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ASTM D4053-04

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Benzene in Motor and Aviation Gasoline by Infrared Spectroscopy

Standard Test Method for Benzene in Motor and Aviation Gasoline by Infrared Spectroscopy

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Benzene is classed as a toxic material. A knowledge of the concentration of this compound may be an aid in evaluating the possible health hazard to persons handling and using the gasoline. This test method is not intended to evaluate such hazards.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the percent benzene in full-range gasoline. It is applicable to concentrations from 0.1% to 5 volume %.
1.2 The values in SI units are regarded as the standard.
1.3 This test method has not been validated for gasolines containing oxygenates.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 8 and 9.1.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2004
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.04.0F - Absorption Spectroscopic Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4053-98(2003) - Standard Test Method for Benzene in Motor and Aviation Gasoline by Infrared Spectroscopy
Effective Date
01-Nov-2004
Referred By
ASTM D4790-23 - Standard Terminology of Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Chemicals
Effective Date
01-Nov-2004

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ASTM D4053-04 - Standard Test Method for Benzene in Motor and Aviation Gasoline by Infrared SpectroscopyASTM D4053-04 - Standard Test Method for Benzene in Motor and Aviation Gasoline by Infrared Spectroscopy
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ASTM D4053-04 - Standard Test Method for Benzene in Motor and Aviation Gasoline by Infrared Spectroscopy
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation:D4053–04
Standard Test Method for
Benzene in Motor and Aviation Gasoline by Infrared
1
Spectroscopy
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4053; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 3.1.1 Definitions of terms and symbols relating to absorp-
tion spectroscopy in this test method shall conform to Termi-
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationofthepercent
nology E131. Terms of particular significance are the follow-
benzene in full-range gasoline. It is applicable to concentra-
ing:
tions from 0.1% to 5 volume %.
3.1.2 absorbance, A, n—the molecular property of a sub-
1.2 This test method has not been validated for gasolines
stance that determines its ability to take up radiant power,
containing oxygenates. Certain oxygenates interfere with the
expressed by:
measurement described in this test method. Test Method
D6277 is recommended for gasolines containing oxygenates.
A 5log ~1/T!52log T (1)
10 10
1.3 The values in SI units are regarded as the standard.
where
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
T = the transmittance as defined in 3.1.5.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.3 radiant energy, n—energy transmitted as electromag-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
netic waves.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.4 radiant power, P, n—the rate at which energy is
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific
transported in a beam of radiant energy.
warning statements, see Section 8 and 9.1.
3.1.5 transmittance, T, n—the molecular property of a
substance that determines its transportability of radiant power,
2. Referenced Documents
2 expressed by:
2.1 ASTM Standards:
T 5 P/P (2)
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
o
Petroleum Products
where:
D6277 Test Method for Determination of Benzene in
P = the radiant power passing through the sample, and
Spark-Ignition Engine Fuels Using Mid Infrared Spectros-
P = the radiant power incident upon the sample.
o
copy
E131 Terminology Relating to Molecular Spectroscopy
4. Summary of Test Method
E932 Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance
4.1 Asample of gasoline is examined by infrared spectros-
of Dispersive Infrared Spectrophotometers
copy and, following a correction for interference, compared
E1421 PracticeforDescribingandMeasuringPerformance
with calibration blends of known benzene concentration. From
of Fourier Transform Mid-Infrared (FT-MIR) Spectrom-
this comparison the amount of benzene in the gasoline is
eters: Level Zero and Level One Tests
determined.
3. Terminology
5. Significance and Use
3.1 Definitions:
5.1 Benzene is classed as a toxic material. A knowledge of
theconcentrationofthiscompoundmaybeanaidinevaluating
the possible health hazard to persons handling and using the
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
gasoline. This test method is not intended to evaluate such
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
hazards.
D02.04 on Hydrocarbon Analysis.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2004. Published November 2004. Originally
6. Interferences
approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D4053–98(2003).
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
6.1 Toluene and heavier aromatic compounds have some
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
interference in this test method. In order to minimize the effect
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. of such interference, this test method includes a procedure that
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4053–04
corrects for the error caused by the presence of toluene. Error determine three absorbance values: (1) at the point of maxi-
−1
due to other sources of interference may be partially compen- mum absorbance near 673 cm (14.86 µm), designated the
satedforbycalibratingwithgasolinestockscontaininglittleor benzene band; (2) at the point of maximum absorbance near
−1
nobenzenebutwhichotherwisearesimilarinaromaticcontent 460 cm (21.74 µm), designated the toluene band; and (3)at
−1
to the samples to be analyzed. 500 cm (20.00 µm), designated the baseline position.
10.3.2 Following the steps of Section 1
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The combustion quality of aviation turbine fuel has traditionally been controlled in specifications by such tests as smoke point (see Test Method D1322), smoke volatility index, aromatic content of luminometer number (see Test Method D1740). Evidence is accumulating that a better control of the quality may be obtained by limiting the minimum hydrogen content of the fuel.  
5.2 Existing methods allow the hydrogen content to be calculated from other parameters or determined by combustion techniques. The method specified provides a quick, simple, and more precise alternative to these methods.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the hydrogen content of aviation turbine fuels.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is intended for the developers or sponsors of new aviation gasolines or additives to describe the data requirements necessary to support the development of specifications for these new products by ASTM members. The ultimate goal of the data generated in accordance with this guide is to provide an understanding of the performance of the new fuel or additive within the property constraints and compositional bounds of the proposed specification criteria.  
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5.4 This guide does not purport to specify an all-inclusive listing of test and analysis requirements to achieve ASTM International approval ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides procedures to develop data for use in research reports for new aviation gasolines or new aviation gasoline additives.  
1.2 This data is intended to be used by the ASTM subcommittee to make a determination of the suitability of the fuel for use as an aviation fuel in either a fleet-wide or limited capacity, and to make a determination that the proposed properties and criteria in the associated standard specification provide the necessary controls to ensure this fuel maintains this suitability during high-volume production.  
1.3 These research reports are intended to support the development and issuance of new specifications or specification revisions for these products. Guidance to develop ASTM International standard specifications for aviation gasoline is provided in Subcommittee J on Aviation Fuels Operating Procedures, Annex A6, “Guidelines for the Development and Acceptance of a New Aviation Fuel Specification for Spark-Ignition Reciprocating Engines.”  
1.4 The procedures, tests, selection of materials, engines, and aircraft detailed in this guide are based on industry expertise to give appropriate data for review. Because of the diversity of aviation hardware and potential variation in fuel/additive formulations, not every aspect may be encompassed and further work may be required. Therefore, additional data beyond that described in this guide may be requested by the ASTM task force, Subcommittee J, or Committee D02 upon review of the specific composition, performance, or other characteristics of the candidate fuel or additive.  
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Standard Test Method for Acidity in Aviation Turbine Fuel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Some acids can be present in aviation turbine fuels due either to the acid treatment during the refining process or to naturally occurring organic acids. Significant acid contamination is not likely to be present because of the many check tests made during the various stages of refining. However, trace amounts of acid can be present and are undesirable because of the consequent tendencies of the fuel to corrode metals that it contacts or to impair the water separation characteristics of the aviation turbine fuel.  
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5.1 This test method provides a rapid and precise elemental measurement with simple sample preparation. Typical analysis times are approximately 4 min to 5 min per sample with a preparation time of approximately 1 min to 3 min per sample.  
5.2 The quality of crude oil is related to the amount of sulfur present. Knowledge of the vanadium and nickel concentration is necessary for processing purposes as well as contractual agreements.  
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1.3 This test method is limited to the use of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometers employing an X-ray tube for excitation in conjunction with wavelength dispersive detection system or energy dispersive high resolution semiconductor detector with the ability to separate signals of adjacent and near-adjacent elements.  
1.4 This test method uses inter-element correction factors calculated from XRF theory, the fundamental parameters (FP) approach, or best fit regression.  
1.5 Samples containing higher concentrations than shown in Table 1 must be diluted to bring the elemental concentration of the diluted material within the scope of this test method.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6.1 The preferred concentrations units are mg/kg for vanadium and nickel.  
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Standard Test Methods for Hydrogen Content of Light Distillates, Middle Distillates, Gas Oils, and Residua by Low-Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

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5.1 The tendency of a fuel to vaporize in automotive engine fuel systems is indicated by the vapor-liquid ratio of the fuel.  
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5.1 Wear due to excessive friction resulting in shortened life of engine components such as fuel pumps and fuel controls has sometimes been ascribed to lack of lubricity in an aviation fuel.  
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5.3 The wear scar generated in the ball-on-cylinder lubricity evaluator (BOCLE) test is sensitive to contamination of the fluids and test materials, the presence of oxygen and water in the atmosphere, and the temperature of the test. Lubricity measurements are also sensitive to trace materials acquired during sampling and storage. Containers specified in Practice D4306 shall be used.  
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1.1 This test method covers assessment of the wear aspects of the boundary lubrication properties of aviation turbine fuels on rubbing steel surfaces.  
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1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) in the Boiling Range from 100 °C to 615 °C by Gas Chromatography

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5.1 The boiling range distribution of FAMES provides an insight into the composition of product related to the transesterification process. This gas chromatographic determination of boiling range can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
5.2 Biodiesel (FAMES) exhibits a boiling point rather than a distillation curve. The fatty acid chains in the raw oils and fats from which biodiesel is produced are mainly comprised of straight chain hydrocarbons with 16 to 18 carbons that have similar boiling temperatures. The atmospheric boiling point of biodiesel generally ranges from 330 °C to 357 °C. The Specification D6751 value of 360 °C max at 90 % off by Test Method D1160 was incorporated as a precaution to ensure the fuel has not been adulterated with high boiling contaminants.
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1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
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5.1 This test method was developed to assess the performance of a heavy-duty engine oil in controlling engine wear under operating conditions selected to accelerate soot production and valve-train wear in a turbocharged and aftercooled four-cycle diesel engine with sliding tappet followers equipped with exhaust gas recirculation hardware.  
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1.1 This test method, commonly referred to as the Cummins ISB Test, covers the utilization of a modern, 5.9 L, diesel engine equipped with exhaust gas recirculation and is used to evaluate oil performance with regard to valve-train wear.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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1.2.2 See also A7.1 for clarification; it does not supersede 1.2 and 1.2.1.  
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1.4 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Engine Fluids and Cleaning Solvents  
7  
Preparation of Apparatus  
8  
Engine/Stand Calibration and Non-Reference Oil Tests  
9  
Test Procedure  
10  
Calculations, Ratings, and Test Validity  
11  
Report  
12  
Precision and Bias  
13  
Annexes  
Safety Precautions  
Annex A1  
Intake Air Aftercooler  
Annex A2  
The Cummins ISB Engine Build Parts Kit  
Annex A3  
Sensor Locations and Special Hardware  
Annex A4  
External Oil System  
Annex A5  
Cummins Service Publications  
Annex A6  
Specified Units and Formats  
Annex A7  
Oil Analyses  
Annex A8  
Alternate Fuel Approval Process  
Annex A9  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    29 pages
    English language
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  • Standard
    29 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off