ASTM D1366-86(2019)

Standard Practice for Reporting Particle Size Characteristics of Pigments

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is of value (1) to the producer of fine particles as a means of reporting particle characteristics with respect to quality control and (2) to the buyer to assure that the particle size and particle size distribution meet his requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice for reporting the fineness characteristics of pigments is designed to apply in most cases where well-known methods for determining these particle size characteristics in the subsieve range are employed, such as microscopic, sedimentation, and turbidimetric methods; and partially to absorption and permeability methods.  
1.2 Laminar, plate-like pigments and composite pigments having a definite bimodal distribution are not considered within the scope of this practice.  
1.3 Parameters—The fineness characteristics are reported in the following three parameters:  
1.3.1 Particle Size Parameter.  
1.3.2 Coarseness Parameter—A parameter descriptive of the coarseness character of the pigment, making use of a limiting value in the subsieve range similar to that used in the sieve ranges.  
1.3.3 Dispersion Parameter—A parameter descriptive of the uniformity of the particle size distribution.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Sep-2019
• ICS: 19.120 - Particle size analysis. Sieving
• Technical Committee: D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Drafting Committee: D01.31 - Pigment Specifications

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D1366-86(2012) - Standard Practice for Reporting Particle Size Characteristics of Pigments
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2019
• Referred By: ASTM D1199-86(2020) - Standard Specification for Calcium Carbonate Pigments
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2019
• Referred By: ASTM D4288-02(2019) - Standard Specification for Calcium Borosilicate Pigments
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2019
• Referred By: ASTM D1648-86(2020) - Standard Specification for Basic Lead Silicochromate Pigment
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2019

Overview

ASTM D1366-86(2019) - Standard Practice for Reporting Particle Size Characteristics of Pigments provides a comprehensive framework for reporting fineness characteristics of pigments used in industrial and commercial applications. Developed by ASTM International, this standard aims to establish consistent methodologies for presenting particle size data, primarily in the subsieve range. It is crucial for both pigment producers involved in quality control and buyers who need to ensure that pigment particle size and distribution meet their specific requirements.

Key Topics

• Scope and Applicability:

  • Pertains to pigments where well-established particle size determination methods apply, such as microscopic, sedimentation, and turbidimetric methods.
  • Excludes laminar, plate-like pigments and composites with definite bimodal distributions.

• Parameters Reported:

  • Particle Size Parameter: Describes the characteristic particle diameter, based on specific surface measurements.
  • Coarseness Parameter (CP): Indicates the diameter below which 99.5% of the pigment particles fall, reflecting the presence of coarse particles.
  • Dispersion Parameter (DP): Assesses the uniformity of the particle size distribution, the ratio of the size range within which the central 50% of particles lie to the specific surface diameter.

• Analytical Methods:

  • Supports microscopic, sedimentation, and turbidimetric techniques for particle size analysis.
  • Absorption and permeability methods are partly addressed, used for surface area evaluation when distribution curves are not feasible.

• Reporting Requirements:

  • Data must be clearly tabulated and, where possible, presented in size distribution curves to accurately represent particle characteristics.

• Safety Statement:

  • Users are responsible for following appropriate health, safety, and environmental protocols when applying this standard.

Applications

ASTM D1366-86(2019) is widely used across industries involved in pigment production, such as:

• Quality Control:

  • Producers use the standard to ensure batch-to-batch consistency and compliance with particle size specifications.
  • Enables comparison of pigment batches based on clearly defined parameters, supporting process optimization.

• Procurement and Specification Compliance:

  • Buyers use this practice to verify that purchased pigments conform to defined particle size and distribution criteria.
  • Facilitates transparent communication between suppliers and buyers on pigment quality.

• Research and Development:

  • Provides a uniform approach for scientists and engineers developing new pigment materials to characterize and report their products.

• Regulatory and Export Documentation:

  • Accepted by organizations and agencies for regulatory filings and international trade documentation, ensuring data consistency.

Related Standards

For broader context and supplementary guidance, consult the following related standards:

• ASTM E20 (Withdrawn): Practice for Particle Size Analysis of Particulate Substances by Optical Microscopy.
• Other ASTM Pigment Standards:
  • For specifications and test methods related to color, chemical composition, and physical properties.
• ISO Particle Size Distribution Standards:
  • For international harmonization of particle size reporting.
• World Trade Organization (WTO) TBT Committee Principles:
  • Underpins the global acceptance of ASTM D1366 as an internationally recognized standard.

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Keywords: ASTM D1366, pigment particle size, particle size distribution, coarseness parameter, dispersion parameter, sedimentation method, microscopic method, turbidimetric analysis, paint pigments, ASTM standards, pigment quality control.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D1366 − 86 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Practice for
Reporting Particle Size Characteristics of Pigments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1366; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This practice for reporting the fineness characteristics of
E20 Practice for Particle Size Analysis of Particulate Sub-
pigments is designed to apply in most cases where well-known
stances in the Range of 0.2 to 75 Micrometres by Optical
methods for determining these particle size characteristics in
the subsieve range are employed, such as microscopic, Microscopy (Withdrawn 1994)
sedimentation, and turbidimetric methods; and partially to
3. Terminology
absorption and permeability methods.
3.1 Definitions:
1.2 Laminar, plate-like pigments and composite pigments
3.1.1 particle size parameter (specific surface diameter,
havingadefinitebimodaldistributionarenotconsideredwithin
SSD),n—diameter d used elsewhere in ASTM test methods.
the scope of this practice.
This parameter is the same as that frequently reported as
1.3 Parameters—Thefinenesscharacteristicsarereportedin
“Average Particle Size by Surface Mean,” and “Specific
the following three parameters: Particle Size,” and is defined as follows:
1.3.1 Particle Size Parameter.
3 2
SSD 5 d f/ d f (1)
( (
1.3.2 Coarseness Parameter—A parameter descriptive of
where:
the coarseness character of the pigment, making use of a
limiting value in the subsieve range similar to that used in the
SSD = specific surface diameter, µm,
d = mean class size, µm, and
sieve ranges.
f = frequency.
1.3.3 Dispersion Parameter—A parameter descriptive of
the uniformity of the particle size distribution.
Therefore the SSD is the diameter of a sphere having the
specific surface characteristic of the pigment. The true specific
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
surface of all pigments involves a shape factor. Report SSD
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
whether or not the effect of shape has been considered in the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
calculations. Presumably, as the effect of shape is better
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
understood, it will figure more and more in calculations
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
involving particle size, but in the meantime it will of necessity
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
be ignored in many cases.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.1.2 coarseness parameter (CP), n—that diameter, ex-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- pressed in micrometres, below which 99.5 % of the pigment
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
falls.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.1.3 dispersion parameter (DP), n—the ratio of the mi-
crometre size within which 50 % of the pigment lies, to the
1 2
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Subcommittee D01.31 on Pigment Specifications. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2019. Published October 2019. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D1366 – 86 (2012). The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
DOI: 10.1520/D1366-86R19. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D1366 − 86 (2019)
TABLE 2 Example of Data Sheet for Sedimentation Method
specific surface diameter, SSD. The larger the DP number, the
greater the dispersion parameter and the lower the uniformity. Class Size
Diameter Class Size Limits
Weight %, Cumulative
Diameter, d f
Reportthedispersionparameterinallcaseswhenadistribution
d f Weight, %
Lower Upper
d,µm
curve can be prepared from the original data. The dispersion
0.0 0.5 0.25 11.0 44.00 11.0
parameter cannot be calculated from data obtained by absorp-
0.5 1.0 0.75 10.0 13.33 21.0
1.0 1.5 1.25 10.0 8.00 31.0
tion or permeability methods. Determine as follows:
1.5 2.0 1.75 9.0 5.14 40.0
3.1.3.1 Prepare a cumulative-size distribution curve on
2.0 3.0 2.50 15.0 6.00 55.0
3-phase log paper, using the vertical axis for the percent falling
3.0 4.0 3.50 9.5 2.71 64.5
below the size indicated, and the horizontal axis (log scale) for 4.0 5.0 4.50 8.5 1.89 73.0
5.0 7.5 6.25 12.5 2.00 85.5
diameter in micrometres. Use the upper class limit correspond-
7.5 10.0 8.75 8.0 0.91 93.5
ing to the cumulative weight percentage. Subtract the mi-
10.0 15.0 12.50 5.3 0.42 98.8
15.0 20.0 17.50 1.2 0.07 100.0
crometre size at 25 % cumulative weight from the micrometre
20.0 30.0 25.00 0.0 0.00
size at 75 %, and multiply the difference by 100 ÷ SSD,as
Totals 100.0 84.47
follows:
DP 5 ~µmat75%2µmat25%!/~SSD! 3100 (2)
5.3 Particle Size by Turbidimetric Methods—Like the sedi-
4. Significance and Use
mentation method, the turbidimetric methods provide class
4.1 This practice is of value (1) to the producer of fine sizes and a percentage by weight for each
...