iTeh StandardsiTeh Standards
EURUSD
Your shopping cart is empty.
ASTM

ASTM E1588-10e1

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Gunshot Residue Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy/ Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry

Standard Guide for Gunshot Residue Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy/ Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This document will be of use to forensic laboratory personnel who are involved in the analysis of GSR samples by SEM/EDS (4).
SEM/EDS analysis of GSR is a non-destructive method that provides (5, 6) both morphological information and the elemental profiles of individual particles.  
Particle analysis contrasts with bulk sample methods, such as atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) (7), neutron activation analysis (NAA) (8), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), where the sampled material is dissolved or extracted prior to the determination of total element concentrations, thereby sacrificing morphological information and individual particle identification.  
X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) is a technique that has been used to map the placement and distribution of GSR particles surrounding bullet holes in order to establish shooting distances (9). Unlike the solution-based bulk methods of analysis, XRF is non-destructive; however, XRF still does not provide morphological information and is incapable of individual GSR particle identification.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the analysis of gunshot residue (GSR) by scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/EDS) by manual and automated methods. The analysis may be performed manually, with the operator manipulating the microscope controls and the EDS system software, or in an automated fashion, where some amount of the analysis is controlled by pre-set software functions.
1.2 Since software and hardware formats vary among commercial systems, guidelines will be offered in the most general terms possible. For proper terminology and operation, consult the SEM/EDS system manuals for each system.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2010
ICS
11.020 - Medical sciences and health care facilities in general
Technical Committee
E30 - Forensic Sciences
Drafting Committee
E30.01 - Criminalistics
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1588-10 - Standard Guide for Gunshot Residue Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy/ Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Replaced By
ASTM E1588-16 - Standard Guide for Gunshot Residue Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry
Effective Date
01-Mar-2016
Referred By
ASTM E3309-21 - Standard Guide for Reporting of Forensic Primer Gunshot Residue (pGSR) Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry (SEM/EDS)
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM E1732-22 - Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Science
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010

Buy Standard

ASTM E1588-10e1 - Standard Guide for Gunshot Residue Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy/ Energy Dispersive X-ray SpectrometryASTM E1588-10e1 - Standard Guide for Gunshot Residue Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy/ Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry
PreviousNext
Guide
ASTM E1588-10e1 - Standard Guide for Gunshot Residue Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy/ Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry
English language
5 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation: E1588 − 10
StandardGuide for
Gunshot Residue Analysis by Scanning Electron
1
Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1588; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
´ NOTE—Sections 7.1.5.2 and 7.2.1.2 were editorially corrected in July 2010.
1. Scope 3. Significance and Use
3.1 This document will be of use to forensic laboratory
1.1 This guide covers the analysis of gunshot residue (GSR)
personnel who are involved in the analysis of GSR samples by
by scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray
SEM/EDS (4).
spectrometry (SEM/EDS) by manual and automated methods.
The analysis may be performed manually, with the operator
3.2 SEM/EDS analysis of GSR is a non-destructive method
manipulating the microscope controls and the EDS system
that provides (5, 6) both morphological information and the
software, or in an automated fashion, where some amount of
elemental profiles of individual particles.
the analysis is controlled by pre-set software functions.
3.3 Particle analysis contrasts with bulk sample methods,
1.2 Since software and hardware formats vary among com-
such as atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) (7), neu-
mercial systems, guidelines will be offered in the most general
tronactivationanalysis(NAA) (8),inductivelycoupledplasma
terms possible. For proper terminology and operation, consult
atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), and inductively
the SEM/EDS system manuals for each system.
coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), where the
sampled material is dissolved or extracted prior to the deter-
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
mination of total element concentrations, thereby sacrificing
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
morphological information and individual particle identifica-
standard.
tion.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.4 X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) is a technique
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
that has been used to map the placement and distribution of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
GSR particles surrounding bullet holes in order to establish
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
shooting distances (9). Unlike the solution-based bulk methods
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
of analysis, XRF is non-destructive; however, XRF still does
not provide morphological information and is incapable of
2. Summary of Practice
individual GSR particle identification.
2.1 From the total population of particles collected, those
that are detected by SEM to be within the limits of certain
4. Sample Preparation
parameters (for example, atomic number, size, or shape) are
4.1 Once the evidence seal is broken, care should be taken
2
analyzed by EDS (1-3). Typically, particles composed of high
sothatnoobjecttouchesthesurfaceoftheadhesiveSEM/EDS
mean atomic number elements are detected by their SEM
sample collection stub and that the stub is not left uncovered
backscattered electron signals and an EDS spectrum is ob-
any longer than is reasonable for transfer, mounting, or
tained from each. The EDS spectrum is evaluated for constitu-
labeling.
ent elements that may identify the particle as being consistent
4.2 Label the sample collection stub in such a manner that it
with or characteristic of GSR, or both.
is distinguishable from other sample collection stubs without
compromising the sample; for example, label the bottom or
side of the stub.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on Forensic
4.3 If a non-conductive adhesive was used in the sample
Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.01 on Criminalistics.
Current edition approved June 1, 2010. Published June 2010. Originally
collectionstub,thesamplewillneedtobecoatedtoincreaseits
approved in 1994. Last previous version approved in 2008 as E1588 – 08. DOI:
electrical conductivity, unless an environmental SEM or
10.1520/E1588-10E01.
2
variable-pressure/low-vacuum SEM is used for the analysis.
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of
this standard. Carbon is a common choice of coating material, since it will
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
´1
E1588 − 10
not interfere with X-ray lines of interest. For high-vacuum 6.3.3 Display of the EDS output must encompass t
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.

This May Also Interest You

ASTM
ASTM E1732-22(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Science

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These terms have particular application to forensic practice. Entries for Section A of E1732 are chosen variously from Webster’s Online Dictionary, international standards, textbooks, and the Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions. The subcommittee develops definitions when conventional sources fail to yield suitable candidates. Reference citations include:  
3.1.1 For ASTM standards, the standard designation is followed by a dash and a two-digit year designation, e.g., E2161-19. The year citation references the year of publication of the standard from which the entry is taken, not necessarily the current year of publication of the standard.  
3.1.2 Citations from other than ASTM standards may include an abbreviation and the standard number followed by a four-digit year designation, e.g., ISO 9000:2015. The year citation references the year of publication of the standard from which the entry is taken. Such standards may also be referenced by a name followed by a year designation, e.g., IUPAC Gold Book 2020. Abbreviations are explicated under “2. Referenced Documents.”  
3.1.3 For entries created by members of E30, a brief statement to that effect and a year designation follows the entry, e.g., Created by E30 in 2021.  
3.1.4 For entries followed simply by a reference, e.g., ISO 9000:2015 or E456-17, the reader can assume that the entry is accurately copied from the reference with no modifications except for ASTM format conventions. For entries that are slightly modified versions of something from a known source, reference citations read, “Based upon definition by…” Following the “by” is the source name and year that the entry was taken, or modified, for inclusion in Section A.  
3.1.5 For entries from textbooks a reference following the entry will have the name or title of the text, author(s), edition (if applicable) and the year of publication or copyright.  
3.1.6 For entries of unknown origin currently in E1732 Section A, a statement declaring that a ...
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard includes definitions of terms used in the forensic sciences.  
1.2 Legal and scientific and terms in common use that are generally understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources may not be included, except when dictionaries show multiple definitions and it seems desirable to indicate the definitions recommended for forensic science use.  
1.3 Section A defines terms that are common to multiple areas of forensic science, whereas, the subsequent sections define terms pertaining to specific forensic science areas, as follows:    
Section A: General (Common) Forensic Science Terms  
The terms defined in Section A are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.92, Terminology.  
Section B: Criminalistics  
The terms defined in Section B are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.01, Criminalistics.  
Section B1: Terms for Seized Drug Analysis  
Section B2: Terms for Gunshot Residue (GSR) Analysis and Smokeless Powder Analysis  
Section B3: Terms for Paint Analysis  
Section B4: Terms for Textile, Fiber, Cord, and Tape Examination  
Section B5: Terms for Glass Examination  
Section B6: Terms for Fire Debris  
Section C: Digital and Multimedia Evidence    
The terms defined in Section C are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.12, Digital and Multimedia Evidence.  
Section C1: Terms for Computer Forensics  
Section C2: Terms for Digital Image Processing and Multimedia Evidence Examination  
Section C3: Terms for Magnetic Card Reader Examination  
Section C4: Terms for Facial Image Examination  
Section D: Interdisciplinary  
The terms defined in Section D are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.11, Interdisciplinary Forensic Science Standards.  
...

  • Standard
    29 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    29 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E1588-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for Gunshot Residue Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This document will be of use to forensic laboratory personnel who are involved in the analysis of GSR samples by SEM/EDS (5).  
5.2 SEM/EDS analysis of GSR is a non-destructive method that provides (6, 7) both morphological information and the constituent elements detected in individual particles.  
5.3 Particle analysis contrasts with bulk sample methods, such as atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) (8), neutron activation analysis (NAA) (9), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), where the sampled material is dissolved or extracted prior to the determination of total element concentrations, thereby sacrificing size, shape, and individual particle identification.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the analysis of gunshot residue (GSR) by scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/EDS). The analysis is performed using automated software control of both the SEM and EDS systems, to screen the sample for candidate particles that could be associated with GSR. Manual control of the instrument is then used to perform confirmatory analysis and classification of the candidate particles. This practice refers solely to the analysis of electron microscopy stubs (1).2  
1.2 Since software and hardware formats vary among commercial systems, guidelines will be offered in the most general terms possible. For proper terminology and operation, consult the SEM/EDS system manuals for each instrument.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard cannot replace knowledge, skills, or abilities acquired through education, training, and experience (Practice E2917), and is to be used in conjunction with professional judgment by individuals with such discipline-specific knowledge, skills, and abilities.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM F2097-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Design and Evaluation of Primary Flexible Packaging for Medical Products

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This design and evaluation guide describes multiple categories for evaluating flexible medical packages and packaging materials. These include safety, barrier, material and package performance attributes and characteristics, package integrity, visibility and appearance, processing, printed ink, distribution simulation, and conditioning.  
4.2 The intent of this design and evaluation guide is to evaluate all cited categories and select those that are applicable. Once the product has been characterized and the sterilization methodology has been defined, there are numerous sets of requirements for any specific package. This design and evaluation guide provides an avenue for assessing these requirements and choosing test methods for both evaluating the package design and monitoring package compliance.
Note 1: Many of the standards included in this guide are consensus standards that are recognized by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Selection and use of a U.S. FDA recognized consensus standard is voluntary and the sole responsibility of the user in determining its applicability. For further information, consult the U.S. FDA Standards and Conformity Assessment Program at https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/device-advice-comprehensive-regulatoryassistance/standards-and-conformity-assessment-program  
4.3 Product characterization shall include mass or weight, geometry (length and width, height, and shape) and product composition.  
4.4 All categories must be considered for applicability.  
4.5 The Summary of Test Methods for Medical Packaging Design and Evaluation (Fig. 1) provides a compact graphical presentation of the test methods referenced in this guide.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides directions for the design and evaluation of primary flexible packages for medical products. The package materials must be selected appropriately for manufacturing process, end use, and the product being packaged.  
1.2 This guide provides a compendium of test methods, practices, and procedures. Specific individual test methods must be selected based on the pertinent characteristics of the specific product to be packaged and the purpose for testing, research and development, or compliance. Not all test methods will be applicable.  
1.3 This guide does not address acceptability criteria, which need to be determined jointly by the package producer and the medical products manufacturer.  
1.4 This guide does not assess the product to be packaged or the sterilization method to be used.  
1.5 The units cited in the referenced standard should be used.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    27 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Guide
    27 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E1732-22(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Science

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These terms have particular application to forensic practice. Entries for Section A of E1732 are chosen variously from Webster’s Online Dictionary, international standards, textbooks, and the Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions. The subcommittee develops definitions when conventional sources fail to yield suitable candidates. Reference citations include:  
3.1.1 For ASTM standards, the standard designation is followed by a dash and a two-digit year designation, e.g., E2161-19. The year citation references the year of publication of the standard from which the entry is taken, not necessarily the current year of publication of the standard.  
3.1.2 Citations from other than ASTM standards may include an abbreviation and the standard number followed by a four-digit year designation, e.g., ISO 9000:2015. The year citation references the year of publication of the standard from which the entry is taken. Such standards may also be referenced by a name followed by a year designation, e.g., IUPAC Gold Book 2020. Abbreviations are explicated under “2. Referenced Documents.”  
3.1.3 For entries created by members of E30, a brief statement to that effect and a year designation follows the entry, e.g., Created by E30 in 2021.  
3.1.4 For entries followed simply by a reference, e.g., ISO 9000:2015 or E456-17, the reader can assume that the entry is accurately copied from the reference with no modifications except for ASTM format conventions. For entries that are slightly modified versions of something from a known source, reference citations read, “Based upon definition by…” Following the “by” is the source name and year that the entry was taken, or modified, for inclusion in Section A.  
3.1.5 For entries from textbooks a reference following the entry will have the name or title of the text, author(s), edition (if applicable) and the year of publication or copyright.  
3.1.6 For entries of unknown origin currently in E1732 Section A, a statement declaring that a ...
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard includes definitions of terms used in the forensic sciences.  
1.2 Legal and scientific and terms in common use that are generally understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources may not be included, except when dictionaries show multiple definitions and it seems desirable to indicate the definitions recommended for forensic science use.  
1.3 Section A defines terms that are common to multiple areas of forensic science, whereas, the subsequent sections define terms pertaining to specific forensic science areas, as follows:    
Section A: General (Common) Forensic Science Terms  
The terms defined in Section A are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.92, Terminology.  
Section B: Criminalistics  
The terms defined in Section B are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.01, Criminalistics.  
Section B1: Terms for Seized Drug Analysis  
Section B2: Terms for Gunshot Residue (GSR) Analysis and Smokeless Powder Analysis  
Section B3: Terms for Paint Analysis  
Section B4: Terms for Textile, Fiber, Cord, and Tape Examination  
Section B5: Terms for Glass Examination  
Section B6: Terms for Fire Debris  
Section C: Digital and Multimedia Evidence    
The terms defined in Section C are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.12, Digital and Multimedia Evidence.  
Section C1: Terms for Computer Forensics  
Section C2: Terms for Digital Image Processing and Multimedia Evidence Examination  
Section C3: Terms for Magnetic Card Reader Examination  
Section C4: Terms for Facial Image Examination  
Section D: Interdisciplinary  
The terms defined in Section D are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.11, Interdisciplinary Forensic Science Standards.  
...

  • Standard
    29 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    29 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM F2228-13(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Non-Destructive Detection of Leaks in Packaging Which Incorporates Porous Barrier Material by CO2 Tracer Gas Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Harmful biological or particulate contaminants may enter the package through incomplete seals or imperfections such as pinholes or cracks in the trays.  
5.2 After initial instrument set-up and calibration, the operations of individual tests and test results do not need operator interpretation. The non-destructive nature of the test may be important when testing high value added products.  
5.3 Leak test results that exceed the permissible threshold setting are indicated by audible or visual signal responses, or both, or by other means.  
5.4 This non-destructive test method may be performed in either laboratory or production environments. This testing may be undertaken on either a 100 % or a statistical sampling basis. This test method, in single instrument use and current implementation, may not be fast enough to work on a production packaging line, but is well suited for statistical testing as well as package developmental design work.
SCOPE
1.1 This non-destructive test method detects leaks in non-porous rigid thermoformed trays, as well as the seal between the porous lid and the tray. The test method detects channel leaks in packages as small as 100 μm (0.004 in.) diameter in the seal as well as 50 μm (0.002 in.) diameter pinholes, or equivalently sized cracks in the tray, subject to trace gas concentration in the package, package design and manufacturing tolerances.
Note 1: This test method does not claim to challenge the porous (breathable) lidding material. Any defects that may exist in the porous portion of the package will not be detected by this test method.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM F2227-13(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Non-Destructive Detection of Leaks in Non-sealed and Empty Packaging Trays by CO2 Tracer Gas Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Harmful biological or particulate contaminants may enter the package through imperfections such as pinholes or cracks in trays.  
5.2 After initial instrument set-up and calibration, the operations of individual tests and test results do not need operator interpretation.  
5.3 Leak test results that exceed the permissible threshold setting are indicated by audible or visual signal responses, or both, or by other means.  
5.4 This non-destructive test method may be performed in either laboratory or production environments and may be undertaken on either a 100 % or a statistical sampling basis. This test method, in single instrument use and current implementation, may not be fast enough to work on a production packaging line, but is well suited for statistical testing as well as package developmental design work.
SCOPE
1.1 This non-destructive test method detects pinhole leaks in trays, as small as 50 μm (0.002 in.) in diameter, or equivalently sized cracks, subject to trace gas concentration in the tray, tray design and manufacturing tolerances.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E1588-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for Gunshot Residue Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This document will be of use to forensic laboratory personnel who are involved in the analysis of GSR samples by SEM/EDS (5).  
5.2 SEM/EDS analysis of GSR is a non-destructive method that provides (6, 7) both morphological information and the constituent elements detected in individual particles.  
5.3 Particle analysis contrasts with bulk sample methods, such as atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) (8), neutron activation analysis (NAA) (9), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), where the sampled material is dissolved or extracted prior to the determination of total element concentrations, thereby sacrificing size, shape, and individual particle identification.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the analysis of gunshot residue (GSR) by scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/EDS). The analysis is performed using automated software control of both the SEM and EDS systems, to screen the sample for candidate particles that could be associated with GSR. Manual control of the instrument is then used to perform confirmatory analysis and classification of the candidate particles. This practice refers solely to the analysis of electron microscopy stubs (1).2  
1.2 Since software and hardware formats vary among commercial systems, guidelines will be offered in the most general terms possible. For proper terminology and operation, consult the SEM/EDS system manuals for each instrument.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard cannot replace knowledge, skills, or abilities acquired through education, training, and experience (Practice E2917), and is to be used in conjunction with professional judgment by individuals with such discipline-specific knowledge, skills, and abilities.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM F2150-19(Guide)
Standard Guide for Characterization and Testing of Biomaterial Scaffolds Used in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue-Engineered Medical Products

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Scaffolds potentially may be metallic, ceramic, polymeric, natural, or composite materials. Scaffolds are usually porous to some degree, but may be solid. Scaffolds can range from mechanically rigid to gelatinous and can be either absorbable/degradable or non-absorbable/non-degradable. The scaffold may or may not have a surface treatment. Because of this large breadth of possible starting materials and scaffold constructions, this guide cannot be considered as exhaustive in its listing of potentially applicable tests. A voluntary guidance for the development of tissue-engineered products can be found in Omstead, et al (1).15 Guide F2027 contains a listing of potentially applicable test methods specific to various starting materials. Guidance regarding the evaluation of absorbable polymeric materials and constructs can be found in Guide F2902. Guidance regarding the evaluation of collagen-based materials can be found in Guide F2212. Guidance regarding the evaluation of scaffolds composed of ceramic or mineral-based material is available in Guide F2883. Similarly, guidance for the assessment of unique aspects of scaffolds based on hydrogels (for example, gel kinetics, mechanical stability, and mass transport properties) may be found in Guide F2900.  
5.2 Each TEMP scaffold product is unique and may require testing not within the scope of this guide or other guidance documents. Users of this guide are encouraged to examine the references listed herein and pertinent FDA or other regulatory guidelines or practices, and conduct a literature search to identify other procedures particularly pertinent for evaluation of their specific scaffold material (2,3,4). It is the ultimate responsibility of the TEMP scaffold designer to determine the appropriate testing, whether or not it is described in this guide.  
5.3 A listing of potentially applicable tests for characterizing and analyzing the materials used to fabricate the scaffold may be found in Guide F2027. However, co...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is a resource of currently available test methods for the characterization of the compositional and structural aspects of biomaterial scaffolds used in the development and manufacture of regenerative medicine and tissue-engineered medical products (TEMPs).  
1.2 The test methods contained herein guide characterization of the bulk physical, chemical, mechanical, and surface properties of a scaffold construct. Such properties may be important for the success of a TEMP, especially if the property affects cell retention, activity and organization, the delivery of bioactive agents, or the biocompatibility and bioactivity within the final product.  
1.3 This guide may be used in the selection of appropriate test methods for the generation of an original equipment manufacture (OEM) specification. This guide also may be used to characterize the scaffold component of a finished medical product.  
1.4 This guide is intended to be used in conjunction with appropriate characterization(s) and evaluation(s) of any raw or starting material(s) used in the fabrication of the scaffold, such as described in Guide F2027.  
1.5 This guide addresses natural, synthetic, or combination scaffold materials with or without bioactive agents or biological activity. This guide does not address the characterization or release profiles of any biomolecules, cells, drugs, or bioactive agents that are used in combination with the scaffold, but may be used to address the effects on other (e.g., structural) properties as a result of such release. A determination of the suitability of a particular starting material and/or finished scaffold structure to a specific cell type and/or tissue engineering application is essential, but will require additional  in vitro and/or in vivo evaluations considered to be outside the scope of this guide.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its...

  • Guide
    12 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Guide
    12 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM F1210-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Ecological Considerations for the Use of Oil Spill Dispersants in Freshwater and Other Inland Environments, Lakes and Large Water Bodies

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This guide is meant to aid response teams who may use it during spill response planning and spill events.  
3.2 This guide should be adapted to site specific circumstance.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the use of oil spill dispersants to assist in the control of oil spills. The guide is written with the goal of minimizing the environmental impacts of oil spills; this goal is the basis on which the recommendations are made. Aesthetic and socioeconomic factors are not considered, although these and other factors are often important in spill response.  
1.2 Spill responders have available several means to control or clean up spilled oil. Chemical dispersants should be given equal consideration with other spill countermeasures.  
1.3 This is a general guide only. Oil, as used in this guide, includes crude oils and refined petroleum products. Differences between individual dispersants or between different oil products are not considered. The dispersibility of the oil with the chosen dispersant should be evaluated.  
1.4 The guide is organized by habitat type, for example, small ponds and lakes, rivers and streams, and land. It considers the use of dispersants primarily to protect habitats from impact (or to minimize impacts).  
1.5 This guide applies only to freshwater and other inland environments. It does not consider the direct application of dispersants to subsurface waters.  
1.6 In making dispersant use decisions, appropriate government authorities should be consulted as required by law.  
1.7 This guide does not address getting regulatory approval.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Guide
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C596-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Drying Shrinkage of Mortar Containing Hydraulic Cement

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method establishes a selected set of conditions of temperature, relative humidity and rate of evaporation of the environment to which a mortar specimen of stated composition shall be subjected for a specified period of time during which its change in length is determined and designated “drying shrinkage.”  
4.2 The drying shrinkage of mortar as determined by this test method has a linear relation to the drying shrinkage of concrete made with the same cement and exposed to the same drying conditions.4 Hence this test method may be used when it is desired to develop data on the effect of a hydraulic cement on the drying shrinkage of concrete made with that cement.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the change in length on drying of mortar bars containing hydraulic cement and graded standard sand.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. When combined standards are referenced, the selection of measurement system is at the user’s discretion subject to the requirements of the referenced standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure).2  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off