Standard Test Method for Determining the Resistance of Paint Films and Related Coatings to Algal Defacement

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Defacement of paint and coating films by algal growth is a common phenomenon under certain conditions. It is generally known that differences in the environment, lighting, temperature, substrate, and other factors in addition to the coating composition affect the susceptibility of a given painted surface. This test method attempts to provide a means to comparatively evaluate different coating formulations for their relative performance under a given set of conditions. It does not imply that a coating that resists growth under these conditions will necessarily resist growth in the actual application (see Note 1).
Familiarity with microbiological techniques is required. This test method should not be used by persons without at least basic microbiological training.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an accelerated method for determining the relative resistance of a paint or coating film to algal growth.
Note 1—It is hoped that a ranking of relative performance would be similar to that ranked from outdoor exposures. However, this test method should not be used as a replacement for exterior exposure since many other factors, only a few of which are listed will affect those results.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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Publication Date
09-Jul-1997
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ASTM D5589-97(2002) - Standard Test Method for Determining the Resistance of Paint Films and Related Coatings to Algal Defacement
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D5589–97(Reapproved2002)
Standard Test Method for
Determining the Resistance of Paint Films and Related
Coatings to Algal Defacement
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5589; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope a mixture of the proper algal species, (3) expose the inoculated
samples under the appropriate conditions for growth, and (4)
1.1 This test method covers an accelerated method for
provide a schedule and guidelines for visual growth ratings.
determining the relative resistance of a paint or coating film to
This test method is not designed to include all the necessary
algal growth.
procedures to maintain the proper microbiological techniques
NOTE 1—It is hoped that a ranking of relative performance would be
required to provide the most accurate results.
similar to that ranked from outdoor exposures. However, this test method
should not be used as a replacement for exterior exposure since many
4. Significance and Use
other factors, only a few of which are listed will affect those results.
4.1 Defacementofpaintandcoatingfilmsbyalgalgrowthis
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
a common phenomenon under certain conditions. It is gener-
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
ally known that differences in the environment, lighting,
only.
temperature, substrate, and other factors in addition to the
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
coating composition affect the susceptibility of a given painted
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
surface. This test method attempts to provide a means to
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
comparatively evaluate different coating formulations for their
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
relative performance under a given set of conditions. It does
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
not imply that a coating that resists growth under these
conditions will necessarily resist growth in the actual applica-
2. Referenced Documents
tion (see Note 1).
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.2 Familiarity with microbiological techniques is required.
D 822 Practice for Filtered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Expo-
This test method should not be used by persons without at least
sures of Paint and Related Coatings
basic microbiological training.
D 4141 Practice for Conducting Black Box and Solar Con-
centrating Exposures of Coatings
5. Apparatus and Materials
D 4587 Practice for Fluorescent UV-Condensation Expo-
5.1 Balance, capable of weighing to 0.10 g.
sures of Paint and Related Coatings
5.2 Incubator, or other device capable of maintaining a
D 5031 Practice for Enclosed Carbon-Arc Exposure Tests
constant temperature between 25 6 2°C, relative humidity of
of Paint and Related Coatings
$85 %, and having a constant fluorescent light source.
G 53 Practice for Operating Light- and Water-Exposure
5.3 Refrigerator.
Apparatus (Fluorescent UV-Condensation Type) for Expo-
5.4 Petri Dishes, 100 by 15 mm (3.9 by 0.6 in.).
sure of Nonmetallic Materials
5.5 Autoclave.
1 3
5.6 Paint Brush, coarse bristle, 12 to 19 mm ( ⁄2 to ⁄4 in.).
3. Summary of Test Method
5.7 Test Substrate, filter paper, either regular paper or glass
3.1 This test method outlines a procedure to (1) prepare a
fiber, 4.2 cm (1.65 in.) in diameter, or drawdown paper
suitable specimen for testing, (2) inoculate the specimen with
(unlaquered chart paper) 21.6 by 28.0 cm (8.5 by 11 in.), cut
into ten 21.6 by 2.8-cm (8.5 by 1.1-in.) strips may be used.
5.8 Tissue Grinder.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of
5.9 Atomizer or Chromatography Sprayer.
Subcommittee D01.28 Biodeterioration.
5.10 Sterile Glass Rods, Forceps, 250-mL Glass Erlenmeyer
Current edition approved July 10, 1997. Published September 1997. Originally
Flask, and other routine microbiological equipment.
published as D 5589 – 94. Last previous edition D 5589 – 94.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D5589–97 (2002)
4 5
5.11 Allen’s Medium or Bold’s Basal Medium ingredients 50°C before aseptically adding the ferric citrate.After mixing,
(see 6.3). pour the media into petri dishes.
5.12 Distilled Water.
6.4 Bold’s Basal Medium—Prepare ten individual stock
solutions in distilled water as indicated:
6. Reagents and Materials
Stock Solutions g/400 mL
6.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals should be
1. NaNo 10.0
used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that
2. MgSO ·7HO3.0
4 2
all reagents should conform to the specifications of the
3. NaCl 1.0
Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical 4. K HPO 3.0
2 4
5. KH PO 7.0
2 4
Society, where such specifications are available. Other grades
6. CaCl ·2HO1.0
2 2
may be used, provided they are first ascertained to be of
sufficiently high purity to permit use without decreasing the Trace Element Solutions: g/L
accuracy of the determination.
7. ZnSO ·7H O 8.82
4 2
6.2 Purity of Water—Unless otherwise indicated, references
MnCl ·4H O 1.44
2 2
MoO 0.71
to water are understood to mean distilled water or water of 3
CuSO ·5H O 1.57
4 2
equal or higher purity.
Co(NO ) ·6H O 0.49
3 2 2
6.3 Allen’s Medium—Prepare liquid medium by dissolving
Distilled Water to 1 L
Autoclave to dissolve.
in 1000 mL of water the following reagents in the designated
amounts:
8. H BO 11.42
3 3
Reagent Amount, g/1000 mL
NaNO 1.5 9. EDTA–KOH solution:
K HPO 0.039
EDTA 50.0
2 4
MgSO ·7H O 0.075
4 2 KOH 31.0
CaCl ·2H O 0.027
2 2
Na CO 0.020
2 3 10. FeSO ·7H O 4.98
4 2
Na SiO ·9H O 0.058
H SO (concentrate) 1.0 mL
2 3 2
2 4
Citric acid 0.006
A
EDTA 0.006
6.4.1 Combine 10 mL each of Stock Solutions 1 through 6
B
Allen’s trace element solution 1.0 mL
with 1 mL each of Stock Solutions 7 through 10 in 936 mL
Distilled water to 1000 mL
Ferric citrate (see Note 2) 0.006 (see Note 2) distilled water. Autoclave at 121°C.
6.5 A variety of algal cultures, including wild strains iso-
A
Ethlenediaminetetraacetate.
B
lated from paint films, may be used in this protocol. Choose
Allen’s Trace-Element Solution:
strains from the following list, use field isolates or use other
Dissolve in 500 mL of distilled water:
strains found to grow satisfactorily under the protocol condi-
tions. It is recommended to choose at least one culture from
Reagent Amount, g
eachtype.Thechoiceofstrainsshouldbeagreeduponbetween
H BO 2.86
3 3
the parties involved in the testing.
MnCl ·4H O 1.81
2 2
A
ZnSO ·7H O 0.222
Algae Collection/Strain
4 2
Na MoO ·2H O 0.391 Unicellular Green
2 4 2
CuSO ·5H O 0.079
Chlorella sp. ATCC 7516
4 2
Co(NO ) ·6H O 0.0494 Chlorella vulgaris ATCC 11468
3 2 2
NOTE 2—The ferric citrate must be autoclaved separately. The ferric
Filamentous Green
citrate should be added after the medium has cooled from being
Ulothrix gigas ATCC 30443
autoclaved.
Trentepohlia aurea UTEX 429
Trentepohlia odorata CCAP 483/4
6.3.1 Adjust the pH of the medium to 7.8 using 1.0 M
Colony-forming Green
NaOH/1.0 M HCl and autoclave at 121°C (without ferric
Scenedesmus quadricauda ATCC 11460
citrate added) to 45 to 50°C before aseptically adding the ferric
Filamentous Bluegreen
citrate (see Note 2).
Oscillatoria sp. ATCC 29135
6.3.2 Allen’s Agar—Prepare by dissolving 15 g of agar in Calothrix sp. ATCC 27914
1000 mL Allen’s Medium before autoclaving. Cool to 45 to
A
Available from the following culture collections and found suitable for this test:
American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD
20852;UniversityofTexas(UTEX),DepartmentofBotany,TheUniversityofTexas
at Austin, Austin, TX 78713-7640; Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa
Bold, H. C., Wynne, M. J., “Introduction to the Algae,” Prentiss-Hall,
(CCAP),InstituteofFreshwaterEcology,TheWindermereLaboratory,FarSawrey,
Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1978, pp. 574–5.
Ambleside,CumbriaLA22OLP,U.K.Growpurchasedculturesinmediaandunder
Kirsop B. E., and Snell J. J. S., “Maintenance of Microorganisms,” Academic
incubation conditions recommended by culture collection.
Press, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Orlando, FL, 1984, p. 158.
6.6 Cultures should be maintained separately in liquid
Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American
Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not media recommended by the culture supplier. Allen’s Medium
listed by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory
(6.3) is commonly used for bluegreen and other algae. The
Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia
recipe for Bold’s Basal Medium, which supports the growth of
and National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,
MD. a wide range of algae is given in 6.4. If preferred, individual
D5589–97 (2002)
NOTE 7—There are a variety of methods that could be used to simulate
cultures may be maintained on solid media prepared by
accelerated effects of weathering (sunlight or rain, or both), on the
dissolving 1 to 1.5 % agar in liquid medium before autoclav-
samples. For example, a leach test that is frequently used to simulate the
ing.
effects of rainwater (an important factor for algae growth) is outlined in
6.6.1 Cultures should be actively growing prior to use. Use
Note 8. Conditioning of specimens by artificial weathering may be done
a tissue grinder to homogenize filamentous algae before
according to one
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