ASTM F2921-11
(Terminology)Standard Terminology for Additive ManufacturingCoordinate Systems and Test Methodologies
Standard Terminology for Additive Manufacturing<char: emdash>Coordinate Systems and Test Methodologies
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Although many additive manufacturing systems are based heavily upon the principles of Computer Numerical Control (CNC), the coordinate systems and nomenclature specific to CNC are not sufficient to be applicable across the full spectrum of additive manufacturing equipment. This terminology expands upon the principles of ISO 841 and applies them specifically to additive manufacturing. Although this terminology is intended to complement ISO 841, if there should arise any conflict, this terminology shall have priority for additive manufacturing applications. For any issues not covered in this terminology, the principles in ISO 841 may be applied.
Furthermore, this terminology does not prescribe the use of any specific existing testing methodologies or standards that practitioners of AM may wish to employ for testing purposes; however, it is expected that practitioners will employ appropriate existing methodologies and standards to test parts made by AM.
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology includes terms, definitions of terms, descriptions of terms, nomenclature, and acronyms associated with coordinate systems and testing methodologies for additive manufacturing (AM) technologies in an effort to standardize terminology used by AM users, producers, researchers, educators, press/media, and others, particularly when reporting results from testing of parts made on AM systems. Terms included cover definitions for machines/systems and their coordinate systems plus the location and orientation of parts. It is intended, where possible, to be compliant with ISO 841 and to clarify the specific adaptation of those principles to additive manufacturing.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: F2921 − 11
StandardTerminology for
Additive Manufacturing—Coordinate Systems and Test
Methodologies
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2921; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.2 ISO Standard:
ISO 841 Industrial Automation Systems and Integration—
1.1 This terminology includes terms, definitions of terms,
Numerical Control of Machines—Coordinate System and
descriptions of terms, nomenclature, and acronyms associated
Motion Nomenclature
withcoordinatesystems and testing methodologies foradditive
manufacturing (AM) technologies in an effort to standardize
3. Significance and Use
terminology used by AM users, producers, researchers,
educators, press/media, and others, particularly when reporting 3.1 Although many additive manufacturing systems are
results from testing of parts made on AM systems. Terms
based heavily upon the principles of Computer Numerical
included cover definitions for machines/systems and their Control (CNC), the coordinate systems and nomenclature
coordinate systems plus the location and orientation of parts. It
specific to CNC are not sufficient to be applicable across the
is intended, where possible, to be compliant with ISO 841 and full spectrum of additive manufacturing equipment. This ter-
to clarify the specific adaptation of those principles to additive
minology expands upon the principles of ISO 841 and applies
manufacturing. them specifically to additive manufacturing. Although this
terminology is intended to complement ISO 841, if there
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
should arise any conflict, this terminology shall have priority
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
for additive manufacturing applications. For any issues not
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
covered in this terminology, the principles in ISO 841 may be
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
applied.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2 Furthermore,thisterminologydoesnotprescribetheuse
2. Referenced Documents
of any specific existing testing methodologies or standards that
2.1 ASTM Standards: practitioners of AM may wish to employ for testing purposes;
D638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
however, it is expected that practitioners will employ appro-
E8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma- priate existing methodologies and standards to test parts made
terials
by AM.
F2792 Terminology for Additive Manufacturing
,
Technologies
4. Terminology
4.1 Definitions—Definitions shall be in accordance with
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F42 on
Terminology F2792 and the following:
Additive Manufacturing Technologies and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
mittee F42.01 on Test Methods.
Current edition approved July 15, 2011. Published September 2011. DOI:
10.1520/F2921–11.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Terms and Definitions—AM Machines and their Coordinate Systems
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2921 − 11
DISCUSSION—This is a universal origin reserved for the purpose of
build platform, n—of a machine, any base which provides a
identifying the location of parts within the build volume. (See A1.1 and
surface upon which the build is started and supported
A1.2).
throughout the build process (see A1.1).
machine origin, n—origin as defined by the original equip-
DISCUSSION—The machine build platform may be solid or perforated
ment manufacturer. Synonyms: machine home, machine zero
and made from a wide variety of materials and constructions.
point.
DISCUSSION—In some systems the parts are built attached to the build
platform, either directly or through a support structure. In other
systems, such as powder bed systems, no direct mechanical fixture
Z axis, n—of a machine, for processes employing planar
between the build and the platform may be required.
layerwiseadditionofmaterial,shallrunnormaltothelayers.
(See A1.1 and A1.2.)
build surface, n—area where material is added, normally on
DISCUSSION—For processes employing planar layerwise addition of
the last deposited layer which becomes the foundation upon
material, the positive Z shall be the direction from the first layer to the
which the next layer is formed.
subsequent layers (see A1.1 and A1.2).
DISCUSSION—For the first layer the build surface is often the build
DISCUSSION—Where addition of material is possible from multiple
platform.
directions (such as with blown powder systems), the Z axis may be
DISCUSSION— If the orientation of the material deposition or consoli-
identified according to the principles in ISO 841 (section 4.3.3) which
dationmeans,orboth,isvariable,itmaybedefinedrelativetothebuild
addresses “swiveling or gimballing.”
surface (for example, a blown powder head may be kept normal to it.
X axis, n—of a machine, shall run perpendicular to the Z axis
See also Z axis discussion).
andparalleltothefrontofthemachine.(SeeA1.1andA1.2.)
front, n—of a machine, shall be designated by the machine
DISCUSSION—Where possible, the X axis shall be horizontal and
builder. parallel with one of the edges of the build platform.
DISCUSSION—Generally, this is the side of the machine that the
DISCUSSION—The positive X direction shall be from left to right as
operator faces to access the user interface or primary viewing window,
viewed from the front of the machine while facing toward the build
or both. (See A1.1).
volume origin.
machine coordinate system, n—a three-dimensional Carte-
Y axis, n—of a machine, shall run perpendicular to the Z and
sian coordinate system as defined by a fixed point on the
X axes with positive direction defined to make a right hand
build platform “with the three principal axes labeled X, Y,
set of coordinates as specified in ISO 841.
and Z , with rotary axes about each of theses axes labeled A,
DISCUSSION—Where possible, the Y axis shall be horizontal and
parallel with one of the edges of the build platform.
B, and C , respectively” (see A1.1, A1.2, and A1.3) as stated
in ISO 841.
DISCUSSION—In the most common case of an upwards Z positive
direction, the positive Y direction shall be from the front to the back of
origin, n—a designated reference point at which the three
the machine as viewed from the front of the machine (see A1.1).
primary axes in a Cartesian coordinate system intersect.
DISCUSSION—In the case of building in the downwards Z positive
Synonyms: zero point, or (0, 0, 0) when using X, Y, and Z
direction the positive Y direction shall be from the back of the machine
coordinates.
to the front as viewed from the front of the machine (see A1.2).
build volume origin, n—shall be located at the center of the
build platform fixed on the build facing surface.
Terms and Definitions—Location and Orientation of Parts Within the Build Volume
DISCUSSION—The initial build orientation is most easily communi-
arbitrarily oriented minimum bounding box, n—of a part,
cated via 3D computer models (which can be interrogated for part
the minimum perimeter cuboid that can span the maximum
position and orientation relative to the build volume origin). Where
extents of the points on the surface of a 3D part calculated
practical, the initial build orientation may be designated as the part
without any constraints on the resulting orientation of the
orientation in the 3D computer model. Without electronic transfer of
box (see A1.4 and A1.5).
computer models, it should be documented with image(s) of the part(s)
DISCUSSION—Wherethemanufacturedpartincludesthetestgeometry
within the build volume and their orientation relative to the build
plus additional external features (for example, labels, tabs or raised
volume origin (see A1.6 and A1.7).
lettering), the bounding box may be specified according to the test part
geometry excluding the additional external features if noted.
orthogonal orientation notation, n— of a part’s initial build
orientation,maybeusedwhentheintendedbuildorientation
geometric center, n—of a bounding box, location at the
for a part is such that its arbitrarily oriented minimum
arithmeticmiddleoftheboundingboxofthepart.Synonym:
boundingboxisalignedparalleltothe X, Y,and Zaxesofthe
centroid.
build volume origin (as shown in A1.5(c)), its orientation
DISCUSSION—Thecenteroftheboundingboxmaylieoutsidethepart.
may be described by listing which axis is parallel to the
longest overall dimension of the bounding box first, fol-
initial build orientation, n—of a part, is the orientation of the
part as first placed in the build volume and becomes the lowed by the axis which is parallel to the second longest
reference for any further part reorientation (see A1.6). overall dimension of the bounding box second, followed by
F2921 − 11
the axis which is parallel to the third longest overall part location, n—within the build volume should be specified
dimension of the bounding box. by the X, Y, and Z coordinates for the position of the
geometric center of each part’s arbitrarily oriented minimum
DISCUSSION— For example, a specimen which is placed so that its
longest dimension is parallel to the Z axis, the second longest bounding box with respect to the build volume origin (see
dimension is parallel to the X axis, and its shortest overall dimension is
A1.11 and A1.12).
parallel to the Y axis shall be defined as having a ZXY orientation (see
DISCUSSION—Where finding the arbitrarily oriented minimum bound-
A1.8 and A1.10 for examples).
ing bo
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