception of inch-pound units for apparatus descriptions.
1.4 Review the current Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for detailed information concerning toxicity, first-aid procedures, handling, and safety precautions.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 6.  
8.1 This test method covers the determination of the total alkalinity of 50 and 73 % liquid caustic soda, 45 % liquid caustic potash, and anhydrous caustic soda and caustic potash.  
15.1 This test method describes the gas-volumetric determination of sodium carbonate or potassium carbonate in caustic soda or caustic potash respectively. The lower limit of determination is 0.001 g as carbon dioxide.  
25.1 This test method covers the gravimetric determination of carbonate in caustic soda or caustic potash. The lower limit of determination is 0.001 g as carbon dioxide.  
34.1 This test method covers the volumetric determination of chloride in caustic soda or caustic potash by the Volhard test method. The lower limit of determination is 0.001 g as chloride.  
41.1 This test method was developed for the analysis of chloride in caustic soda and caustic potash. It covers the potentiometric titration of 0.3 to 1.2 % of chloride in caustic soda and caustic potash. This test method may be applied to other concentrations by using equivalent sample weights.  
49.1 This test method was developed for the analysis of chloride in caustic soda and caustic potash. It covers the ion selective electrode determination of 1 to 120 μg/g chloride in caustic soda and caustic potash. This test method may be applied to other concentrations by using equivalent sample weights.  
58.1 This test method covers the photometric determination of iron in caustic soda or caustic potash. The lower limit of determination is 0.1 μg/g as iron.  
67.1 This test method covers the gravimetric determination of sulfate present in caustic soda or caustic potash. The lower limit of determination is 0.002 g.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Mar-2009
• ICS: 71.060.40 - Bases
• Technical Committee: D16 - Aromatic, Industrial, Specialty and Related Chemicals

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E291 − 09
Standard Test Methods for
Chemical Analysis of Caustic Soda and Caustic Potash
1
(Sodium Hydroxide and Potassium Hydroxide)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E291; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard
statements are given in Section 6.
1.1 These test methods cover only the analyses usually
required on the following commercial products:
2. Referenced Documents
1.1.1 Caustic soda (sodium hydroxide), 50 and 73% li-
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
quors; anhydrous (solid, flake, ground, or powdered), and
D1193Specification for Reagent Water
1.1.2 Caustic potash (potassium hydroxide), 45% liquor;
E60Practice for Analysis of Metals, Ores, and Related
anhydrous (solid, flake, ground, or powdered).
Materials by Spectrophotometry
1.2 Theanalyticalproceduresappearinthefollowingorder:
E180Practice for Determining the Precision of ASTM
Methods for Analysis and Testing of Industrial and Spe-
Alkalinity (Total), Titrimetric (for 50 to 100 % 8 to 14
3
NaOH and 45 to 100 % KOH)
cialty Chemicals (Withdrawn 2009)
Carbonate, Gas-Volumetric (0.001 g CO , min) 15 to 24
2
E200Practice for Preparation, Standardization, and Storage
Carbonate, Gravimetric (0.001 g CO , min) 25 to 33
2
−
Chloride, Titrimetric, (0.001 g Cl , min) 34 to 40 of Standard and Reagent Solutions for ChemicalAnalysis
Chloride, Potentiometric Titration (0.3 to 1.2 %) 41 to 47
Chloride, Ion Selective Electrode (0.6 to 120 µg/g) 48 to 55 3. Significance and Use
Iron, Photometric (0.005 mg Fe, min) 56 to 64
3.1 Caustic soda and caustic potash are used in a large
Sulfate, Gravimetric, (0.002 g SO , min) 65 to 71
3
Keywords 74 number of manufacturing processes. The chemicals are avail-
ableinseveralgradesdependingontheirintendeduse.Thetest
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
methods listed in 1.2 provide procedures for analyzing caustic
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
soda and caustic potash to determine if they are suitable for
standard with the exception of inch-pound units for apparatus
their intended use.
descriptions.
1.4 Review the current Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
4. Apparatus
for detailed information concerning toxicity, first-aid
4.1 Photometers and Photometric Practice—Photometers
procedures, handling, and safety precautions.
and photometric practice used in these test methods shall
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
conform to Practice E60.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
5. Reagents
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5.1 Purity of Reagents—Unless otherwise indicated, it is
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
intended that all reagents shall conform to the specifications of
1 2
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D16 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Chemicals and are the direct responsibility of contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Subcommittee D16.15 on Industrial and Specialty General Standards. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved April 1, 2009. Published April 2009. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E291–04. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/E0291-09. www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E291 − 09
theCommitteeonAnalyticalReagentsoftheAmericanChemi- and liquid caustic potash. Liquid caustic potash at a concen-
4
cal Society, where such specifications are available. Other tration of 45% remains liquid at temperatures down to−29°C,
grades may be used, provided it is first ascertained that the and freezing or crystallization will only be encountered under
reagent is of sufficiently high purity to permit its use without severe cold weather. Caustic soda liquors are usually shipped
lessening the accuracy of the determination. in insulated tank cars at elevated temperatures, and minimum
temperatures must be maintained if unloading and sampling
5.2 Purity of Water—Unless otherwi
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E291–04 Designation: E 291 – 09
Standard Test Methods for
Chemical Analysis of Caustic Soda and Caustic Potash
1
(Sodium Hydroxide and Potassium Hydroxide)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E291; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 These test methods cover only the analyses usually required on the following commercial products:
1.1.1 Caustic soda (sodium hydroxide), 50 and 73% liquors; anhydrous (solid, flake, ground, or powdered), and
1.1.2 Caustic potash (potassium hydroxide), 45% liquor; anhydrous (solid, flake, ground, or powdered).
1.2 The analytical procedures appear in the following order:
Alkalinity (Total), Titrimetric (for 50 to 100 % 8to14
NaOH and 45 to 100 % KOH)
Carbonate, Gas-Volumetric (0.001 g CO ,min) 15to24
2
Carbonate, Gravimetric (0.001 g CO ,min) 25to33
2
−
Chloride, Titrimetric, (0.001 g Cl ,min) 34to40
Chloride, Potentiometric Titration (0.3 to 1.2 %) 41 to 47
Chloride, Ion Selective Electrode (0.6 to 120 ppm) 48 to 55
Chloride, Ion Selective Electrode (0.6 to 120 µg/g) 48 to 55
Iron, Photometric (0.005 mg Fe, min) 56 to 64
Sulfate, Gravimetric, (0.002 g SO ,min) 65to71
3
Keywords 72
1.3The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are provided for
information only.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard
with the exception of inch-pound units for apparatus descriptions.
1.4 Review the current Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for detailed information concerning toxicity, first-aid procedures,
handling, and safety precautions.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 6.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
E60 Practice for Analysis of Metals, Ores, and Related Materials for by Molecular Absorption Spectrometry
E180 PracticeforDeterminingthePrecisionofASTMMethodsforAnalysisandTestingofIndustrialandSpecialtyChemicals
E200 Practice for Preparation, Standardization, and Storage of Standard and Reagent Solutions for Chemical Analysis
3. Significance and Use
3.1 Caustic soda and caustic potash are used in a large number of manufacturing processes. The chemicals are available in
several grades depending on their intended use. The test methods listed in 1.2 provide procedures for analyzing caustic soda and
caustic potash to determine if they are suitable for their intended use.
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E15 on Industrial and Specialty Chemicals and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E15.01
on General Standards.
Current edition approved Oct.April 1, 2004.2009. Published October 2004.April 2009. Originally approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 20012004 as
E291–014.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,[e-mail] Annual Book ofASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E291–09
4. Apparatus
4.1 Photometers and Photometric Practice—Photometers and photometric practice used in these test methods shall conform to
Practice E60.
5. Reagents
5.1 Purity of Reagents—Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the
3
Committee onAnalytical Reagents of theAmerican Chemical Society, where such specifications are available. Other grades may
beused,provideditisfirstascertainedthatthereagentisofsufficientlyhighpuritytopermititsusewithoutlesseningtheaccuracy
of the determination.
5.2 Purity of Water— Unless otherwise indicated, references to water shall be u
...