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ASTM E2002-22

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Determining Image Unsharpness and Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and Radioscopy

Standard Practice for Determining Image Unsharpness and Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and Radioscopy

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The gauge is intended to provide a means for measuring image or detector unsharpness and basic spatial resolution of the image or detector as independently as practicable from the imaging system and contrast sensitivity limitations. When the duplex gauge is positioned directly on the film or the digital detector and not on the test object, then the determined unsharpness corresponds to the inherent film or detector unsharpness (Udetector) and the determined basic spatial resolution corresponds to the basic spatial detector resolution SRbdetector.
Note 1: The gauge, described in ISO 19232-5, is equivalent to this standard in the dimensions and the evaluation procedure.  
5.2 Basis of Application  
5.2.1 The following items are subject to contractual agreement between the parties using or referencing this practice.
5.2.1.1 Personnel Qualification—Personnel performing examinations to this practice shall be qualified in accordance with NAS410, EN 4179, ANSI/ASNT CP 189, ISO 9712, or SNT-TC-1A and certified by the employer or certifying agency as applicable. Other equivalent qualification documents may be used when specified on the contract or purchase order. The applicable revision shall be the latest unless otherwise specified in the contractual agreement between parties.
5.2.1.2 If specified in the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualified and evaluated as described in Specification E543. The applicable edition of Specification E543 shall be specified in the contract.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the design and basic use of a gauge used to determine the image unsharpness and the basic spatial resolution of film radiographs or of digital images taken with CR imaging plates, digital detector arrays, or radioscopic systems.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to radiographic and radioscopic imaging systems utilizing X-ray and gamma ray radiation sources.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 The gauge described can be used effectively with tube voltages up to 600 kV.  
1.5 When using source voltages in the megavolt range, the results may not be completely satisfactory. The gauge may be used in the MV range, preferably for characterization of detectors without object.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Jan-2022
ICS
17.180.01 - Optics and optical measurements in general
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.01 - Radiology (X and Gamma) Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM E2002-22 - Standard Practice for Determining Image Unsharpness and Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and RadioscopyASTM E2002-22 - Standard Practice for Determining Image Unsharpness and Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and Radioscopy
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REDLINE ASTM E2002-22 - Standard Practice for Determining Image Unsharpness and Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and RadioscopyREDLINE ASTM E2002-22 - Standard Practice for Determining Image Unsharpness and Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and Radioscopy
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2002 − 22
Standard Practice for
Determining Image Unsharpness and Basic Spatial
1
Resolution in Radiography and Radioscopy
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2002; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This practice covers the design and basic use of a gauge
E543 Specification forAgencies Performing Nondestructive
used to determine the image unsharpness and the basic spatial
Testing
resolution of film radiographs or of digital images taken with
E747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Group-
CR imaging plates, digital detector arrays, or radioscopic
ing Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
systems.
Used for Radiology
1.2 This practice is applicable to radiographic and radio-
E1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material
scopic imaging systems utilizing X-ray and gamma ray radia-
Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality In-
tion sources.
dicators (IQI) Used for Radiography
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
E1815 Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for
as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
Industrial Radiography
standard.
3
2.2 ISO Standards
1.4 The gauge described can be used effectively with tube
ISO 9712 Non-Destructive Testing—Qualification and Cer-
voltages up to 600 kV.
tification Of NDT Personnel
1.5 When using source voltages in the megavolt range, the
ISO 19232–5 Non-destructive Testing—Image Quality of
results may not be completely satisfactory. The gauge may be
Radiographs—Part 5: Determination of Image Unsharp-
used in the MV range, preferably for characterization of
ness Value Using Duplex Wire Type Image Quality
detectors without object.
Indicators
ISO/IEC 17050–1 Conformity Assessment—Supplier’s
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Declaration of Conformity—Part 1: General Require-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ments
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
2.3 CEN Standards:
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. EN-462-5:1996 Nondestructive Testing—Image Quality of
Radiographs—Part 5: Image Quality Indicators (Duplex
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
Wire Type)—Determination of Total Image Unsharpness
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
5
Value
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
1 3
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde- Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Central Secretariat Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva,
Radiology (X and Gamma) Method. Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
4
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2022. Published March 2022. Originally Available from British Standards Institute (BSI), 389 Chiswick High Rd.,
approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as E2002 – 15. DOI: London W4 4AL, U.K., http://www.bsi-global.com.
5
10.1520/E2002-22. Not an active standard, but still used as a reference in companies’procedures.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2002 − 22
EN 4179 Aerospace Series — Qualification andApproval of 3.2.5 duplex wire type image quality indicator—duplexwire
Personnel for Non-destructive Testing type IQI image quality indicator specifically designed to assess
6
the image unsharpness and basic spatial image resolution of a
2.4 ANSI/ASNT Standards:
radiograph or a digital image and composed of a series of pairs
ANSI/ASNT CP 189 Standard for Qualification and Certifi-
of wire elements made of high density metal.
cation of Nondestructiv
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2002 − 15 E2002 − 22
Standard Practice for
Determining Total Image Unsharpness and Basic Spatial
1
Resolution in Radiography and Radioscopy
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2002; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers the design and basic use of a gauge used to determine the total image unsharpness and the basic spatial
resolution of film radiographs or of digital images taken with CR imaging plates, digital detector arrays, or radioscopic systems.
1.2 This practice is applicable to radiographic and radioscopic imaging systems utilizing X-ray and gamma ray radiation sources.
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
1.4 The gauge described can be used effectively with tube voltages up to 600 kV. When using source voltages in the megavolt
range the results may not be completely satisfactory.
1.5 When using source voltages in the megavolt range, the results may not be completely satisfactory. The gauge may be used
in the MV range, preferably for characterization of detectors without object.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
E747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for
Radiology
E1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
Used for Radiography
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Radiology (X and
Gamma) Method.
Current edition approved July 1, 2015Feb. 1, 2022. Published September 2015March 2022. Originally approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 20092015 as
E2002 - 98 (2009).E2002 – 15. DOI: 10.1520/E2002-15.10.1520/E2002-22.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2002 − 22
E1815 Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for Industrial Radiography
3
2.2 ISO Standards
ISO 19232–19712 Non-destructive Testing—Image Quality of Radiographs—Part 1: Image Quality Indicators (Wire Type)—
Determination of Image Quality ValueNon-Destructive Testing—Qualification and Certification Of NDT Personnel
ISO 19232–2 Non-destructive Testing—Image Quality of Radiographs—Part 2: Image Quality Indicators (Step/Hole Type)—
Determination of Image Quality Value
ISO 19232–5 Non-destructive Testing—Image Quality of Radiographs—Part 5: Determination of Image Unsharpness Value
Using Duplex Wire Type Image Quality Indicators
ISO/IEC 17050–1 Conformity Assessment—Supplier’s Declaration of Conformity—Part 1: General Requirements
4
2.3 CEN Standard:Standards:
EN-462-5:1996 Nondestructive Testing—Image Quality of Radiographs—Part 5: Image Quality Indicators (Duplex Wire
5
Type)—Determination of Total Image Unsharpness Value
EN 4179 Aerospace Series — Qualification and Approval of Personnel for Non-destructive Testing
6
2.4 ANSI/ASNT Standards:
ANSI/ASNT CP 189 Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
SNT-TC-1A Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestr
...

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4.1.3 Some material specifications require the use of additional test methods not described herein; in such cases, the required test method is described in that material specification or by reference to another appropriate test method standard.  
4.2 These test methods are also suitable to be used for testing of steel, stainless steel and related alloy materials for other purposes, such as incoming material acceptance testing by the purchaser or evaluation of components after service exposure.  
4.2.1 As with any mechanical testing, deviations from either specification limits or expected as-manufactured properties can occur for valid reasons besides deficiency of the original as-fabricated product. These reasons include, but are not limited to: subsequent service degradation from environmental exposure (for example, temperature, corrosion); static or cyclic service stress effects, mechanically-induced damage, material inhomogeneity, anisotropic structure, natural aging of select alloys, further processing not included in the specification, sampling limitations, and measuring equipment calibration uncertainty. There is statistical variation in all aspects of mechanical testin...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods2 cover procedures and definitions for the mechanical testing of steels, stainless steels, and related alloys. The various mechanical tests herein described are used to determine properties required in the product specifications. Variations in testing methods are to be avoided, and standard methods of testing are to be followed to obtain reproducible and comparable results. In those cases in which the testing requirements for certain products are unique or at variance with these general procedures, the product specification testing requirements shall control.  
1.2 The following mechanical tests are described:    
Sections  
Tension  
7 to 14  
Bend  
15  
Hardness  
16  
Brinell  
17  
Rockwell  
18  
Portable  
19  
Impact  
20 to 30  
Keywords  
32  
1.3 Annexes covering details peculiar to certain products are appended to these test methods as follows:    
Annex  
Bar Products  
Annex A1  
Tubular Products  
Annex A2  
Fasteners  
Annex A3  
Round Wire Products  
Annex A4  
Significance of Notched-Bar Impact Testing  
Annex A5  
Converting Percentage Elongation of Round Specimens to
Equivalents for Flat Specimens  
Annex A6    
Testing Multi-Wire Strand  
Annex A7  
Rounding of Test Data  
Annex A8  
Methods for Testing Steel Reinforcing Bars  
Annex A9  
Procedure for Use and Control of Heat-cycle Simulation  
Annex A10  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 When these test methods are referenced in a metric product specification, the yield and tensile values may be determined in inch-pound (ksi) units then converted into SI (MPa) units. The elongation determined in inch-pound gauge lengths of 2 in. or 8 in. may be report...

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ASTM
ASTM F3565-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Electrofusion Joining Polyethylene (PE) Pipe and Fittings for Pressure Pipe Service

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Using the procedures and apparatus in Sections 8 and 9 and the manufacturer's instructions, pressure-tight joints as strong as the pipe itself can be made between manufacturer-recommended combinations of pipe and fittings. See Specification F1055 for performance requirements of polyethylene electrofusion fittings.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for making joints suitable for pressure service with polyethylene (PE) pipe and fittings by means of electrofusion joining techniques in, but not limited to, a field environment. Other suitable electrofusion joining procedures are available from various sources including fitting manufacturers. This standard does not purport to address all possible electrofusion joining procedures, or to preclude the use of qualified procedures developed by other parties that have been proven to produce reliable electrofusion joints. (Note 1)
Note 1: Reference to the manufacturer in this practice refers to the electrofusion fitting manufacturer.  
1.2 The parameters and procedure are applicable only to joining polyethylene pipe and fittings (Note 2) which are intended for PE fuel gas pipe per Specification D2513 and PE potable water, sewer and industrial pipe manufactured per Specification F714, Specification D3035, Specification F2619, and AWWA C901 and C906.
Note 2: Commercially available materials classified with a thermoplastic pipe material designation code beginning with PE 14, PE 23, PE 24, PE 27, PE 33, PE 34, PE 36, and PE 46, and PE 47 in accordance with Specification D3350 and Terminology F412 are generally acceptable for electrofusion joining using this practice. Consult with the pipe or fitting manufacturer for specific compatibility information.  
1.3 Parts that are within the dimensional tolerances given in present ASTM specifications are required to produce sound joints between polyethylene pipe and fittings when using the joining techniques described in this practice.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 The text of this practice references notes, footnotes, and appendices which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the practice.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5141-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Filtering Efficiency and Flow Rate of the Filtration Component of a Sediment Retention Device

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to determine the filtering efficiency and flow rate of the filtration component of a sediment retention device, such as a silt fence, a silt barrier, or a silt curtain, for specific soil tested.  
5.2 This test method may be used for the design of the filtration component of a sediment retention device to meet requirements of regulatory agencies in filtering efficiency or flow rate for the specific soil tested.  
5.2.1 The designer can use this test method to determine the spacing between sediment retention devices.  
5.3 This test method is intended for performance evaluation, as the results will depend on the specific soil evaluated. Unless testing with the default soil is desired, it is recommended that the user or representative perform the test to pre-approve products, as sediment retention device manufacturers are not typically equipped to handle or test soil requirements.  
5.4 This test method provides a means of evaluating the filtration component of sediment retention devices with different soils under various conditions that simulate the conditions that exist in a sediment retention device installation. This test method may be used to simulate several storm events on the same sediment retention device specimen. Therefore, the number of times this test is repeated per specimen is dependent upon the user and the site conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the filtering efficiency and the flow rate of the filtration component of a sediment retention device, such as a silt fence, silt barrier, or inlet protector.  
1.1.1 The results are shown as a percentage for filtering efficiency and cubic metres per square metre per minute (m3/m2/min) or gallons per square foot per minute (gal/ft2/min) for flow rate.  
1.1.2 The filtering efficiency indicates the percent of sediment removed from sediment-laden water.  
1.1.3 The flow rate is the average rate of passage of the sediment-laden water through the filtration component of a sediment retention device.  
1.2 This test method requires several specialized pieces of equipment, such as an integrated water sampler and an analytical balance, or a vacuum filtration system. At the client’s discretion, the test soil is either a site-specific soil or a soil that is representative of a target default gradation.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are the standard, while the inch-pound units are provided for information. The values expressed in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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