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ASTM D6681-10

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils in a High Speed, Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine-Caterpillar 1P Test Procedure

Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils in a High Speed, Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine-Caterpillar 1P Test Procedure

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This is an accelerated engine oil test, performed in a standardized, calibrated, stationary single-cylinder diesel engine that gives a measure of (1) piston and ring groove deposit forming tendency, (2) piston, ring and liner scuffing and (3) oil consumption. The test is used in the establishment of diesel engine oil specification requirements as cited in Specification D4485 for appropriate API Performance Category C oils (API 1509). The test method can also be used in diesel engine oil development.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers and is required to evaluate the performance of engine oils intended to satisfy certain American Petroleum Institute (API) C service categories (included in Specification D4485). It is performed in a laboratory using a standardized high-speed, single-cylinder diesel engine. Piston and ring groove deposit-forming tendency and oil consumption is measured. The piston, the rings, and the liner are also examined for distress and the rings for mobility.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.2.1 Exceptions—Where there is no direct SI equivalent such as screw threads, National Pipe Threads/diameters, tubing size, or where there is a sole source supply equipment specification.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Being an engine test method, this standard does have definite hazards that require safe practices (see Appendix X2 on Safety).

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Apr-2010
ICS
75.100 - Lubricants, industrial oils and related products
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.B0.02 - Heavy Duty Engine Oils
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D6681-09 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils in a High Speed, Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine-Caterpillar 1P Test Procedure
Effective Date
01-May-2010
Replaced By
ASTM D6681-10a - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils in a High Speed, Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine-Caterpillar 1P Test Procedure
Effective Date
01-Nov-2010
Referred By
ASTM D7549-23 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Heavy-Duty Engine Oils under High Output Conditions—Caterpillar C13 Test Procedure
Effective Date
01-May-2010
Referred By
ASTM D4485-22e1 - Standard Specification for Performance of Active API Service Category Engine Oils
Effective Date
01-May-2010
Referred By
ASTM D6923-23 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils in a High Speed, Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine—Caterpillar 1R Test Procedure
Effective Date
01-May-2010

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ASTM D6681-10 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils in a High Speed, Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine-Caterpillar 1P Test ProcedureASTM D6681-10 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils in a High Speed, Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine-Caterpillar 1P Test Procedure
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ASTM D6681-10 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils in a High Speed, Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine-Caterpillar 1P Test Procedure
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D6681 – 10
Standard Test Method for
Evaluation of Engine Oils in a High Speed, Single-Cylinder
1
Diesel Engine—Caterpillar 1P Test Procedure
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6681; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Any properly equipped laboratory without outside assistance can use the test method described in
2
this standard. However, the ASTM Test Monitoring Center (TMC) provides calibration oils and an
assessment of the test results obtained on those oils by the laboratory. By this means the laboratory
will know whether their use of the test method gives results statistically similar to those obtained by
other laboratories. Furthermore, various agencies require that a laboratory utilize theTMC services in
seekingqualificationofoilsagainstspecifications.Forexample,theU.S.Armyhassucharequirement
in some of its engine oil specifications.Accordingly, this test method is written for those laboratories
that use the TMC services. Laboratories that choose not to use these services should ignore those
portions of the test method that refer to theTMC. Information Letters issued periodically by theTMC
3
may modify this method. In addition, the TMC may issue supplementary memoranda related to the
test method.
1. Scope 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This test method covers and is required to evaluate the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
performanceofengineoilsintendedtosatisfycertainAmerican
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Petroleum Institute (API) C service categories (included in
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Being an engine
Specification D4485). It is performed in a laboratory using a
4 test method, this standard does have definite hazards that
standardized high-speed, single-cylinder diesel engine. Piston
require safe practices (see Appendix X2 on Safety).
andringgroovedeposit-formingtendencyandoilconsumption
1.4 The following is the Table of Contents:
is measured. The piston, the rings, and the liner are also
Section
examined for distress and the rings for mobility.
Scope 1
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Referenced Documents 2
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this Terminology 3
Summary of Test Method 4
standard.
Significance and Use 5
1.2.1 Exceptions—Where there is no direct SI equivalent
Apparatus and Installation 6
suchasscrewthreads,NationalPipeThreads/diameters,tubing
Intake Air System 6.2.1
Exhaust System 6.2.2
size, or where there is a sole source supply equipment
Fuel System 6.2.3
specification.
Oil Consumption System 6.2.4
Engine Oil System 6.2.5
Oil Heating System 6.2.5.1
Oil Sample Valve 6.2.5.2
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Engine Coolant System 6.2.6
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
Engine Instrumentation 6.2.7
D02.B0.02 on Heavy Duty Engine Oils.
Reagents and Materials 7
Current edition approved May 1, 2010. Published August 2010. Originally
Oil Samples 8
approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D6681–09. DOI:
Preparation of Apparatus 9
10.1520/D6681-10. General Engine Assembly Practices 9.1
2
ASTM Test Monitoring Center (TMC), 6555 Penn Ave., Pittsburgh, PA Complete Engine Inspection 9.2
Copper Components 9.3
15206–4489.
3
Engine Lubricant System Flush 9.4
This edition incorporates revisions contained in all information letters through
Engine Piston Cooling Jets 9.5
09-1. Users of this test method shall contact the ASTM Test Monitoring Center to
Engine Measurements and Inspections 9.6
obtain the most recent information letters.
4
Cylinder Head 9.7
Available from Caterpillar Inc., Engine System Technology Development, P.O.
Valve Guide Bushings 9.8
Box 610, Mossville, IL 61552-0610.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6681 – 10
2. Referenced Documents
Section
Fuel Injector 9.9
5
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Piston and Rings 9.10
Cylinder Liner 9.11
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at
Compression Ratio 9.12
Atmospheric Pressure
Engine Timing 9.13
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
Engine Coolant System Cleaning Procedure 9.14
Calibration and Standardization 10
Closed Cup Tester
Test Cell Instrumentation 10.1
D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Pr
...

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5.1 The bromine number is useful as a measure of aliphatic unsaturation in petroleum samples. When used in conjunction with the calculation procedure described in Annex A2, it can be used to estimate the percentage of olefins in petroleum distillates boiling up to approximately 315 °C (600 °F).  
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1.1.2 Commercial olefins that are essentially mixtures of aliphatic mono-olefins and that fall within the range of 95 to 165 bromine number (see Note 1). This test method has been found suitable for such materials as commercial propylene trimer and tetramer, butene dimer, and mixed nonenes, octenes, and heptenes. This test method is not satisfactory for normal alpha-olefins.  
Note 1: These limits are imposed since the precision of this test method has been determined only up to or within the range of these bromine numbers.  
1.2 The magnitude of the bromine number is an indication of the quantity of bromine-reactive constituents, not an identification of constituents; therefore, its application as a measure of olefinic unsaturation should not be undertaken without the study given in Annex A1.  
1.3 For petroleum hydrocarbon mixtures of bromine number less than 1.0, a more precise measure for bromine-reactive constituents can be obtained by using Test Method D2710. If the bromine number is less than 0.5, then Test Method D2710 or the comparable bromine index methods for industrial aromatic hydrocarbons, Test Methods D1492 or D5776 must be used in accordance with their respective scopes. The practice of using a factor of 1000 to convert bromine number to bromine index is not applicable for these lower values of bromine number.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The low-temperature, low-shear-rate viscosity of automatic transmission fluids, gear oils, torque and tractor fluids, and industrial and automotive hydraulic oils (see Appendix X4) are of considerable importance to the proper operation of many mechanical devices. Measurement of the viscometric properties of these oils and fluids at low temperatures is often used to specify their acceptance for service. This test method is used in a number of specifications.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the use of rotational viscometers with an appropriate torque range and specific spindle for the determination of the low-shear-rate viscosity of automatic transmission fluids, gear oils, hydraulic fluids, and some lubricants. This test method covers the viscosity range of 300 mPa·s to 900 000 mPa·s  
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1.4.2 The viscosity data used for Procedure D precision study was from 6400 mPa·s to 256 000 mPa·s at test temperatures of –26 °C and –40 °C.  
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5.1 This test simulates a type of severe field service in which corrosion-promoting moisture in the form of condensed water vapor accumulates in the axle assembly. This may happen as a result of volume expansion and contraction of the axle lubricant and the accompanied breathing in of moisture-laden air through the axle vent. The test screens lubricants for their ability to prevent the expected corrosion.  
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5.1 Periodic sampling and analysis of lubricants have long been used as a means to determine overall machinery health. Atomic emission (AE) and atomic absorption (AA) spectroscopy are often employed for wear metal analysis (for example, Test Method D5185). A number of physical property tests complement wear metal analysis and are used to provide information on lubricant condition (for example, Test Methods D445, D2896, and D6304). Molecular analysis of lubricants and hydraulic fluids by FT-IR spectroscopy produces direct information on molecular species of interest, including additives, fluid breakdown products and external contaminants, and thus complements wear metal and other analyses used in a condition monitoring program (1, 2-6).
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1.3 Spectra and distribution profiles presented herein are for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed as representing or establishing lubricant or machinery guidelines.  
1.4 This practice is designed as a fast, simple spectroscopic check for condition monitoring of in-service lubricants and can be used to assist in the determination of general machinery health through measurement of properties observable in the mid-infrared spectrum such as water, oil oxidation, and others as noted in 1.1. The infrared data generated by this practice is typically used in conjunction with other testing methods. For example, infrared spectroscopy cannot determine wear metal levels or any other type of elemental analysis. The practice as presented is not intended for the prediction of lubricant physical properties (for example, viscosity, total base number, total acid number, etc.). This practice is designed for monitoring in-service lubricants and can aid in the determination of general machinery health and is not designed for the analysis of lubricant composition, lubricant performance or additive package formulations.  
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5.1 Some engine oil formulations have been shown to lack compatibility with certain elastomers used for seals in automotive engines. These deleterious effects on the elastomer are greatest with new engine oils (that is, oils that have not been exposed to an engine’s operating environment) and when the exposure is at elevated temperatures.  
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1.1 This test method covers quantitative procedures for the evaluation of the compatibility of automotive engine oils with several reference elastomers typical of those used in the sealing materials in contact with these oils. Compatibility is evaluated by determining the changes in volume, Durometer A hardness, and tensile properties when the elastomer specimens are immersed in the oil for a specified time and temperature.  
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1.3 This test method provides a preliminary or first order evaluation of oil/elastomer compatibility only. Because seals might be subjected to static or dynamic loads, or both, and they can operate over a range of conditions, a complete evaluation of the potential sealing performance of any elastomer-oil combination in any service condition usually requires tests additional to those described in this test method.  
1.4 The several reference elastomer formulations specified in this test method were chosen to be representative of those used in both heavy-duty diesel engines (detailed in Annex A1) and passenger-car spark-ignition engines (the latter are covered in Annex A2). The procedures described in this test method can, however, also be used to evaluate the compatibility of automotive engine oils with different elastomer types/formulations or different test durations and temperatures to those employed in this test method.
Note 2: In such cases, the precision and bias statement in Section 12 does not apply. In addition to agreeing acceptable limits of precision, where relevant, the user and supplier should also agree:  (1) test temperatures and immersion times to be used; (2) the formulations and typical properties of the elastomers; and (3) the sourcing and quality control of the elastomer sheets.
Note 3: The TMC may also issue In...

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ASTM
ASTM D7918-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Flow Properties and Evaluation of Wear, Contaminants, and Oxidative Properties of Lubricating Grease by Die Extrusion Method and Preparation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Trending the wear, contamination, consistency, and oxidative properties of a lubricating grease is a crucial part of condition-monitoring programs. Changes in these properties or deviations from the new grease can be indicative of problems within the lubricated component, such as the mixing of incompatible thickener types, excessive wear or contaminant levels, or significant depletion of antioxidant levels. These test methods also makes it possible to develop trends that can be used to predict failures before they occur and allow for corrective action to be taken.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination and evaluation of flow properties, wear levels, contaminants, and oxidative condition of new and in-service lubricating grease.  
1.2 This test method provides guidance on evaluating in-service grease samples, NLGI grades 00 to 3, for wear, consistency, contamination, and oxidation.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3.1 Exception—The exception to this will be where units of references were developed by the developers of the test equipment and necessary to report the results of the test.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7922-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Glycol for In-Service Engine Oils by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Some glycol/antifreeze dilution of in-service engine oil is normal under typical operating conditions. However, excessive glycol dilution can lead to decreased performance, premature wear, or sudden engine failure. This test method provides a means of quantifying the level of glycol based antifreeze dilution, allowing the user to take necessary action.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of glycol based antifreeze for in-service engine oil by derivative headspace/gas chromatography.  
1.2 Sample is derivatized in-situ directly in a headspace sampling vial prior to vapor phase extraction and injection into a gas chromatograph.  
1.3 The chemistry of the derivatization is unique to the detection of the molecules of ethylene glycol and 1,2-propylene glycol. 1,3-propylene glycol could also be detected but is not used in any known anti-freeze at this time. Other coolant analyses are beyond the scope of this test method.  
1.4 The derivatization process does not affect glycol breakdown products such as glycolate and formate and hence the presence of these compounds in the oil will not be quantified.  
1.5 The test method concentration range is from 50 µg/g to 1000 µg/g. Lower levels are possible by method modifications. Higher levels are possible through sample dilution.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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