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ASTM D6908-06(2017)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Integrity Testing of Water Filtration Membrane Systems

Standard Practice for Integrity Testing of Water Filtration Membrane Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The integrity test methods described are used to determine the integrity of membrane systems, and are applicable to systems containing membrane module configurations of both hollow fiber and flat sheet; such as, spiral-wound configuration. In all cases the practices apply to membranes in the RO, NF, and UF membrane classes. However, the TOC and Dye Test practices do not apply to membranes in the MF range or the upper end of the UF pore size range (0.01 μm and larger pore sizes) due to insignificant or inconsistent removal of TOC material by these membranes.  
4.2 These methods may be used to identify relative changes in the integrity of a system, or used in conjunction with the equations described in 9.4, to provide a means of estimating the integrity in terms of log reduction value. For critical applications, estimated log reductions using these equations should be confirmed by experiment for the particular membrane and system configuration used.  
4.3 The ability of the methods to detect any given defect is affected by the size of the system or portion of the system tested. Selecting smaller portions of the system to test will increase the sensitivity of the test to defects. When determining the size that can be tested as a discrete unit, use the guidelines supplied by the system manufacturer or the general guidelines provided in this practice.  
4.4 The applicability of the tests is largely independent of system size when measured in terms of the impact of defects on the treated water quality (that is, the system LRV). This is because the bypass flow from any given defect is diluted in proportion to the systems total flowrate. For example, a 10-module system with a single defect will produce the same water quality as a 100-module system with ten of the same size defects.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of the integrity of water filtration membrane elements and systems using air based tests (pressure decay and vacuum hold), soluble dye, continuous monitoring particulate light scatter techniques, and TOC monitoring tests for the purpose of rejecting particles and microbes. The tests are applicable to systems with membranes that have a nominal pore size less than about 1 µm. The TOC, and Dye, tests are generally applicable to NF and RO class membranes only.  
1.2 This practice does not purport to cover all available methods of integrity testing.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Nov-2017
ICS
13.060.01 - Water quality in general
Technical Committee
D19 - Water
Drafting Committee
D19.08 - Membranes and Ion Exchange Materials
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D5904-02(2017) - Standard Test Method for Total Carbon, Inorganic Carbon, and Organic Carbon in Water by Ultraviolet, Persulfate Oxidation, and Membrane Conductivity Detection
Effective Date
01-Feb-2017
Refers
ASTM E128-99(2019) - Standard Test Method for Maximum Pore Diameter and Permeability of Rigid Porous Filters for Laboratory Use
Effective Date
01-Nov-2019
Refers
ASTM D6161-19 - Standard Terminology Used for Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration, Nanofiltration, and Reverse Osmosis Membrane Processes
Effective Date
01-Jul-2019
Referred By
ASTM D7601-19 - Standard Practice for Pressure Driven Membrane Separation Element/Bundle Evaluation
Effective Date
01-Dec-2017
Referred By
ASTM D7285-06(2017) - Standard Guide for Recordkeeping Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration Systems
Effective Date
01-Dec-2017
Referred By
ASTM D3923-23 - Standard Practices for Detecting Leaks in Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration Devices
Effective Date
01-Dec-2017

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ASTM D6908-06(2017) - Standard Practice for Integrity Testing of Water Filtration Membrane SystemsASTM D6908-06(2017) - Standard Practice for Integrity Testing of Water Filtration Membrane Systems
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ASTM D6908-06(2017) - Standard Practice for Integrity Testing of Water Filtration Membrane Systems
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D6908 − 06 (Reapproved 2017)
Standard Practice for
1
Integrity Testing of Water Filtration Membrane Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6908; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D3864Guide for On-Line Monitoring Systems for Water
Analysis
1.1 Thispracticecoversthedeterminationoftheintegrityof
D3923Practices for Detecting Leaks in Reverse Osmosis
water filtration membrane elements and systems using air
and Nanofiltration Devices
based tests (pressure decay and vacuum hold), soluble dye,
D4839TestMethodforTotalCarbonandOrganicCarbonin
continuous monitoring particulate light scatter techniques, and
WaterbyUltraviolet,orPersulfateOxidation,orBoth,and
TOCmonitoringtestsforthepurposeofrejectingparticlesand
Infrared Detection
microbes. The tests are applicable to systems with membranes
D5173Guide for On-Line Monitoring of Total Organic
that have a nominal pore size less than about 1 µm. The TOC,
Carbon inWater by Oxidation and Detection of Resulting
and Dye, tests are generally applicable to NF and RO class
Carbon Dioxide
membranes only.
D5904TestMethodforTotalCarbon,InorganicCarbon,and
1.2 This practice does not purport to cover all available
Organic Carbon in Water by Ultraviolet, Persulfate
methods of integrity testing.
Oxidation, and Membrane Conductivity Detection
D5997 Test Method for On-Line Monitoring of Total
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this Carbon,InorganicCarboninWaterbyUltraviolet,Persul-
fate Oxidation, and Membrane Conductivity Detection
standard.
D6161TerminologyUsedforMicrofiltration,Ultrafiltration,
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis Membrane Processes
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D6698Test Method for On-Line Measurement of Turbidity
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Below 5 NTU in Water
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
E20Practice for Particle Size Analysis of Particulate Sub-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
stances in the Range of 0.2 to 75 Micrometres by Optical
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
3
Microscopy (Withdrawn 1994)
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
E128Test Method for Maximum Pore Diameter and Perme-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
ability of Rigid Porous Filters for Laboratory Use
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
F658Practice for Calibration of a Liquid-Borne Particle
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Counter Using an Optical System Based Upon Light
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3
Extinction (Withdrawn 2007)
2. Referenced Documents
3. Terminology
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1 Definitions:
D1129Terminology Relating to Water
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this standard, refer to
D2777Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias of
Terminologies D6161 and D1129.
Applicable Test Methods of Committee D19 on Water
3.1.2 For description of terms relating to cross flow mem-
D3370Practices for Sampling Water from Closed Conduits
brane systems, refer to Terminology D6161.
3.1.3 For definition of terms relating to dissolved carbon
1 and carbon analyzers, refer to Guide D5173 and Test Methods
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D19 on Water and
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.08 on Membranes and Ion
D5904 and D5997.
Exchange Materials.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2017. Published December 2017. Originally
3.2.1 bubble point, n—when the pores of a membrane are
approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D6908–06 (2010).
filled with liquid and air pressure is applied to one side of the
DOI: 10.1520/D6908-06R17.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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1.4 Analytes that are not separated chromatographically, but that have different mass spectra and noninterfering quantitation ions, can be identified and measured in the same calibration mixture or water sample. Analytes that have very similar product ions cannot be individually identified and measured in the same calibration mixture or water sample unless they have different retention times.  
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Standard Practice for Estimating pH to Verify Status of Aqueous Samples

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended for use by samplers, technicians, or analysts to verify that samples are preserved or at the proper pH specified in analytical procedures.  
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SCOPE
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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Standard Test Method for Determination of Nitrosamines in Water by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Nitrosamines are a class of nitrogen-containing compounds with a known occurrence in wastewater. They may also be created in deionization and are a potential contaminant in water for reuse. The World Health Organization has issued a guideline for NDMA in drinking water at 0.1 µg/L. NDMA may occur in chlorinated effluents and other wastewaters. Other methods for nitrosamines employ solid phase extraction, which may not be applicable to wastewaters that contain particulate matter or a high organic load. This method analyses nitrosamines directly using LC-MS/MS.
SCOPE
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1.2 This test method is applicable to nitrosamines that can be chromatographed and detected using a mass spectrometry procedure. Table 1 lists the compounds that have been validated for this test method. This test method is not limited to the compounds listed in Table 1; however, the applicability of the test method to other compounds must be demonstrated.  
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1.4 Analytes that are not separated chromatographically, but that have different mass spectra and noninterfering quantitation ions, can be identified and measured in the same calibration mixture or water sample. Analytes that have very similar product ions cannot be individually identified and measured in the same calibration mixture or water sample unless they have different retention times.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides information and criteria for estimating the thickness of oil on water using only visual clues.  
1.2 This guide applies to oil-on-water and does not pertain to oil on land or other surfaces.  
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1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Practice for Estimating pH to Verify Status of Aqueous Samples

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended for use by samplers, technicians, or analysts to verify that samples are preserved or at the proper pH specified in analytical procedures.  
5.2 The pH is indicated within about 1 pH unit for wide-range paper and within 0.5 pH units for narrow-range paper.  
5.3 Unless stated otherwise in the test method, a wide-range paper estimating pH within 1 unit is suitable.  
5.4 A narrow-range pH paperstrip may be used for test methods with tighter pH requirements; however, accuracy better than ±0.5 pH units of the estimate should not be implied.  
5.5 Rapid pH tests allow users to make spot determinations directly without auxiliary equipment.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides information on verifying the pH of aqueous samples before analysis. This practice is not intended to be used for non-aqueous samples like oil or grease.  
1.2 This practice may also be used in adjusting pH of samples during various analytical steps.  
1.3 Wide-range pH papers/strips are used for a rapid indication of pH to within about 1 pH unit, and narrow-range pH papers/strips are used to indicate pH within about 0.5 pH units.  
1.4 In some instances, a universal liquid indicator may be used.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM International standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E3312-21(Guide)
Standard Guide for Mitigation of Wildfire Impact to Source Water Protection Areas and Risk to Water Utilities

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide addresses issues related solely to strategies and the development of a plan to address wildfire-related physical and chemical changes to water resources in Source Water Protection Areas. This guide does not include specific advice on risk assessment. Mitigation strategies and planning may consist of a wide variety of actions by individuals, communities, or organizations to prepare for the impacts of wildfires on water quality and quantity in Source Water Protection Areas (see Guide E3136).  
4.2 Source water protection activities not only help the utility identify risk, but they are also necessary to educate regulatory agencies, permitting authorities, and the community about the impacts that their actions can have on source water quality or quantity of the drinking water.  
4.3 Example Users:  
4.3.1 Federal, tribal, state, or municipal facility staff and regulators, including departments of health, water, sewer, and fire;  
4.3.2 Financial and insurance institutions;  
4.3.3 Federal, tribal, state, or local land managers;  
4.3.4 Public works staff, including water systems, groundwater supplies, surface water supplies, stormwater systems, wastewater systems, publicly owned treatment works, and agriculture water management agencies;  
4.3.5 Consultants, auditors, state, municipal and private inspectors, and compliance assistance personnel;  
4.3.6 Educational facilities such as experimental forests and nature preserves;  
4.3.7 Non-regulatory government agencies, such as the military;  
4.3.8 Wildlife management entities including government, tribal, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs);  
4.3.9 Cities, towns, and counties, especially in developing climate vulnerability strategies and plans;  
4.3.10 Commercial and residential real estate property developers, including redevelopers;  
4.3.11 Non-profits, community groups, and land owners.  
4.4 Coordination and cooperation must fit into the process for improving community prepared...
SCOPE
1.1 Overview—Wildfires pose a significant risk to water utilities as they can cause contaminants of concern to be released into surface water and groundwater supplies (1).2 This can endanger human health if systems were not designed to manage these contaminant loads.  
1.2 Purpose—Mitigation measures of wildfire effects on sediment loads, trace minerals, and contaminants of concern on runoff in a Source Water Protection Area (2) is an expanding area of study that does not have a full set of regulations at the federal or state level. This guide provides public-sector and private-sector land managers and water utility operators details on how to assess the potential impacts of wildfires on watersheds and measures that can be employed to minimize or abate those impacts prior to a wildfire occurring or after it occurs.  
1.2.1 This guide supplements existing watershed and Source Water Protection Area guidance.  
1.2.2 This guide will recommend fuel management prior to a wildfire, suppression strategies during a wildfire, and mitigation opportunities for both forests and water treatment systems after the wildfire. It will also support collaboration between involved stakeholders (see Fig. 1 below).
FIG. 1 Place-based characteristics for consideration when assessing threats to water supplies and treatment due to a wildfire (adapted from (3)).  
1.2.3 The purpose of this guide is to provide a series of options that water utilities, landowners, and land managers can implement to limit the chance of a wildfire, specifically in a drinking water watershed, and mitigation opportunities to protect drinking water after a wildfire occurs. This guide encourages consistent management of forests to limit wildfire risks to water resources. The guide presents practices and recommendations based on the best available science to provide institutional and engineering actions to reduce the likelihood of a wildfire and the potentially disas...

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