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ASTM D7370-09

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determination of Relative Density and Absorption of Fine, Coarse and Blended Aggregate Using Combined Vacuum Saturation and Rapid Submersion

Standard Test Method for Determination of Relative Density and Absorption of Fine, Coarse and Blended Aggregate Using Combined Vacuum Saturation and Rapid Submersion

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Relative density (specific gravity) is the characteristic generally used for calculation of the volume occupied by the aggregate in various mixtures containing aggregate, including Portland cement concrete, bituminous concrete, and other mixtures that are proportioned or analyzed on an absolute volume basis. Relative density (specific gravity) is also used in the computation of voids in aggregate in Test Method C 29/C 29M. Relative density (specific gravity) saturated surface dry (SSD) is used if the aggregate is at SSD, that is, if its absorption has been satisfied. Conversely, the relative density (specific gravity) oven-dry (OD) is used for computations when the aggregate is dry or assumed to be dry.
Apparent density and apparent relative density (apparent specific gravity) pertain to the solid material making up the constituent particles not including the pore space within the particles which is accessible to water.
Absorption values are used to calculate the change in the mass of an aggregate due to water absorbed in the pore spaces within the constituent particles, when it is deemed that the aggregate has been in contact with water long enough to satisfy the absorption potential. The laboratory standard for absorption is that obtained after submerging dry aggregate for a prescribed period of time.
Note 1—There are other test methods that have been used and continue to be used to determine these aggregate properties: C 127 and C 128. This test method may result in values for these properties that are close to or divergent from values from other test methods.
Note 2—The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependant upon the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and the maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D 3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that co...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of relative density and absorption of fine aggregates by Method A and coarse and blended aggregates by Method B.
1.2 The values are stated in SI units and are regarded as the standard units.
1.3 A multi-laboratory precision and bias statement for coarse and combined aggregate tests in this standard has not been developed at this time. Therefore, this standard should not be used for acceptance or rejection of coarse and combined aggregate materials for purchasing purposes.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2009
ICS
91.100.15 - Mineral materials and products
Technical Committee
D04 - Road and Paving Materials
Drafting Committee
D04.51 - Aggregate Tests
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D7370-08 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Relative Density and Absorption of Fine, Coarse and Blended Aggregate Using Combined Vacuum Saturation and Rapid Submersion
Effective Date
01-Jun-2009

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ASTM D7370-09 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Relative Density and Absorption of Fine, Coarse and Blended Aggregate Using Combined Vacuum Saturation and Rapid Submersion
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D7370 − 09
StandardTest Method for
Determination of Relative Density and Absorption of Fine,
Coarse and Blended Aggregate Using Combined Vacuum
1
Saturation and Rapid Submersion
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7370; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates
D4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Bal-
1.1 This test method covers the determination of relative
ances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and
density and absorption of fine aggregates by Method A and
Construction Materials Testing
coarse and blended aggregates by Method B.
D3666 Specification for Minimum Requirements for Agen-
1.2 The values are stated in SI units and are regarded as the
cies Testing and Inspecting Road and Paving Materials
standard units.
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
1.3 A multi-laboratory precision and bias statement for
coarse and combined aggregate tests in this standard has not
3. Summary of Test Method
beendevelopedatthistime.Therefore,thisstandardshouldnot
3.1 Sufficient aggregate sample is dried to constant mass.
be used for acceptance or rejection of coarse and combined
For each test two representative dry aggregate samples of the
aggregate materials for purchasing purposes.
same material are selected for testing. One sample is evacuated
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
in a vacuum chamber inside a plastic bag and opened under
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
water for rapid saturation of the aggregate. The dry mass and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
submerged mass of the sample is used for calculation of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
apparent relative density. The second sample of the same
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
aggregate is tested in a known volume metal pycnometer. The
2. Referenced Documents known mass of the pycnometer with water, mass of the dry
2 aggregate and mass of the aggregate and pycnometer filled
2.1 ASTM Standards:
with water is used for calculation of unsaturated density. The
C29/C29M Test Method for Bulk Density (“Unit Weight”)
results from the two samples tested are then used to calculate
and Voids in Aggregate
absorption, and relative density (OD).
C127 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
Gravity), and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate 3.2 This test can be completed in less than 30 minutes and
C128 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific can be used for rapid determination of aggregate properties in
Gravity), and Absorption of Fine Aggregate construction testing laboratories.
C136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse
3.3 This test can be performed on fine, coarse and blended
Aggregates
(combined) aggregates by using appropriate plastic bag and
C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
pycnometer sizes.
for Test Methods for Construction Materials
4. Significance and Use
C702 PracticeforReducingSamplesofAggregatetoTesting
Size
4.1 Relative density (specific gravity) is the characteristic
generally used for calculation of the volume occupied by the
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road
aggregate in various mixtures containing aggregate, including
and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.51 on
Portland cement concrete, bituminous concrete, and other
Aggregate Tests.
mixtures that are proportioned or analyzed on an absolute
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2009.PublishedJuly2009.Originallyapproved
volume basis. Relative density (specific gravity) is also used in
in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D7370 – 08. DOI: 10.1520/
D7370-09.
the computation of voids in aggregate in Test Method C29/
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
C29M. Relative density (specific gravity) saturated surface dry
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
(SSD) is used if the aggregate is at SSD, that is, if its
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. absorption has been satisfied. Conversely, the relative density
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7370 − 09
(specific gravity) oven-dry (OD) is used for computations 5.5 Vacuum Measu
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D7370–08 Designation:D7370–09
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Relative Density and Absorption of Fine,
Coarse and Blended Aggregate Using Combined Vacuum
1
Saturation and Rapid Submersion
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7370; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This standardtest method covers the determination of relative density and absorption of fine aggregates by Method A and
coarse and blended aggregates by Method B.
1.2 The values are stated in SI units and are regarded as the standard units.
1.3 A multi-laboratory precision and bias statement for coarse and combined aggregate tests in this standard has not been
developed at this time. Therefore, this standard should not be used for acceptance or rejection of coarse and combined aggregate
materials for purchasing purposes.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C 29/C 29M Test Method for Bulk Density (Unit Weight) and Voids in Aggregate
C 127 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate
C 128 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Fine Aggregate
C 136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
C 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for Construction Materials
C 702 Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate to Testing Size
D75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates
D 4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and Construction
Materials Testing
D 3666 Specification for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Testing and Inspecting Road and Paving Materials
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
3. Summary of Test Method
3.1 Sufficient aggregate sample is dried to constant mass. For each test two representative dry aggregate samples of the same
material are selected for testing. One sample is evacuated in a vacuum chamber inside a plastic bag and opened under water for
rapid saturation of the aggregate. The dry mass and submerged mass of the sample is used for calculation of apparent relative
density. The second sample of the same aggregate is tested in a known volume metal pycnometer. The known mass of the
pycnometer with water, mass of the dry aggregate and mass of the aggregate and pycnometer filled with water is used for
calculation of unsaturated density. The results from the two samples tested are then used to calculate absorption, and relative
density (OD).
3.2 This test can be completed in less than 30 minutes and can be used for rapid determination of aggregate properties in
construction testing laboratories.
3.3 This test can be performed on fine, coarse and blended (combined) aggregates by using appropriate plastic bag and
pycnometer sizes.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D04 on Road and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.51 onAggregate
Tests.
Current edition approved July 15, 2008. Published August 2008.
Current edition approved June 1, 2009. Published July 2009. Originally approved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D 7370 – 08.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7370–09
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Relative density (specific gravity) is the characteristic generally used for calculation of the volume occupied by the
aggregate in various mixtures containing aggregate, including Portland cement concrete, bituminous concrete, and other mixtures
that are proportioned or analyzed on an absolute volume basis. R
...

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3.5 Appreciable amounts of reducible components, such as Fe2O3, will have a noticeable effect on the results. Thus, values obtained by these test methods will be different when brick removed from service is tested. This must be kept in mind when attempting to use these test methods in an absolute sense.  
3.6 Oxidizable components such as metals and carbides can have a noticeable effect on the results. This must be kept in mind when using the second procedure, which is based on measuring weight loss after igniting the coked specimens.  
3.7 Testing of brick or shapes that contain magnesium metal presents special problems since this metal is highly volatile and substantial amounts of the magnesium can be lost from the sample during the coking procedure. This must be kept in mind when interpreting the results of testing of brick that contains magnesium. In addition, magnesium can react readily with atmospheric humidity. This must be kept in mind when storing brick that contains magnesium.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of residual carbon content in carbon-bearing brick and shapes after a prescribed coking treatment. They provide two procedures. The first procedure is based on the combustion of carbon and its measurement as carbon dioxide. However, when using the first procedure for articles that contain silicon carbide or other carbides, no distinction will be made between carbon present in the form of a carbide and carbon present as elemental carbon. The second procedure provides a method for calculating apparent residual carbon (on the basis of weight loss after igniting the coked specimens), apparent carbonaceous material content, and apparent carbon yield. If the second procedure is used for brick or shapes that contain metallic additives or carbides, it must be recognized that there will be a weight gain associated with the oxidation of the metals, or carbides, or both. Such a weight gain can change the results substantially, and this must be kept in mind when interpreting the data.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C544-18(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Hydration of Dead-Burned Magnesite or Periclase Grain

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method determines relative hydration resistance of magnesia grain.  
3.2 This test method is used in industry to evaluate grain samples and is used for specification purposes in some cases.  
3.3 Care must be taken in interpreting the data.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the relative resistance of magnesia grain to hydration.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E3294-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Forensic Analysis of Geological Materials by Powder X-Ray Diffraction

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The overarching goals of the forensic analysis of geological materials include (A) identification of an unknown material (see 11.3), (B) analysis of soils, sediments, or rocks to restrict their possible geographic origins as part of a provenance analysis (see 11.4), and (C) comparison of two or more samples to assess if they could have originated from the same source or to exclude a common source based on observation of exclusionary differences (see 11.5). XRD is only one analytical method that can be applied to the evidentiary samples in service of these distinct goals. Guidance for the analysis of forensic geological materials can be found in Refs (2-4).  
5.2 Within the analytical scheme of geological materials, XRD analysis is used to: identify the crystalline components within a sample; identify the crystalline components separated from a mixture, typically clay-sized material (see 8.8), or a selected particle class for which additional analysis is needed (see 8.11); or compare two or more samples based on the identified crystalline phases or diffraction patterns (see 11.5).  
5.2.1 Non-destructive XRD analysis can be performed in situ on geological material adhering to a substrate (see 8.12.3).  
5.2.2 The most common forensic applications of XRD to geological materials are (A) identification or confirmation of a selected phase or fraction of a sample (see 8.12), (B) identification of minerals in the clay-sized fractions of soils (see 8.8), and (C) identification of the phases of the hydrated cement component of concrete or mortar.  
5.3 This guide is intended to be used with other methods of analysis (for example, polarized light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, palynology) within a more comprehensive analytical scheme for the forensic analysis or comparison of geological materials.  
5.3.1 Comprehensive criteria for forensic comparisons of geological material integrating multiple analytical methods and provenance estimations (see 11.4) are ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers techniques and procedures for the use of powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) in the forensic analysis of geological materials (to include soils, rocks, sediments, and materials derived from them such as concrete), to enable non-consumptive identification of solid crystalline materials present as single components or multi-component mixtures.  
1.2 This guide makes recommendations for the preparation of geological materials for powder XRD analysis with adaptations for samples of limited quantity, instrumental configuration to generate high-quality XRD data, identification of crystalline materials by comparison to published diffraction data, and forensic comparison of XRD patterns from two or more samples of geological materials to support criminal investigations.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Other units are avoided, in general, but there is a long-standing tradition of expressing X-ray wavelengths and lattice spacing in units of Ångströms (Å). One Ångström = 10–10 meter (m) = 0.1 nanometer (nm).  
1.4 This standard is intended for use by competent forensic science practitioners with the requisite formal education, discipline-specific training (see Practice E2917), and demonstrated proficiency to perform forensic casework.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8021-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Blast Furnace and Steel Furnace Slag as Produced During the Manufacture of Iron and Steel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides guidance as to the appropriate/typical mineralogy observed when iron and steel slag is produced during a variety of processes in the manufacture of iron and steel.  
4.2 Slag can be considered a product based on the mineralogy of samples that are tested using X-ray diffraction, phase recognition and characterization, powdered XRD-Rietveld analysis, and SEM-PARC results, using this guide.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard is intended to provide guidance as to the appropriate/typical mineralogy observed when iron and steel slag, produced during the manufacture of iron and steel, is designated as a product. The included information covers the mineral properties of blast furnace slag and steel slag when they are manufactured in conjunction with the production of iron or steel, or both (Note 1).  
Note 1: This guide is not intended to be used to determine the applicability of iron or steel slag, or both, for various applications. Terminology D8 designates steel slag as a product, while Terminology C125 designates blast furnace slag as a product. Its sole intent is to provide guidance as to the typical mineralogy when the iron or steel slag, or both, is designated as a product.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units are utilized in this standard.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) should not be considered as requirements of the specification.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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