ASTM E1732-22
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Science
Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Science
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These terms have particular application to forensic practice. Entries for Section A of E1732 are chosen variously from Webster’s Online Dictionary, international standards, textbooks, and the Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions. The subcommittee develops definitions when conventional sources fail to yield suitable candidates. Reference citations include:
3.1.1 For ASTM standards, the standard designation is followed by a dash and a two-digit year designation, e.g., E2161-19. The year citation references the year of publication of the standard from which the entry is taken, not necessarily the current year of publication of the standard.
3.1.2 Citations from other than ASTM standards may include an abbreviation and the standard number followed by a four-digit year designation, e.g., ISO 9000:2015. The year citation references the year of publication of the standard from which the entry is taken. Such standards may also be referenced by a name followed by a year designation, e.g., IUPAC Gold Book 2020. Abbreviations are explicated under “2. Referenced Documents.”
3.1.3 For entries created by members of E30, a brief statement to that effect and a year designation follows the entry, e.g., Created by E30 in 2021.
3.1.4 For entries followed simply by a reference, e.g., ISO 9000:2015 or E456-17, the reader can assume that the entry is accurately copied from the reference with no modifications except for ASTM format conventions. For entries that are slightly modified versions of something from a known source, reference citations read, “Based upon definition by…” Following the “by” is the source name and year that the entry was taken, or modified, for inclusion in Section A.
3.1.5 For entries from textbooks a reference following the entry will have the name or title of the text, author(s), edition (if applicable) and the year of publication or copyright.
3.1.6 For entries of unknown origin currently in E1732 Section A, a statement declaring that a ...
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard includes definitions of terms used in the forensic sciences.
1.2 Legal and scientific and terms in common use that are generally understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources may not be included, except when dictionaries show multiple definitions and it seems desirable to indicate the definitions recommended for forensic science use.
1.3 Section A defines terms that are common to multiple areas of forensic science, whereas, the subsequent sections define terms pertaining to specific forensic science areas, as follows:
Section A: General (Common) Forensic Science Terms
The terms defined in Section A are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.92, Terminology.
Section B: Criminalistics
The terms defined in Section B are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.01, Criminalistics.
Section B1: Terms for Seized Drug Analysis
Section B2: Terms for Gunshot Residue (GSR) Analysis and Smokeless Powder Analysis
Section B3: Terms for Paint Analysis
Section B4: Terms for Textile, Fiber, Cord, and Tape Examination
Section B5: Terms for Glass Examination
Section B6: Terms for Fire Debris
Section C: Digital and Multimedia Evidence
The terms defined in Section C are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.12, Digital and Multimedia Evidence.
Section C1: Terms for Computer Forensics
Section C2: Terms for Digital Image Processing and Multimedia Evidence Examination
Section C3: Terms for Magnetic Card Reader Examination
Section C4: Terms for Facial Image Examination
Section D: Interdisciplinary
The terms defined in Section D are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.11, Interdisciplinary Forensic Science Standards.
...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1732 − 22
Standard Terminology
1
Relating to Forensic Science
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1732; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
Section E: Questioned Documents
The terms defined in Section E were formerly the direct responsibility of
1.1 This terminology standard includes definitions of terms
Subcommittee E30.02, Questioned Documents, and are currently the
used in the forensic sciences. direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.90, Executive Committee.
1.4 Entries listed in Sections B–E reflect only those existing
1.2 Legal and scientific and terms in common use that are
in Committee E30 standards current with the date of a once
generally understood or defined adequately in other readily
yearly review of Committee E30 standards. Changes to stan-
available sources may not be included, except when dictionar-
dardsorentriesfollowingthisdatewillappearinSectionsB–E
ies show multiple definitions and it seems desirable to indicate
after the following year’s review date.
the definitions recommended for forensic science use.
1.5 An alphabetical list of the terms defined in this standard
1.3 Section A defines terms that are common to multiple
is given in Appendix X1, which also identifies the section(s) in
areas of forensic science, whereas, the subsequent sections
which each term is defined.
define terms pertaining to specific forensic science areas, as
follows:
1.6 Definitions identical to those published by another
Section A: General (Common) Forensic Science Terms standards-developing organization or ASTM committee are
The terms defined in Section A are the direct responsibility of
identified with the abbreviation of the name of the organization
Subcommittee E30.92, Terminology.
or the identifying document and ASTM committee; for
Section B: Criminalistics example, ASME is the American Society of Mechanical
The terms defined in Section B are the direct responsibility of
Engineers.
Subcommittee E30.01, Criminalistics.
Section B1: Terms for Seized Drug Analysis
1.7 Insomecasesdifferentusageofatermindifferentfields
Section B2: Terms for Gunshot Residue (GSR) Analysis and
has been noted.
Smokeless Powder Analysis
Section B3: Terms for Paint Analysis
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
Section B4: Terms for Textile, Fiber, Cord, and Tape Examination
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Section B5: Terms for Glass Examination
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Section B6: Terms for Fire Debris
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Section C: Digital and Multimedia Evidence
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
The terms defined in Section C are the direct responsibility of
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Subcommittee E30.12, Digital and Multimedia Evidence.
Section C1: Terms for Computer Forensics
Section C2: Terms for Digital Image Processing and Multimedia
2. Referenced Documents
Evidence Examination
2
Section C3: Terms for Magnetic Card Reader Examination
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Section C4: Terms for Facial Image Examination
C162 Terminology of Glass and Glass Products
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
Section D: Interdisciplinary
The terms defined in Section D are the direct responsibility of
D6161 Terminology Used for Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration,
Subcommittee E30.11, Interdisciplinary Forensic Science Standards.
Nanofiltration,andReverseOsmosisMembraneProcesses
E131 Terminology Relating to Molecular Spectroscopy
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
ASTM Test Methods
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
E860 Practice for Examining And Preparing Items That Are
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on
Forensic Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.92 on
2
Terminology. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved April 1, 2022. Published April 2022. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
ɛ1
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2019 as E1732 – 19 . DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E1732-22. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
------------------
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: E1732 − 19 E1732 − 22
Standard Terminology
1
Relating to Forensic Science
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1732; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—New terms were added and other terms were corrected editorially in June 2020.
1. Scope
1.1 This terminology standard includes definitions of terms used in the forensic sciences.
1.2 Legal and scientific and terms in common use that are generally understood or defined adequately in other readily available
sources may not be included, except when dictionaries show multiple definitions and it seems desirable to indicate the definitions
recommended for forensic science use.
1.3 Section A defines terms that are common to multiple areas of forensic science, whereas, the subsequent sections define terms
pertaining to specific forensic science areas, as follows:
Section A: General (Common) Forensic Science Terms
The terms defined in Section A are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.92, Terminology.
Section B: Criminalistics
The terms defined in Section B are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.01, Criminalistics.
Section B1: Terms for Seized Drug Analysis
Section B2: Terms for Gunshot Residue (GSR) Analysis and Smokeless Powder Analysis
Section B3: Terms for Paint Analysis
Section B4: Terms for Textile, Fiber, Cord, and Tape Examination
Section B5: Terms for Glass Examination
Section B6: Terms for Fire Debris
Section C: Digital and Multimedia Evidence
The terms defined in Section C are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.12, Digital and Multimedia Evidence.
Section C1: Terms for Computer Forensics
Section C2: Terms for Digital Image Processing and Multimedia Evidence Examination
Section C3: Terms for Magnetic Card Reader Examination
Section C4: Terms for Facial Image Examination
Section D: Interdisciplinary
The terms defined in Section D are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.11, Interdisciplinary Forensic Science Standards.
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on Forensic Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.92 on Terminology.
Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2019April 1, 2022. Published March 2019April 2022. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 20182019 as
ɛ1
E1732 – 18b.E1732 – 19 . DOI: 10.1520/E1732-19E01.10.1520/E1732-22.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1732 − 22
Section E: Questioned Documents
The terms defined in Section E were formerly the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.02, Questioned Documents, and are currently the direct
responsibility of Subcommittee E30.90, Executive Committee.
1.4 Entries listed in Sections B–E reflect only those existing in Committee E30 standards current with the date of a once yearly
review of Committee E30 standards. Changes to standards or entries following this date will appear in Sections B–E after the
following year’s review date.
1.5 An alphabetical list of the terms defined in this standard is given in Appendix X1, which also identifies the section(s) in which
each term is defined.
1.6 Definitions identical to those published by another standards-developing organization or ASTM committee are identified with
the abbreviation of the name of the organization or the identifying document and ASTM committee; for example, ASME is the
American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
1.7 In some cases different usage of a term in different fields has been noted.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C162 Terminology of Glass and Glass Products
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D6161 Terminology Used for Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration, Nanofiltration, and Reverse Osmosis Membrane Processes
E131 Terminology Relating to Molecular Spectroscopy
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E456 Termi
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1732 − 22
Standard Terminology
1
Relating to Forensic Science
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1732; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
Section E: Questioned Documents
The terms defined in Section E were formerly the direct responsibility of
1.1 This terminology standard includes definitions of terms
Subcommittee E30.02, Questioned Documents, and are currently the
used in the forensic sciences. direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.90, Executive Committee.
1.4 Entries listed in Sections B–E reflect only those existing
1.2 Legal and scientific and terms in common use that are
in Committee E30 standards current with the date of a once
generally understood or defined adequately in other readily
yearly review of Committee E30 standards. Changes to stan-
available sources may not be included, except when dictionar-
dards or entries following this date will appear in Sections B–E
ies show multiple definitions and it seems desirable to indicate
after the following year’s review date.
the definitions recommended for forensic science use.
1.5 An alphabetical list of the terms defined in this standard
1.3 Section A defines terms that are common to multiple
is given in Appendix X1, which also identifies the section(s) in
areas of forensic science, whereas, the subsequent sections
which each term is defined.
define terms pertaining to specific forensic science areas, as
follows:
1.6 Definitions identical to those published by another
Section A: General (Common) Forensic Science Terms standards-developing organization or ASTM committee are
The terms defined in Section A are the direct responsibility of
identified with the abbreviation of the name of the organization
Subcommittee E30.92, Terminology.
or the identifying document and ASTM committee; for
Section B: Criminalistics example, ASME is the American Society of Mechanical
The terms defined in Section B are the direct responsibility of
Engineers.
Subcommittee E30.01, Criminalistics.
Section B1: Terms for Seized Drug Analysis
1.7 In some cases different usage of a term in different fields
Section B2: Terms for Gunshot Residue (GSR) Analysis and
has been noted.
Smokeless Powder Analysis
Section B3: Terms for Paint Analysis
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
Section B4: Terms for Textile, Fiber, Cord, and Tape Examination
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Section B5: Terms for Glass Examination
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Section B6: Terms for Fire Debris
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Section C: Digital and Multimedia Evidence
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
The terms defined in Section C are the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee E30.12, Digital and Multimedia Evidence. Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Section C1: Terms for Computer Forensics
Section C2: Terms for Digital Image Processing and Multimedia
2. Referenced Documents
Evidence Examination
2
Section C3: Terms for Magnetic Card Reader Examination
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Section C4: Terms for Facial Image Examination
C162 Terminology of Glass and Glass Products
Section D: Interdisciplinary D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
The terms defined in Section D are the direct responsibility of
D6161 Terminology Used for Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration,
Subcommittee E30.11, Interdisciplinary Forensic Science Standards.
Nanofiltration, and Reverse Osmosis Membrane Processes
E131 Terminology Relating to Molecular Spectroscopy
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
ASTM Test Methods
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
E860 Practice for Examining And Preparing Items That Are
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on
Forensic Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.92 on
2
Terminology. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved April 1, 2022. Published April 2022. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
ɛ1
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2019 as E1732 – 19 . DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E1732-22. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1732 − 22
Or May Become Involved In Criminal or Civil Litigation E2998
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