iTeh StandardsiTeh Standards
EURUSD
Your shopping cart is empty.
ASTM

ASTM F2213-06(2011)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Magnetically Induced Torque on Medical Devices in the Magnetic Resonance Environment

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Magnetically Induced Torque on Medical Devices in the Magnetic Resonance Environment

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is one of those required to determine if the presence of a medical device may cause injury during a magnetic resonance examination and in the magnetic resonance environment. Other safety issues which should be addressed include but may not be limited to magnetically induced force (see Test Method F2052) and RF heating (see Test Method F2182). The terms and icons in Practice F2503 should be used to mark the device for safety in the magnetic resonance environment.
If the maximal torque is less than the product of the longest dimension of the medical device and its weight, then the magnetically induced deflection torque is less than the worst case torque on the device due to gravity. For this condition, it is assumed that any risk imposed by the application of the magnetically induced torque is no greater than any risk imposed by normal daily activity in the Earth's gravitational field. This is conservative; it is possible that greater torques would not pose a hazard to the patient.
This test method alone is not sufficient for determining if an implant is safe in the MR environment.
The sensitivity of the torque measurement apparatus must be greater than 1/10 the “gravity torque,” the product of device weight and the largest linear dimension.
The torque considered here is the magneto-static torque due to the interaction of the MRI static magnetic field with the magnetization in the implant. The dynamic torque due to interaction of the static field with eddy currents induced in a rotating device is not addressed in this test method. Currents in lead wires may induce a torque as well.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the magnetically induced torque produced by the static magnetic field in the magnetic resonance environment on medical devices and the comparison of that torque to the equivalent torque applied by the gravitational force to the implant.
1.2 This test method does not address other possible safety issues which include but are not limited to issues of magnetically induced force due to spatial gradients in the static magnetic field, RF heating, induced heating, acoustic noise, interaction among devices, and the functionality of the device and the MR system.
1.3 The torque considered here is the magneto-static torque due to the interaction of the MRI static magnetic field with the magnetization in the implant. The dynamic torque due to interaction of the static field with eddy currents induced in a rotating device is not addressed in this test method. Currents in lead wires may induce a torque as well.
1.4 The sensitivity of the torque measurement apparatus must be greater than 1/10 the “gravity torque,” the product of the device's maximum linear dimension and its weight.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2011
ICS
17.220.20 - Measurement of electrical and magnetic quantities
Technical Committee
F04 - Medical and Surgical Materials and Devices
Drafting Committee
F04.15 - Material Test Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM F2213-06 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Magnetically Induced Torque on Medical Devices in the Magnetic Resonance Environment
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011
Replaced By
ASTM F2213-17 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Magnetically Induced Torque on Medical Devices in the Magnetic Resonance Environment
Effective Date
01-Sep-2017
Referred By
ASTM F1831-17 - Standard Specification for Cranial Traction Tongs and Halo External Spinal Immobilization Devices
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011
Referred By
ASTM F2182-19e2 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Radio Frequency Induced Heating On or Near Passive Implants During Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011
Referred By
ASTM F3395/F3395M-19 - Standard Specification for Neurosurgical Head Holder Devices
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011
Referred By
ASTM F2052-21 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Magnetically Induced Displacement Force on Medical Devices in the Magnetic Resonance Environment
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011
Referred By
ASTM F2503-23 - Standard Practice for Marking Medical Devices and Other Items for Safety in the Magnetic Resonance Environment
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011
Referred By
ASTM F3160-21 - Standard Guide for Metallurgical Characterization of Absorbable Metallic Materials for Medical Implants
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011

Buy Standard

ASTM F2213-06(2011) - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Magnetically Induced Torque on Medical Devices in the Magnetic Resonance EnvironmentASTM F2213-06(2011) - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Magnetically Induced Torque on Medical Devices in the Magnetic Resonance Environment
PreviousNext
Standard
ASTM F2213-06(2011) - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Magnetically Induced Torque on Medical Devices in the Magnetic Resonance Environment
English language
8 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: F2213 − 06 (Reapproved 2011)
Standard Test Method for
Measurement of Magnetically Induced Torque on Medical
1
Devices in the Magnetic Resonance Environment
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2213; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the mag- 2.1 ASTM Standards:
netically induced torque produced by the static magnetic field F2052Test Method for Measurement of Magnetically In-
inthemagneticresonanceenvironmentonmedicaldevicesand duced Displacement Force on Medical Devices in the
the comparison of that torque to the equivalent torque applied Magnetic Resonance Environment
by the gravitational force to the implant. F2119Test Method for Evaluation of MR Image Artifacts
from Passive Implants
1.2 This test method does not address other possible safety
F2182Test Method for Measurement of Radio Frequency
issues which include but are not limited to issues of magneti-
Induced Heating On or Near Passive Implants During
cally induced force due to spatial gradients in the static
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
magnetic field, RF heating, induced heating, acoustic noise,
F2503Practice for Marking Medical Devices and Other
interaction among devices, and the functionality of the device
Items for Safety in the Magnetic Resonance Environment
and the MR system.
2.2 Other Standards:
1.3 The torque considered here is the magneto-static torque
IEC 60601-2-33Ed. 2.0 Medical Electrical Equipment—
due to the interaction of the MRI static magnetic field with the
Part2:ParticularRequirementsfortheSafetyofMagnetic
3
magnetization in the implant. The dynamic torque due to
Resonance Equipment for Medical Diagnosis, 2002
interaction of the static field with eddy currents induced in a
ISO 13485:2003(E) Medical Devices—Quality Manage-
rotatingdeviceisnotaddressedinthistestmethod.Currentsin
ment Systems—Requirements for Regulatory Purposes,
3
lead wires may induce a torque as well.
definition 3.7
1.4 The sensitivity of the torque measurement apparatus
3. Terminology
1
mustbegreaterthan ⁄10the“gravitytorque,”theproductofthe
3.1 Definitions—For the purposes of this test method, the
device’s maximum linear dimension and its weight.
definitions in 3.1.1 – 3.1.18 shall apply:
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.1.1 diamagnetic material—a material whose relative per-
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
meability is less than unity.
standard.
3.1.2 ferromagnetic material—a material whose magnetic
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
moments are ordered and parallel producing magnetization in
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
one direction.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.3 magnetic induction or magnetic flux density (B in
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
T)—that magnetic vector quantity which at any point in a
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
magnetic field is measured either by the mechanical force
1 2
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeF04onMedical For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
andSurgicalMaterialsandDevicesandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommittee contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
F04.15 on Material Test Methods. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011. Published October 2011. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as F2213–06. DOI: Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
10.1520/F2213-06R11. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F2213 − 06 (2011)
experiencedbyanelementofelectriccurrentatthepoint,orby article, intended by the manufacturer to be used, alone or in
the electromotive force induced in an elementary loop during combination, for human beings for one or more of the specific
any change in flux linkages with the loop at the point. The purpose(s) of:
magnetic induction is frequently referred to as the magnetic
(1) diagnosis, prevention, monitoring, treatment, or allevia-
tion of disease,
field. B isthestaticfieldinanMRsystem.Plaintypeindicates
0
(2) diagnosis, monitoring, treatment, alleviation of, or com-
a scalar (
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.

This May Also Interest You

ASTM
ASTM F2213-17(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Magnetically Induced Torque on Medical Devices in the Magnetic Resonance Environment

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is one of those required to determine if the presence of a medical device may cause injury in the magnetic resonance environment. Other safety issues which should be addressed include but may not be limited to magnetically induced force (see Test Method F2052), RF heating (see Test Method F2182), and image artifact (see Test Method F2119). ISO TS 10974 addresses hazards produced by active implantable medical devices in the MR Environment.  
5.2 The terms MR Conditional, MR Safe, and MR Unsafe together with the corresponding icons in Practice F2503 shall be used to mark the device for safety in the MR environment.  
5.3 The acceptance criterion associated with this test shall be justified. If the maximum magnetically induced torque is less than the product of the longest dimension of the medical device and its weight, then the magnetically induced torque is less than the worst case torque on the device due to gravity. For this condition, it is assumed that any risk imposed by the application of the magnetically induced torque is no greater than any risk imposed by normal daily activity in the Earth's gravitational field. This is conservative. It is possible that greater torques also would not pose a hazard. (For example, device position with respect to adjacent tissue, tissue ingrowth, or other mechanisms may act to prevent device movement or forces produced by a magnetically induced torque that are greater than the torque due to gravity from causing harm to adjacent tissue.)  
5.4 This test method alone is not sufficient for determining if an implant is safe in the MR environment.  
5.5 The magnetically induced torque considered in this standard is the magneto-static torque due to the interaction of the MRI static magnetic field with the magnetization in the implant. The dynamic torque due to interaction of the static field with eddy currents induced in a rotating device is not addressed in this test method. Currents in lead wires may induce...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the magnetically induced torque produced by the static magnetic field in the magnetic resonance environment on medical devices and the comparison of that torque a user-specified acceptance criterion.  
1.2 This test method does not address other possible safety issues which may include, but are not limited to, magnetically induced deflection force, tissue heating, device malfunction, imaging artifacts, acoustic noise, interaction among devices, and the functionality of the device and the MR system.  
1.3 The torque considered here is the magneto-static torque due to the interaction of the MRI static magnetic field with the magnetization of the implant. The dynamic torque due to interaction of the static field with eddy currents induced in a rotating device is not addressed in this test method. Torque induced by currents in lead wires is not addressed by this standard.  
1.4 The methods in this standard are applicable for MR systems with a horizontal magnetic field. Not all of the methods described in this standard are applicable for use in an MR system with a vertical magnetic field. The Suspension Method and the Low Friction Surface Method require gravity to be orthogonal to the magnetically induced torsion and may not be performed using a vertical magnetic field. The Torsional Spring and Pulley Methods can be adapted to work in a vertical magnetic field, however the example apparatus are not appropriate for use in a vertical magnetic field. The Calculation Based on Measured Displacement Force Method is independent of the MR system and thus could be used for an MR system with a vertical magnetic field.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the u...

  • Standard
    12 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    12 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM G59-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Conducting Potentiodynamic Polarization Resistance Measurements

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method can be utilized to verify the performance of polarization resistance measurement equipment including reference electrodes, electrochemical cells, potentiost- ats, scan generators, and measuring and recording devices. The test method is also useful for training operators in sample preparation and experimental techniques for polarization resistance measurements.  
3.2 Polarization resistance can be related to the rate of general corrosion for metals at or near their corrosion potential, Ecorr. Polarization resistance measurements are an accurate and rapid way to measure the general corrosion rate. Real-time corrosion monitoring is a common application. The technique can also be used as a way to rank alloys, inhibitors, and so forth in order of resistance to general corrosion.  
3.3 In this test method, a small potential scan, ΔE(t), defined with respect to the corrosion potential (ΔE = E – Ecorr), is applied to a metal sample. The resultant currents are recorded. The polarization resistance, RP, of a corroding electrode is defined from Eq 1 as the slope of a potential versus current density plot at i = 0 (1-4):3
The current density is given by i. The corrosion current density, icorr, is related to the polarization resistance by the Stern-Geary coefficient, B. (3),
The dimension of Rp is ohm-cm2, icorr is muA/cm2, and B is in V. The Stern-Geary coefficient is related to the anodic, ba, and cathodic, bc, Tafel slopes in accordance with Eq 3.
The units of the Tafel slopes are V. The corrosion rate, CR, in mm per year can be determined from Eq 4 in which EW is the equivalent weight of the corroding species in grams and ρ is the density of the corroding material in g/cm3.
Refer to Practice G102 for derivations of the above equations and methods for estimating Tafel slopes.  
3.4 The test method may not be appropriate to measure polarization resistance on all materials or in all environments. See 8.2 for a discussi...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an experimental procedure for polarization resistance measurements which can be used for the calibration of equipment and verification of experimental technique. The test method can provide reproducible corrosion potentials and potentiodynamic polarization resistance measurements.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM A927/A927M-18(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Alternating-Current Magnetic Properties of Toroidal Core Specimens Using the Voltmeter-Ammeter-Wattmeter Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method is a derivative of Test Method A697/A697M specifically designed for testing of toroidal cores which are not covered in Test Method A697/A697M and for testing at magnetic flux densities above the knee of the magnetization curve.  
3.2 Specimen size typically ranges from 1 in. to 1.25 in. [25.4 mm to 31.8 mm] in inside diameter to 1.5 in. [38.1 mm] in outside diameter with weights ranging from 30 g to 60 g. Provided the test equipment is suitably chosen, there is no obvious limit to the overall size of core that can be tested. If basic material properties are desired, then the requirements of 5.1 must be observed.  
3.3 The reproducibility and repeatability of this test method are such that this test method is suitable for design, specification acceptance, service evaluation, and research and development.  
3.4 When testing under sinusoidal flux conditions at magnetic flux densities approaching saturation, highly peaked magnetizing waveforms will be present, and the test instruments used must have crest factor capabilities of at least 3; otherwise erroneous results will be obtained.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of several ac magnetic properties of either laminated ring or toroidal tape wound cores made from flat rolled product.  
1.2 This test method covers test equipment and procedures for determination of specific core loss, specific exciting power, and peak permeability for power and audio frequencies (50 Hz to 20 000 Hz) under sinusoidal flux conditions.  
1.3 This test method, because of the use of a feedback-controlled power amplifier, is well suited for determination of ac magnetic properties at magnetic flux densities above the knee of the magnetization curve and is particularly useful for testing of high-saturation iron-cobalt alloys (for example, alloys listed in Specification A801), although use of this test method is not restricted to a particular type of material.  
1.4 This test method shall be used in conjunction with Practice A34/A34M and Terminology A340.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D7449/D7449M-22a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring Relative Complex Permittivity and Relative Magnetic Permeability of Solid Materials at Microwave Frequencies Using Coaxial Air Line

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Design calculations for radio frequency (RF), microwave, and millimetre-wave components require the knowledge of values of complex permittivity and permeability at operating frequencies. This test method is useful for evaluating small experimental batch or continuous production materials used in electromagnetic applications. Use this method to determine complex permittivity only (in non-magnetic materials), or both complex permittivity and permeability simultaneously.  
5.2 Relative complex permittivity (relative complex dielectric constant), , is the proportionality factor that relates the electric field to the electric flux density, and which depends on intrinsic material properties such as molecular polarizability, charge mobility, and so forth:
   where:
  ε0  =  permittivity of free space           =  electric flux density vector, and           =  electric field vector.  
Note 1: In common usage the word “relative” is frequently dropped. The real part of complex relative permittivity ( ) is often referred to as simply relative permittivity, permittivity, or dielectric constant. The imaginary part of complex relative permittivity ( ) is often referred to as the loss factor. In anisotropic media, permittivity is described by a three dimensional tensor.
Note 2: For the purposes of this test method, the media is considered to be isotropic and, therefore, permittivity is a single complex number at each frequency.  
5.3 Relative complex permeability, , is the proportionality factor that relates the magnetic flux density to the magnetic field, and which depends on intrinsic material properties such as magnetic moment, domain magnetization, and so forth:
   where:
  μ0  =  permeability of free space,           =  magnetic flux density vector, and           =  magnetic field vector.  
Note 3: In common usage the word “relative” is frequently dropped. The real part of complex relative permeability ( ) is often referred to as relative perme...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining relative complex permittivity (relative dielectric constant and loss) and relative magnetic permeability of isotropic, reciprocal (non-gyromagnetic) solid materials. If the material is nonmagnetic, it is acceptable to use this procedure to measure permittivity only.  
1.2 This measurement method is valid over a frequency range of approximately 1 GHz to over 20 GHz. These limits are not exact and depend on the size of the specimen, the size of coaxial air line used as a specimen holder, and on the applicable frequency range of the network analyzer used to make measurements. The size of specimen dimension is limited by test frequency, intrinsic specimen electromagnetism properties, and the request of algorithm. For a given air line size, the upper frequency is also limited by the onset of higher order modes that invalidate the dominant-mode transmission line model and the lower frequency is limited by the smallest measurable phase shift through a specimen. Being a non-resonant method, the selection of any number of discrete measurement frequencies in a measurement band would be suitable. The coaxial fixture is preferred over rectangular waveguide fixtures when broadband data are desired with a single sample or when only small sample volumes are available, particularly for lower frequency measurements.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units of in inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems is likely to result in non conformance with the standard. The equations shown here assume an e+jωt harmonic time convention.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to ...

  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E2884-22(Guide)
Standard Guide for Eddy Current Testing of Electrically Conducting Materials Using Conformable Sensor Arrays

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Eddy current methods are used for nondestructively locating and characterizing discontinuities and geometric property variations in magnetic or nonmagnetic electrically conducting materials. Conformable eddy current sensor arrays permit examination of planar and non-planar materials but usually require suitable fixtures to hold the sensor array near the surface of the material of interest, such as a layer of foam behind the sensor array along with a rigid support structure.  
5.2 In operation, the sensor arrays are standardized with measurements in air or a reference part, or both. Responses measured from the sensor array may be converted into physical property values, such as lift-off, electrical conductivity, or magnetic permeability, or a combination thereof. Proper instrument operation is verified by ensuring that these measurement responses or property values are within a prescribed range. Performance verification is performed periodically. Performance verification on a discontinuity-free reference standard or regions of the material being examined that do not contain discontinuities ensures that the electrical and geometric properties, such as electrical conductivity, layer thickness, or lift-off, or a combination thereof, are appropriate for the sensor array. Performance verification on a discontinuity-containing reference standard ensures that the sensor array response to the discontinuity is appropriate.  
5.3 The sensor array dimensions, including the size and number of sense elements, and the operating frequency are selected based on the type of examination being performed. The depth of penetration of eddy currents into the material under examination depends upon the frequency of the signal, the electrical conductivity and magnetic permeability of the material, and some dimensions of the sensor array. The depth of penetration is equal to the conventional skin depth at high frequencies but is also related to the sensor array dimensions at low frequen...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the use of conformable eddy current sensor arrays for nondestructive examination of electrically conducting materials for discontinuities and material quality. The discontinuities include surface breaking and subsurface cracks and pitting as well as near-surface and hidden-surface material loss. The material quality includes coating or layer thickness, electrical conductivity, magnetic permeability, surface roughness, and other properties that vary with the electrical conductivity or magnetic permeability.  
1.2 This guide is intended for use on nonmagnetic and magnetic metals as well as composite materials with an electrically conducting component, such as reinforced carbon-carbon composite or polymer matrix composites with carbon fibers.  
1.3 This guide applies to planar as well as non-planar materials with and without insulating coating layers.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Guide
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D3382-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Energy and Integrated Charge Transfer Due to Partial Discharges (Corona) Using Bridge Techniques

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are useful in research and quality control for evaluating insulating materials and systems since they provide for the measurement of charge transfer and energy loss due to partial discharges(4) (5) (6).  
5.2 Pulse measurements of partial discharges indicate the magnitude of individual discharges. However, if there are numerous discharges per cycle it is occasionally important to know their charge sum, since this sum is related to the total volume of internal gas spaces that are discharging, if it is assumed that the gas cavities are simple capacitances in series with the capacitances of the solid dielectrics (7) (8).  
5.3 Internal (cavity-type) discharges are mainly of the pulse (spark-type) with rapid rise times or the pseudoglow-type with long rise times, depending upon the discharge governing parameters existing within the cavity. If the rise times of the pseudoglow discharges are too long , they will evade detection by pulse detectors as covered in Test Method D1868. However, both the pseudoglow discharges irrespective of the length of their rise time as well as pulseless glow are readily measured either by Method A or B of Test Methods D3382.  
5.4 Pseudoglow discharges have been observed to occur in air, particularly when a partially conducting surface is involved. It is possible that such partially conducting surfaces will develop with polymers that are exposed to partial discharges for sufficiently long periods to accumulate acidic degradation products. Also in some applications, like turbogenerators, where a low molecular weight gas such as hydrogen is used as a coolant, it is possible that pseudoglow discharges will develop.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover two bridge techniques for measuring the energy and integrated charge of pulse and pseudoglow partial discharges:  
1.2 Test Method A makes use of capacitance and loss characteristics such as measured by the transformer ratio-arm bridge or the high-voltage Schering bridge (Test Methods D150). Test Method A has been found useful to obtain the integrated charge transfer and energy loss due to partial discharges in a dielectric from the measured increase in capacitance and tan δ with voltage. (See also IEEE 286 and IEEE 1434)  
1.3 Test Method B makes use of a somewhat different bridge circuit, identified as a charge-voltage-trace (parallelogram) technique, which indicates directly on an oscilloscope the integrated charge transfer and the magnitude of the energy loss due to partial discharges.  
1.4 Both test methods are intended to supplement the measurement and detection of pulse-type partial discharges as covered by Test Method D1868, by measuring the sum of both pulse and pseudoglow discharges per cycle in terms of their charge and energy.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precaution statements are given in Section 7.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D5388-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Indirect Measurements of Discharge by Step-Backwater Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is particularly useful for determining the discharge when it cannot be measured directly (such as during high flow conditions) by some type of current meter to obtain velocities and with sounding weights to determine the cross section (refer to Test Method D3858). This test method requires only one high-water elevation, unlike the slope-area test method that requires numerous high-water marks to define the fall in the reach. It can be used to determine a stage-discharge relation without data from several high-water events.  
5.1.1 The user is encouraged to verify the theoretical stage-discharge relation with direct current-meter measurements when possible.  
5.1.2 To develop a rating curve, plot stage versus discharge for several discharges and their computed stages on a rating curve together with direct current-meter measurements.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the computation of discharge of water in open channels or streams using representative cross-sectional characteristics, the water-surface elevation of the upstream-most cross section, and coefficients of channel roughness as input to gradually-varied flow computations.2  
1.2 This test method produces an indirect measurement of the discharge for one flow event, usually a specific flood. The computed discharge may be used to define a point on the stage-discharge relation.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E1016-07(2020)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Literature Describing Properties of Electrostatic Electron Spectrometers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The analyst may use this document to obtain information on the properties of electron spectrometers and instrumental aspects associated with quantitative surface analysis.
SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of this guide is to familiarize the analyst with some of the relevant literature describing the physical properties of modern electrostatic electron spectrometers.  
1.2 This guide is intended to apply to electron spectrometers generally used in Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM A698/A698M-20(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Magnetic Shield Efficiency in Attenuating Alternating Magnetic Fields

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides an easy, accurate, and reproducible method for determination of shielding factors (attenuation ratios) in simple alternating magnetic fields.  
5.2 Since the sensing or pickup coil is of finite size, the measured shielding factor tends to be the average value for the space enclosed by the coil. Due care is required when interpreting results when the coil is located near an opening in the shield.  
5.3 This test method is suitable for design, specification acceptance, service evaluation, quality assurance, and research purposes on magnetic shields.  
5.4 Provided geometrically identical shields are compared, this test method is also suitable for evaluation and grading of magnetic shielding materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the means for determining the performance quality of a magnetic shield when placed in a magnetic field of alternating polarity.  
1.2 This test method provides a means of evaluating and grading magnetic shielding materials to determine their suitability for use in the production of magnetic shields.  
1.3 This test method shall be used in conjunction with and shall conform to the requirements of Practice A34/A34M.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM B878-97(2019)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Nanosecond Event Detection for Electrical Contacts and Connectors

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The tests in this test method are designed to assess the resistance stability of electrical contacts or connections.  
4.2 The described procedures are for the detection of events that result from short duration, high-resistance fluctuations, or of voltage variations that may result in improper triggering of high speed digital circuits.  
4.3 In those procedures, the test currents are 100 mA (±20 mA) when the test sample has a resistance between 0 and 10 Ω. Since the minimum resistance change required to produce an event (defined in 3.2.1) is specified as 10 Ω (see 1.3), the voltage increase required to produce this event must be at least 1.0 V.  
4.4 The detection of nanosecond-duration events is considered necessary when an application is susceptible to noise. However, these procedures are not capable of determining the actual duration of the event detected.  
4.5 The integrity of nanosecond-duration signals can only be maintained with transmission lines; therefore, contacts in series are connected to a detector channel through coaxial cable. The detector will indicate when the resistance monitored exceeds the minimum event resistance for more than the specified duration.  
4.6 The test condition designation corresponding to a specific minimum event duration of 1, 10, or 50 ns is listed in Table 1. These shall be specified in the referencing document.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes equipment and techniques for detecting contact resistance transients yielding resistances greater than a specified value and lasting for at least a specified minimum duration.  
1.2 The minimum durations specified in this standard are 1, 10, and 50 nanoseconds (ns).  
1.3 The minimum sample resistance required for an event detection in this standard is 10 Ω.  
1.4 An ASTM guide for measuring electrical contact transients of various durations is available as Guide B854.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to become familiar with all hazards including those identified in the appropriate Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for this product/material as provided by the manufacturer, to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off