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ASTM D2273-05

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Trace Sediment in Lubricating Oils

Standard Test Method for Trace Sediment in Lubricating Oils

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test measures the trace level amount of sediment that is naphtha-insoluble and can be separated by centrifuging. Excessive amounts of sediment in oil could lead to system malfunction in critical applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of trace amounts (less than 0.05 volume %) of sediment in lubricating oils. Since oil-soluble material precipitated by the specified solvent is not intended as part of the measured sediment, the test method is not applicable in cases where precipitated oil-soluble components will appreciably contribute to the sediment readings.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2005
ICS
75.100 - Lubricants, industrial oils and related products
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.06 - Analysis of Liquid Fuels and Lubricants
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D2273-97(2002)e2 - Standard Test Method for Trace Sediment in Lubricating Oils
Effective Date
01-Nov-2005
Replaced By
ASTM D2273-08 - Standard Test Method for Trace Sediment in Lubricating Oils
Effective Date
01-May-2008
Referred By
ASTM D6224-22 - Standard Practice for In-Service Monitoring of Lubricating Oil for Auxiliary Power Plant Equipment
Effective Date
01-Nov-2005
Referred By
ASTM D4378-22 - Standard Practice for In-Service Monitoring of Mineral Turbine Oils for Steam, Gas, and Combined Cycle Turbines
Effective Date
01-Nov-2005
Referred By
ASTM F2332-06(2022) - Standard Specification for Annular Ball Bearings for Instruments and Precision Rotating Components
Effective Date
01-Nov-2005
Referred By
ASTM D8506-23 - Standard Guide for Microbial Contamination and Biodeterioration in Turbine Oils and Turbine Oil Systems
Effective Date
01-Nov-2005

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ASTM D2273-05 - Standard Test Method for Trace Sediment in Lubricating OilsASTM D2273-05 - Standard Test Method for Trace Sediment in Lubricating Oils
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ASTM D2273-05 - Standard Test Method for Trace Sediment in Lubricating Oils
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation:D2273–05
Standard Test Method for
1
Trace Sediment in Lubricating Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2273; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 4. Significance and Use
1.1 This test method covers the determination of trace 4.1 This test measures the trace level amount of sediment
amounts (less than 0.05 volume %) of sediment in lubricating that is naphtha-insoluble and can be separated by centrifuging.
oils. Since oil-soluble material precipitated by the specified Excessive amounts of sediment in oil could lead to system
solvent is not intended as part of the measured sediment, the malfunction in critical applications.
test method is not applicable in cases where precipitated
5. Apparatus
oil-soluble components will appreciably contribute to the
sediment readings. 5.1 Centrifuge, meeting all the safety requirements for
normal use and capable of whirling two or more filled
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this centrifuge tubes at a speed which can be controlled to give a
relative centrifugal force (rcf) between 600 and 700 at the tip
standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the of the tubes. The revolving head, trunnion rings, and trunnion
cups, including the rubber cushion, shall be soundly con-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- structedtowithstandthemaximumcentrifugalforcecapableof
being delivered by the power source. The trunnion cups and
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. cushions shall firmly support the tubes when the centrifuge is
inmotion.Thecentrifugeshallbeenclosedbyametalshieldor
2. Referenced Documents
case strong enough to eliminate danger if any breakage occurs.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: Calculate the speed of the rotating head as follows:
D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
rpm 5 1337 rcf/d (1)
=
Petroleum Products
D 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
where:
Petroleum Products rcf = relative centrifugal force, and
d = diameter of swing, in millimetres, measured between
3. Terminology
tips of opposite tubes when in rotating position.
The relationship between the diameter swing, relative cen-
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 trace sediment, n—the number of millilitres of sedi- trifugal force, and revolutions per minute is given in Table 1.
5.2 Centrifuge Tube, cone-shaped, conforming to the di-
ment precipitated from 100 mLof oil sample (volume percent)
when equal parts of the oil sample and the specified solvent are mensions given in Fig. 1, and made of thoroughly annealed
glass. The graduations, numbered as shown in Fig. 1, shall be
mixed and centrifuged under the prescribed conditions.
clearanddistinct,andthemouthshallbeconstructedinashape
suitable for closure with a cork. Scale-error tolerances and
smallest graduations between various calibration marks are
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
given inTable 2 and apply to calibrations made with redistilled
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
mercury up to the 0.30-mL mark and distilled water for all
D02.06 on Analysis of Lubricants.
remaining marks at 20°C.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2005. Published November 2005. Originally
e2
approved in 1964. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 2273–97(2002) .
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
6. Reagents
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
6.1 Hexanes, reagent grade, minimum purity. (Warning—
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. Extremely flammable. Harmful if inhaled.) See also Note 1.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2273–05
TABLE 1 Rotation Speeds for Centrifuges of Various Diameters
representative samples for this determination are unusually
A
Diameter of Swing, mm RPM at 600 rcf RPM at 700 rcf great; hence, the importance of sampling cannot be too
strongly emphasized.
483 1490 1610
...

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4.1 A petroleum products, liquid fuels, and lubricants testing laboratory plays a crucial role in product quality management and customer satisfaction. It is essential for a laboratory to provide quality data. This document provides guidance for establishing and maintaining a quality management system in a laboratory.  
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5.1 The bromine number is useful as a measure of aliphatic unsaturation in petroleum samples. When used in conjunction with the calculation procedure described in Annex A2, it can be used to estimate the percentage of olefins in petroleum distillates boiling up to approximately 315 °C (600 °F).  
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1.1 This test method3 covers the determination of the bromine number of the following materials:  
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1.1.2 Commercial olefins that are essentially mixtures of aliphatic mono-olefins and that fall within the range of 95 to 165 bromine number (see Note 1). This test method has been found suitable for such materials as commercial propylene trimer and tetramer, butene dimer, and mixed nonenes, octenes, and heptenes. This test method is not satisfactory for normal alpha-olefins.  
Note 1: These limits are imposed since the precision of this test method has been determined only up to or within the range of these bromine numbers.  
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Standard Test Method for Low-Temperature Viscosity of Automatic Transmission Fluids, Hydraulic Fluids, and Lubricants using a Rotational Viscometer

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5.1 The low-temperature, low-shear-rate viscosity of automatic transmission fluids, gear oils, torque and tractor fluids, and industrial and automotive hydraulic oils (see Appendix X4) are of considerable importance to the proper operation of many mechanical devices. Measurement of the viscometric properties of these oils and fluids at low temperatures is often used to specify their acceptance for service. This test method is used in a number of specifications.  
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5.3 Procedures A, B, C, and D of this test method describe how to measure apparent viscosity directly without the errors associated with earlier techniques that extrapolated experimental viscometric data obtained at higher temperatures.
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1.1 This test method covers the use of rotational viscometers with an appropriate torque range and specific spindle for the determination of the low-shear-rate viscosity of automatic transmission fluids, gear oils, hydraulic fluids, and some lubricants. This test method covers the viscosity range of 300 mPa·s to 900 000 mPa·s  
1.2 This test method was previously titled “Low-Temperature Viscosity of Lubricants Measured by Brookfield Viscometer.” In the lubricant industry, D2983 test results have often been referred to as “Brookfield2 Viscosity” which implies a viscosity determined by this method.  
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1.4.2 The viscosity data used for Procedure D precision study was from 6400 mPa·s to 256 000 mPa·s at test temperatures of –26 °C and –40 °C.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement ar...

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5.1 This test simulates a type of severe field service in which corrosion-promoting moisture in the form of condensed water vapor accumulates in the axle assembly. This may happen as a result of volume expansion and contraction of the axle lubricant and the accompanied breathing in of moisture-laden air through the axle vent. The test screens lubricants for their ability to prevent the expected corrosion.  
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5.1 Periodic sampling and analysis of lubricants have long been used as a means to determine overall machinery health. Atomic emission (AE) and atomic absorption (AA) spectroscopy are often employed for wear metal analysis (for example, Test Method D5185). A number of physical property tests complement wear metal analysis and are used to provide information on lubricant condition (for example, Test Methods D445, D2896, and D6304). Molecular analysis of lubricants and hydraulic fluids by FT-IR spectroscopy produces direct information on molecular species of interest, including additives, fluid breakdown products and external contaminants, and thus complements wear metal and other analyses used in a condition monitoring program (1, 2-6).
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1.2 This practice is based on trending and distribution response analysis from mid-infrared absorption measurements. While calibration to generate physical concentration units may be possible, it is unnecessary or impractical in many cases. Warning or alarm limits (the point where maintenance action on a machine being monitored is recommended or required) can be determined through statistical analysis, history of the same or similar equipment, round robin tests or other methods in conjunction with correlation to equipment performance. These warning or alarm limits can be a fixed maximum or minimum value for comparison to a single measurement or can also be based on a rate of change of the response measured (1) .2 This practice describes distributions but does not preclude using rate-of-change warnings and alarms.
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1.3 Spectra and distribution profiles presented herein are for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed as representing or establishing lubricant or machinery guidelines.  
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1.1 This test method covers quantitative procedures for the evaluation of the compatibility of automotive engine oils with several reference elastomers typical of those used in the sealing materials in contact with these oils. Compatibility is evaluated by determining the changes in volume, Durometer A hardness, and tensile properties when the elastomer specimens are immersed in the oil for a specified time and temperature.  
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1.3 This test method provides a preliminary or first order evaluation of oil/elastomer compatibility only. Because seals might be subjected to static or dynamic loads, or both, and they can operate over a range of conditions, a complete evaluation of the potential sealing performance of any elastomer-oil combination in any service condition usually requires tests additional to those described in this test method.  
1.4 The several reference elastomer formulations specified in this test method were chosen to be representative of those used in both heavy-duty diesel engines (detailed in Annex A1) and passenger-car spark-ignition engines (the latter are covered in Annex A2). The procedures described in this test method can, however, also be used to evaluate the compatibility of automotive engine oils with different elastomer types/formulations or different test durations and temperatures to those employed in this test method.
Note 2: In such cases, the precision and bias statement in Section 12 does not apply. In addition to agreeing acceptable limits of precision, where relevant, the user and supplier should also agree:  (1) test temperatures and immersion times to be used; (2) the formulations and typical properties of the elastomers; and (3) the sourcing and quality control of the elastomer sheets.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination and evaluation of flow properties, wear levels, contaminants, and oxidative condition of new and in-service lubricating grease.  
1.2 This test method provides guidance on evaluating in-service grease samples, NLGI grades 00 to 3, for wear, consistency, contamination, and oxidation.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3.1 Exception—The exception to this will be where units of references were developed by the developers of the test equipment and necessary to report the results of the test.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7922-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Glycol for In-Service Engine Oils by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Some glycol/antifreeze dilution of in-service engine oil is normal under typical operating conditions. However, excessive glycol dilution can lead to decreased performance, premature wear, or sudden engine failure. This test method provides a means of quantifying the level of glycol based antifreeze dilution, allowing the user to take necessary action.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of glycol based antifreeze for in-service engine oil by derivative headspace/gas chromatography.  
1.2 Sample is derivatized in-situ directly in a headspace sampling vial prior to vapor phase extraction and injection into a gas chromatograph.  
1.3 The chemistry of the derivatization is unique to the detection of the molecules of ethylene glycol and 1,2-propylene glycol. 1,3-propylene glycol could also be detected but is not used in any known anti-freeze at this time. Other coolant analyses are beyond the scope of this test method.  
1.4 The derivatization process does not affect glycol breakdown products such as glycolate and formate and hence the presence of these compounds in the oil will not be quantified.  
1.5 The test method concentration range is from 50 µg/g to 1000 µg/g. Lower levels are possible by method modifications. Higher levels are possible through sample dilution.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Standard
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