ASTM F355-23

Standard Test Method for Impact Attenuation of Playing Surface Systems, Other Protective Sport Systems, and Materials Used for Athletics, Recreation and Play

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The results of this method quantify the impact attenuation of playing surface and system specimens under the specific test conditions, either within a laboratory or the location the surface system is installed for use.  
5.2 The test method measures the outcome of impacts performed under specific conditions. It does not quantify the intrinsic material properties of the tested specimens.  
5.3 Test results from different specimens obtained under the same conditions (that is, the same missile mass and geometry, drop height, etc.) are used to compare impact attenuation under those conditions.  
5.4 Test results obtained under different conditions are not comparable. Specifically obtained with different missiles are not equivalent and cannot be directly compared. Similarly, test results obtained using the same missile, but using different drop heights, are not directly comparable.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the impact attenuation of surface systems and materials, specifically the peak impact acceleration (“impact shock”) and calculates the Head Injury Criteria produced under prescribed impact conditions.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to surface systems intended to provide impact attenuation, made of naturally occurring or synthetic materials.  
1.3 This test method is applicable to impact attenuating mats and padding used in sports facilities, including, but not limited to: stadium wall padding, gymnastic mats, wrestling mats, turf playing systems, pole vault landing systems, and playground protective surfacing.  
1.4 This test method is used to measure the impact attenuation of materials and components used as protective padding on trampoline frames, goal posts, etc., provided the material or component can be tested separately from the equipment to which it is attached.  
1.5 Without modifications, this test method shall not be used to test materials and components that are attached to structures or equipment or finished products, unless the impact attenuation of the whole system is of interest.  
1.6 While it is widely believed that lower values for impact attenuation can reduce the severity of impact-related injuries, the relationships between the results of this test method and specific injury risk are within automotive testing data.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Nov-2023
• ICS: 97.200.40 - Playgrounds
• Technical Committee: F08 - Sports Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities
• Drafting Committee: F08.52 - Miscellaneous Playing Surfaces

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM F355-16e1 - Standard Test Method for Impact Attenuation of Playing Surface Systems, Other Protective Sport Systems, and Materials Used for Athletics, Recreation and Play
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2023
• Refers: ASTM D5874-24 - Standard Test Methods for Determination of the Impact Value (IV) of a Soil
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2024
• Refers: ASTM D5874-16 - Standard Test Methods for Determination of the Impact Value (IV) of a Soil
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2016
• Referred By: ASTM D4819-13(2021)e1 - Standard Specification for Flexible Cellular Materials Made From Polyolefin Plastics
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2023
• Referred By: ASTM F381-16 - Standard Safety Specification for Components, Assembly, Use, and Labeling of Consumer Trampolines
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2023
• Referred By: ASTM F1015-21 - Standard Test Method for Relative Abrasiveness of Synthetic Turf Playing Surfaces
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2023
• Referred By: ASTM F1487-21 - Standard Consumer Safety Performance Specification for Playground Equipment for Public Use
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2023
• Referred By: ASTM F1702-10(2018) - Standard Test Method for Measuring Impact-Attenuation Characteristics of Natural Playing Surface Systems Using a Lightweight Portable Apparatus
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2023
• Referred By: ASTM F3146-18 - Standard Test Method for Impact Attenuation of Turf Playing Systems Designated for Rugby
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2023
• Referred By: ASTM E1476-04(2022) - Standard Guide for Metals Identification, Grade Verification, and Sorting
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2023
• Referred By: ASTM F3351-19e1 - Standard Test Method for Playground Surface Impact Testing in Laboratory at Specified Test Height
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2023
• Referred By: ASTM F1081-23 - Standard Specification for Competition Wrestling Mats
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2023
• Referred By: ASTM F1292-22 - Standard Specification for Impact Attenuation of Surfacing Materials Within the Use Zone of Playground Equipment
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2023
• Referred By: ASTM D3575-20 - Standard Test Methods for Flexible Cellular Materials Made from Olefin Polymers
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2023
• Referred By: ASTM F2970-22 - Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture, Installation, Operation, Maintenance, Inspection and Major Modification of Trampoline Courts
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2023

Overview

ASTM F355-23 is an internationally recognized standard that outlines the test method for determining the impact attenuation properties of playing surface systems, protective sports systems, and materials used in athletics, recreation, and play. This method, developed by ASTM International, quantifies how well surface systems absorb impact energy, which is directly related to their ability to reduce the risk of injury during falls or collisions. The test not only applies to field and facility surfaces, but also to mats and padding used in various sports applications.

Key Topics

• Purpose of Testing: The main goal is to measure the degree of impact attenuation, specifically the peak impact acceleration (“impact shock”), and to calculate the Head Injury Criteria (HIC) produced under controlled impact conditions.
• Applicability: Suitable for both natural and synthetic materials used as playing surfaces (e.g., artificial turf, playground surfaces) or protective sports padding (e.g., gymnastic mats, stadium wall padding).
• Testing Conditions: Results are relevant only to tests performed under the same conditions with the same missile (test object), mass, geometry, and drop height. Comparisons across different conditions or test setups are not valid.
• Not a Measure of Intrinsic Properties: The method does not provide intrinsic material properties of the specimen, but assesses overall system performance under specified impact scenarios.
• Test Protocol: Details the need for using specific missile types and instrumentation, data collection procedures, environmental conditioning of test specimens, and objective metrics like Gmax and HIC.

Applications

ASTM F355-23 finds widespread use across numerous industries and sectors where impact attenuation and safety are essential:

• Sports Facilities: Testing turf, mats, and wall padding to ensure compliance with safety standards for player protection in stadiums, gyms, and athletic tracks.
• Playgrounds: Assessing the impact absorption capabilities of playground surfacing materials, critical for reducing head injury risks in falls.
• Recreational Equipment: Verifying the safety padding on equipment such as trampolines and goalposts.
• Quality Assurance: Utilized by manufacturers and facility managers to benchmark product performance, support certification claims, and compare effectiveness of new materials.
• On-Site and Laboratory Evaluations: The method is suitable for both controlled laboratory environments and in-situ measurements at the place of installation.

These applications help ensure both compliance with local and international safety regulations and commitment to minimizing injury risks in sports and recreational environments.

Related Standards

Several other ASTM and international standards align with or complement ASTM F355-23:

• ASTM F1292 - Specification for Impact Attenuation of Surfacing Materials Within the Use Zone of Playground Equipment
• ASTM F1702 - Test Method for Impact-Attenuation Characteristics of Natural Playing Surface Systems Using a Lightweight Portable Apparatus
• ASTM D1596 / ASTM D5874 - Methods for Determining Impact Value (relevant to packaging/shock absorption materials)
• ASTM E105 / ASTM E122 - Guides for probability sampling and calculating sample sizes
• ASTM E691 - Practice for Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
• ASTM F2650 - Terminology Relating to Impact Testing of Sports Surfaces and Equipment
• SAE J211/1 - Instrumentation for Impact Tests - electronic instrumentation requirements for acceleration measurements relevant to Gmax and HIC calculation.

Facilities and manufacturers looking to ensure comprehensive safety and compliance should reference these standards alongside ASTM F355-23 to implement best practices in impact testing and reporting.

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Keywords: ASTM F355-23, impact attenuation, playing surface systems, sports safety, head injury criteria, playground surface testing, artificial turf testing, protective sports padding, Gmax, HIC, sports facility safety standards

By following ASTM F355-23, organizations demonstrate a commitment to athlete and user safety, ensuring that playing and recreational surfaces are tested rigorously for their performance in mitigating impact-related injuries.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F355 − 23 An American National Standard
Standard Test Method for
Impact Attenuation of Playing Surface Systems, Other
Protective Sport Systems, and Materials Used for Athletics,
Recreation and Play
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F355; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 This test method measures the impact attenuation of
1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-
surface systems and materials, specifically the peak impact
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
acceleration (“impact shock”) and calculates the Head Injury
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Criteria produced under prescribed impact conditions.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.2 This test method is applicable to surface systems in-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
tended to provide impact attenuation, made of naturally occur-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ring or synthetic materials.
2. Referenced Documents
1.3 This test method is applicable to impact attenuating
mats and padding used in sports facilities, including, but not 2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
limited to: stadium wall padding, gymnastic mats, wrestling
D5874 Test Methods for Determination of the Impact Value
mats, turf playing systems, pole vault landing systems, and
(IV) of a Soil
playground protective surfacing.
E105 Guide for Probability Sampling of Materials
1.4 This test method is used to measure the impact attenu- E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
ation of materials and components used as protective padding
on trampoline frames, goal posts, etc., provided the material or Lot or Process
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
component can be tested separately from the equipment to
which it is attached. Determine the Precision of a Test Method
F1702 Test Method for Measuring Impact-Attenuation Char-
1.5 Without modifications, this test method shall not be used
acteristics of Natural Playing Surface Systems Using a
to test materials and components that are attached to structures
Lightweight Portable Apparatus
or equipment or finished products, unless the impact attenua-
F2650 Terminology Relating to Impact Testing of Sports
tion of the whole system is of interest.
Surfaces and Equipment
1.6 While it is widely believed that lower values for impact
2.2 SAE Standard:
attenuation can reduce the severity of impact-related injuries,
SAE J211/1 Instrumentation for Impact Tests - Part 1 -
the relationships between the results of this test method and
Electronic Instrumentation (rev. July 2007)
specific injury risk are within automotive testing data.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3. Terminology
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
3.1 Definitions of terms related to impact testing of sports
only.
surfaces equipment are found in Terminology F2650, except as
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
noted.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2 Definitions:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Subcommittee F08.52 on Miscellaneous Playing Surfaces. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2023. Published February 2024. Originally the ASTM website.
ε1 3
approved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as F355 – 16 . DOI: Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale,
10.1520/F0355-23. PA 15096-0001, http://www.sae.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F355 − 23
3.2.1 drop height, n—height from which the missile is 3.3.1.3 triaxial accelerometer, n—a transducer or combina-
dropped during an impact test, measured as the vertical tion of transducers used for measuring the three vector com-
distance between the lowest point of the elevated missile and ponents of acceleration in three dimensions, relative to three
surface under test. orthogonal spatial axes.
3.2.2 head injury criterion (HIC), n—a specific integral of 3.3.2 accelerometer data channel, n—all of the instrumen-
the acceleration-time history of an impact, used to determine tation used to communicate information about the physical
relative risk of head injury. See Appendix X1. quantity of acceleration from its origin to the point of presen-
tation.
3.2.3 HIC interval, n—the time interval within the
3.3.2.1 Discussion—The data channel includes all
acceleration-time history of an impact over which the HIC
transducers, signal conditioners, amplifiers, filters, digitizers,
integral is evaluated.
recording devices, cables and interconnectors through which
3.2.4 impact, n—contact caused by a moving object (for
the information passes and also includes the analytical software
example, an impact test missile) striking another object (for
or procedures that affect the frequency, amplitude, or timing of
example, a surface) and during which one or both bodies are
the data.
subject to high accelerations.
3.3.3 Z axis, n—axis of motion (fall) perpendicular to a
3.2.5 impact test, n—a procedure in which the impact
horizontal surface.
attenuation of a playground surface or surfacing materials is
3.3.4 Y axis, n—one of two axes forming a plane parallel to
determined by measuring the acceleration of a missile dropped
a horizontal surface.
onto the surface.
3.3.5 X axis, n—one of two axes forming a plane parallel to
3.2.6 free-fall impact test, n—an impact test in which the
a horizontal surface.
trajectory of the missile is not restrained by rails, wires, or
mechanisms or structures of any type.
4. Summary of Test Method
3.2.7 impact test results, n—one or more measured or
4.1 A test specimen or installed surface system is impacted
calculated values from one or more impact tests used to define
at a specified velocity or from a specified height with a specific
the impact attenuation of a playground surface or surfacing
missile of given mass and geometry as stipulated in a specifi-
materials.
cation or test method. An accelerometer mounted in the missile
3.2.8 impact test site, n—point on the surface of an installed
is used to record the acceleration-time history of the impact.
playground surface that is selected as the target of an impact
The peak acceleration and duration are used as a measure of
test.
impact severity.
3.2.9 impact velocity, n—the velocity (V ) of a falling body
4.2 This test method defines two missiles for use in playing
(for example, a missile) at the instant of impact.
surface impact tests:
3.2.10 missile, n—a rigid object of specified mass and
4.2.1 Missile A has a cylindrical impacting surface, with
dimensions; used to impart an impact to a surface.
specified mass and geometry and a circular, flat, metal impact-
ing surface. This missile is used with a friction free guidance
3.2.11 impact test system, n—a device or system for per-
tube.
forming an impact test in which an instrumented missile is used
4.2.2 Missile E has a hemispherical impacting surface of
to impact the surface or surfacing materials as specified in the
specified mass and geometry and is used with a support
appropriate specification or test procedure.
structure and without a guidance system (“free-fall”).
3.2.12 missile reference plane, n—the plane of the flat
4.2.3 Both missiles shall be fitted with triaxial accelerom-
circular face of the hemispherical missile.
eters.
3.2.13 reference drop height, n—a specification of the drop
4.2.4 The specific masses and geometries of the missiles are
height of an impact test.
detailed in Annex A1.
3.2.14 reference MEP pad, n—a modular elastomer pro-
5. Significance and Use
grammer pad with consistent and known impact attenuation
properties that is used to verify proper functioning of the
5.1 The results of this method quantify the impact attenua-
impact test equipment.
tion of playing surface and system specimens under the specific
3.3 Definitions of Terms Related to the Measurement of test conditions, either within a laboratory or the location the
Acceleration Used in Annexes: surface system is installed for use.
3.3.1 accelerometer, n—a transducer for measuring accel-
5.2 The test method measures the outcome of impacts
eration.
performed under specific conditions. It does not quantify the
intrinsic material properties of the tested specimens.
3.3.1.1 sensor, n—alternative term for accelerometer.
3.3.1.2 transducer, n—the first device in data channel, used 5.3 Test results from different specimens obtained under the
to convert a physical quantity to be measured into a second same conditions (that is, the same missile mass and geometry,
quantity (such as an electrical voltage) which is processed by drop height, etc.) are used to compare impact attenuation under
the remainder of the channel. those conditions.
F355 − 23
NOTE 2—Due to differing thermal conductivities and the extreme time
5.4 Test results obtained under different conditions are not
dependence of temperature profiles in most materials exposed to extreme
comparable. Specifically obtained with different missiles are
surface temperature changes, there may be variability introduced by this
not equivalent and cannot be directly compared. Similarly, test
type of testing.
results obtained using the same missile, but using different
drop heights, are not directly comparable.
10. Procedure
6. Apparatus
10.1 Perform an instrument check as described for the
appropriate instrument in A1.21. Reference drops are per-
6.1 The user is to select the appropriate apparatus as called
formed appropriate to the test.
for in the test method or specification for the testing.
10.2 Place the specimen under the missile, or orient the
NOTE 1—The apparatus is detailed in Annex A1.
dynamic test equipment over the playing surface system.
7. Test Specimen
10.3 Drop Height Control:
7.1 Test specimens shall represent the surface system or
10.3.1 For “A” missile tests the guidance tube used shall
protective padding as it is intended to be used. The minimum
have a release mechanism located to provide the drop height as
distance between the outer dimension of the missile and the
required by the specification to which the tests are being
edge of the specimen shall be at least 25.4 mm (1 in.) and no
performed.
less than the thickness of the specimen.
10.3.2 For “E” missile tests the missile shall be supported at
the specified drop height above the surface by a structure such
7.2 Where the sample is to be tested in a controlled
as a tripod with the missile elevated to the drop height as
laboratory a method of confinement for the sample is required
required by the specification to which the tests are being
when specified in the appropriate standard.
performed.
7.3 Where the test is to be performed on an installed surface
or in a location where it is to be used, there will be a testing NOTE 3—For test specifications where an impact velocity rather than a
drop height is specified, the drop height shall be calculated as:
protocol in the system specifications that will state the test
procedure. The procedure typically includes the impact veloc- 2
h 5 v ⁄2g (1)
ity or drop height, test locations, surface preparation, tempera-
where:
ture and requirements for the collection, recording,
h = drop height cm (in.)
preservation, and reporting of data.
v = velocity cm/s (in./s)
2 2
7.4 Where the missiles of Annex A1 are used in the testing
g = acceleration due to gravity 981 cm/s (386 in/s )
of surface systems, the appropriate specification shall provide
10.4 Release the missile, and record the results in accor-
any reference or confirmation procedures required.
dance with the recommended procedures of the equipment
manufacturers.
8. Number of Specimens
10.5 Make three consecutive drops at intervals of 1 6 0.5
8.1 The number of specimens tested as a sample often varies
min, unless otherwise specified.
widely, depending upon the intended use of the data. It is
recommended that at least two specimens be tested for each set
10.6 Ensure the measured drop height corresponds with the
of conditions. To obtain a specific quality assurance level, the
drop height measured by the test instrument.
sampling procedures of Practices E105 and E122 shall be
followed.
11. Evaluation of the Data
8.2 The appropriate specification will have requirements for
11.1 Select the appropriate calculations as the relevant
number and size of samples required for laboratory testing.
specification.
8.3 Where the testing is to take place at the site of
11.2 G —Determine the maximum deceleration in the
max
installation or use, the appropriate standard provides direction
time-deceleration history to the closest G.
to the person performing the testing as to the number of test
11.3 The drop test data shall be reviewed at the time of
locations and how they are determined.
testing and evaluated for G , velocity, and anomalies in the
max
9. Conditioning
data, for example large variation in peak from one drop to the
other for the same location, that could affect the validity of the
9.1 In a laboratory, do not stack the specimens during any
data. The actual measured drop height shall be compared to the
conditioning. They shall be under the intended use condition or
calculated drop height reported by the instrument (A1.19.1) to
preconditioned at 50 6 2 % relative humidity and 23 6 2°C for
ensure the missile trajectory was not impeded in any way.
a minimum of 4 h, or until desired temperature is attained. The
11.3.1 Where an anomaly is found, the testing shall be
specification to which the sample is being tested outlines all
terminated and the device brought into compliance prior to
requirements for conditioning of laboratory test samples.
proceeding.
9.2 The specification to which the surface system is being
tested in the field outlines all requirements of conditioning or
12. Report
preparation requirements for the surface or the selection of the
test location. 12.1 Report the following information:
F355 − 23
NOTE 4—This precision statement is based on a series of round-robin
12.1.1 Complete identification of material tested, including
tests. The data were analyzed in accordance with Practice E691.
type, source, manufacturer’s lot number (if appropriate), thick-
ness (if measurable), and any other pertinent information,
13.2 Precision Procedure E—In a preliminary inter-
12.1.2 Conditions of test, including temperatures, humidity,
laboratory study, three samples (two reference MEP pads and a
and any other pertinent data,
unitary surface sample) were tested by five laboratories, using
12.1.3 Date of test,
a total of seven different impact test systems. Based on this
12.1.4 Missile used (A or E), manufacturer, model and serial
study the inter-laboratory reproducibility limit of the test
number,
method is estimated to be 65 % for g-max and 610 % for
12.1.5 Measured impact velocity or drop height as provided
HIC. The estimate assumes that laboratories will conform to
by impact test instrument,
the equipment requirements of this specification and that the
12.1.6 Impact data for each drop and average values of last
tested specimen has minimal inherent variability.
two of three impacts or as specified,
12.1.7 G , 13.3 Potential sources of error or deviations that were
max
12.1.8 Head Injury Criterion (HIC) depending on accounted for in the procedure are as follows:
specification,
13.3.1 Variations in the time between impacts required,
12.1.9 Date of most recent reference drops, and
13.3.2 Variations in the impact velocity as a result of
12.1.10 Date of most recent calibration certificate of the test
differences in drop height or friction in the drop guidance
instrument.
system, and
12.2 Where additional reporting requirements are called for
13.3.3 Variations in test laboratory temperatures.
by the standard to which the test is being performed, this shall
13.3.4 Variations in the anvil, floor, or subbase on which the
be added to that report.
sample was laid.
13. Precision and Bias
14. Keywords
13.1 Precision Procedure A—The reproducibility is esti-
mated to be 615 % between laboratories and 62.5 % within a 14.1 G ; head injury criterion (HIC); impact; playground;
max
laboratory. playing surfaces; shock absorbing; surface materials
ANNEXES
(Mandatory Information)
A1. APPARATUS
A1.1 Anvil—For tests performed on surface samples in a A1.2.2 The missile includes cavities and additional compo-
laboratory, the surface sample shall be mounted on a rigid anvil nents required to accommodate the attachment of
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: F355 − 16 F355 − 23 An American National Standard
Standard Test Method for
Impact Attenuation of Playing Surface Systems, Other
Protective Sport Systems, and Materials Used for Athletics,
Recreation and Play
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F355; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Editorially corrected A1.9 in December 2016.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method measures the impact attenuation of surface systems and materials, specifically the peak impact acceleration
(“impact shock”) and calculates the Head Injury Criteria produced under prescribed impact conditions.
1.2 This test method is applicable to natural and artificial surface systems intended to provide impact attenuation, including natural
and artificial turf sports fields.made of naturally occurring or synthetic materials.
1.3 This test method is applicable to impact attenuating mats and padding used in sports facilities, including including, but not
limited to: stadium wall padding, gymnastic mats, wrestling mats, turf playing systems, pole vault landing systems, and playground
protective surfacing, and other systems.surfacing.
1.4 This test method is used to measure the impact attenuation of materials and components used as protective padding on
trampoline frames, goal posts, etc., provided the material or component can be tested separately from the equipment to which it
is attached.
1.5 Without modifications, this test method shall not be used to test materials and components that are attached to structures or
equipment or finished products, unless the impact attenuation of the whole system is of interest.
1.6 While it is widely believed that appropriate lower values for impact attenuation can reduce the riskseverity of impact-related
injuries, the relationships between the results of this test method and specific injury risk and outcomes have not been
determined.are within automotive testing data.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthsafety, health, and environmental practices and determine
the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
F08.52 on Miscellaneous Playing Surfaces.
Current edition approved July 1, 2016Dec. 1, 2023. Published July 2016February 2024. Originally approved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 20102016 as
ε1
F355 – 10a.F355 – 16 . DOI: 10.1520/F0355-16E01.10.1520/F0355-23.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F355 − 23
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1596D5874 Test Method for Dynamic Shock Cushioning Characteristics of Packaging MaterialMethods for Determination of
the Impact Value (IV) of a Soil
E105 Guide for Probability Sampling of Materials
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot or
Process
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
F1292F1702 Specification for Impact Attenuation of Surfacing Materials Within the Use Zone of Playground EquipmentTest
Method for Measuring Impact-Attenuation Characteristics of Natural Playing Surface Systems Using a Lightweight Portable
Apparatus
F2650 Terminology Relating to Impact Testing of Sports Surfaces and Equipment
2.2 SAE Standard:
SAE J211/1 Instrumentation for Impact Tests - Part 1 - Electronic Instrumentation (rev. July 2007)
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of terms related to impact testing of sports surfaces equipment can be are found in Terminology F2650, except as
noted.
3.2 Definitions:
3.2.1 drop height, n—height from which the missile is dropped during an impact test, measured as the vertical distance between
the lowest point of the elevated missile and surface under test.
3.2.2 head injury criterion (HIC), n—a specific integral of the acceleration-time history of an impact, used to determine relative
risk of head injury. See Appendix X1.
3.2.3 HIC interval, n—the time interval within the acceleration-time history of an impact over which the HIC integral is evaluated.
3.2.4 impact, n—contact caused by a moving object (for example, an impact test missile) striking another object (for example, a
surface) and during which one or both bodies are subject to high accelerations.
3.2.5 impact test, n—a procedure in which the impact attenuation of a playground surface or surfacing materials is determined by
measuring the acceleration of a missile dropped onto the surface.
3.2.6 free-fall impact test, n—an impact test in which the trajectory of the missile is not restrained by rails, wires, or mechanisms
or structures of any type.
3.2.5 guided impact test, n—an impact test in which the trajectory of the missile is restrained by rails, wires, or other mechanism
or structure.
3.2.7 impact test results, n—one or more measured or calculated values from one or more impact tests used to define the impact
attenuation of a playground surface or surfacing materials.
3.2.8 impact test site, n—point on the surface of an installed playground surface that is selected as the target of an impact test.
3.2.9 impact velocity, n—the velocity (V ) of a falling body (for example, a missile) at the instant of impact.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http://www.sae.org.
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3.2.10 missile, n—a rigid object of specified mass and dimensions; used to impart an impact to a surface.
3.2.11 impact test system, n—a device or system for performing an impact test in which an instrumented missile as described in
Annex A1 and Annex A2is used to impact the surface or surfacing materials as specified in the appropriate specification or test
procedure.
3.2.12 missile reference plane, n—the plane of the flat circular face of the hemispherical missile.
3.2.13 reference drop height, n—a specification of the theoretical drop height of an impact test.
3.2.14 reference MEP pad, n—a modular elastomer programmer pad with consistent and known impact attenuation properties that
is used to verify proper functioning of the impact test equipment.
3.2.14 theoretical drop height, n—the drop height (h) that, under standard conditions, would result in an impact velocity equal to
a missile’s measured impact velocity (V ). The standard conditions assume that friction and air resistance do not affect the
acceleration of the missile and that the acceleration due to gravity is equal to the standard value of g at sea level. In a free-fall
impact test, the actual drop height will approximate the theoretical drop height. In a guided impact test, the theoretical drop height
will be less than the actual drop height, due to the effects of friction in the guidance mechanism.
3.3 Definitions of Terms Related to the Measurement of Acceleration Used in Annexes:
3.3.1 accelerometer, n—a transducer for measuring acceleration.
3.3.1.1 sensor, n—alternative term for accelerometer.
3.3.1.2 transducer, n—the first device in data channel, used to convert a physical quantity to be measured into a second quantity
(such as an electrical voltage) which can be is processed by the remainder of the channel.
3.3.1.3 triaxial accelerometer, n—a transducer or combination of transducers used for measuring the three vector components
of acceleration in three dimensions, relative to three orthogonal spatial axes.
3.3.1.3 uniaxial accelerometer, n—a transducer used to measure the component of acceleration relative to a single spatial axis.
3.3.2 accelerometer data channel, n—all of the instrumentation used to communicate information about the physical quantity of
acceleration from its origin to the point of presentation. The data channel includes all transducers, signal conditioners, amplifiers,
filters, digitizers, recording devices, cables and interconnectors through which the information passes and also includes the
analytical software or procedures that may change the frequency, amplitude, or timing of the data.
3.3.2.1 Discussion—
The data channel includes all transducers, signal conditioners, amplifiers, filters, digitizers, recording devices, cables and
interconnectors through which the information passes and also includes the analytical software or procedures that affect the
frequency, amplitude, or timing of the data.
3.3.3 Z axis, n—axis of motion (fall) perpendicular to a horizontal surface.
3.3.4 Y axis, n—one of two axes forming a plane parallel to a horizontal surface.
3.3.5 X axis, n—one of two axes forming a plane parallel to a horizontal surface.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A test specimen or installed surface system is impacted at a specified velocity or from a specified height with a specific missile
of given mass and geometry as stipulated in a specification or test method. An accelerometer mounted in the missile is used to
record the acceleration-time history of the impact and the peak acceleration is impact. The peak acceleration and duration are used
as a measure of impact severity. Optionally, the displacement history of the impact may also be recorded.
4.2 This test method defines threetwo missiles for use in playing surface impact tests:
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4.2.1 Missiles A and D Missile A are both cylindrical, has a cylindrical impacting surface, with specified mass and geometry and
a circular, flat, metal impacting surface. These missiles areThis missile is used with a guidance mechanism.friction free guidance
tube.
4.2.2 Missile E has a hemispherical impacting surface of specified mass and geometry and is used with a guidance system or, if
equipped with a triaxial accelerometer, without guidance support structure and without a guidance system (“free-fall”).
4.2.3 Both missiles shall be fitted with triaxial accelerometers.
4.2.4 The specific masses and geometries of the missiles are detailed in Annex A1.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The results of this method quantify the impact attenuation of playing surface and system specimens under the specific test
conditions.conditions, either within a laboratory or the location the surface system is installed for use.
5.2 The test method measures the outcome of impacts performed under specific conditions. It does not quantify the intrinsic
material properties of the tested specimens.
5.3 Test results from different specimens obtained under the same conditions (that is, the same missile mass and geometry, drop
height, etc.) are used to compare impact attenuation under those conditions.
5.4 Test results obtained under different conditions are not comparable. Specifically obtained with different missiles are not
equivalent and cannot be directly compared. Similarly, test results obtained using the same missile, but using different drop heights,
are not directly comparable.
6. Apparatus
6.1 The user is to select the appropriate apparatus as called for in the test method or specification for the testing.
NOTE 1—The apparatus is detailed in Annex A1.
7. Test Specimen
7.1 Test specimens shall represent the surface system or protective padding as it is intended to be used. The minimum distance
between the outer dimension of the missile and the edge of the specimen shall be at least 25.4 mm (1 in.) and no less than the
thickness of the specimen.
7.2 Where the sample is to be tested in a controlled laboratory a method of confinement for the sample is required when specified
in the appropriate standard.
7.3 Where the test is to be performed on an installed surface or in a location where it is to be used, there will be a testing protocol
in the system specifications that will state the test procedure. The procedure can include, the theoretical typically includes the
impact velocity or drop height, test locations, surface preparation, temperature and requirements for the collection, recording
recording, preservation, and reporting of data.
7.4 Where the missiles andof Annex A1 and Annex A2are used in the testing of surface systems, the appropriate specification shall
provide any reference or confirmation procedures required.
8. Number of Specimens
8.1 The number of specimens tested as a sample can varyoften varies widely, depending upon the intended use of the data. It is
recommended that at least two specimens be tested for each set of conditions. To obtain a specific quality assurance level, the
sampling procedures of Practices E105 and E122 shall be followed.
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8.2 The appropriate specification will have requirements for number and size of samples required for laboratory testing.
8.3 Where the testing is to take place at the site of installation or use, the appropriate standard will provide provides direction to
the person performing the testing as to the number of test locations and how they are determined.
9. Conditioning Laboratory Testing
9.1 Do In a laboratory, do not stack the specimens during any conditioning. They shall be under the intended use condition or
preconditioned at 50 6 2 % relative humidity and 23 6 2°C for a minimum of 4 h, or until desired temperature is attained. Samples
to be tested at other than these conditions shall be stored in the desired environment for at least 4 h, or until they reach the desired
temperature, before testing. Samples shall be tested (that is, impacted) within 10 s after removal from the environmental chamber.
Samples shall be returned to the environmental chamber within 20 s after impact and stored for at least 2 h between drops. Testing
at other than ambient precludes conducting successive drops at short time intervals.The specification to which the sample is being
tested outlines all requirements for conditioning of laboratory test samples.
9.2 The specification to which the sample is being tested will outline all requirements for conditioning of laboratory test samples.
9.2 The specification to which the surface system is being tested in the field will outline outlines all requirements of conditioning
or preparation requirements for the surface or the selection of the test location.
NOTE 2—Due to differing thermal conductivities and the extreme time dependence of temperature profiles in most materials exposed to extreme surface
temperature changes, there may be variability introduced by this type of testing.
10. Procedure
10.1 Perform an instrument check as described for the appropriate instrument in Annex A1A1.21 and Annex A2. Reference drops
are performed appropriate to the test.
10.2 Place the specimen under the missile, or orient the dynamic test equipment over the playing surface system.
10.3 Determine the baseline by preloading the test specimen to 6.8 kPa (1.0 psi) for Procedure A and adjusting the recorder to read
zero penetration. When testing at other than ambient conditions, determine the baseline with the sample at the desired test
temperature.Drop Height Control:
10.3.1 For “A” missile tests the guidance tube used shall have a release mechanism located to provide the drop height as required
by the specification to which the tests are being performed.
10.3.2 For “E” missile tests the missile shall be supported at the specified drop height above the surface by a structure such as
a tripod with the missile elevated to the drop height as required by the specification to which the tests are being performed.
NOTE 3—For test specifications where an impact velocity rather than a drop height is specified, the drop height shall be calculated as:
h 5 v ⁄2g (1)
where:
h = drop height cm (in.)
v = velocity cm/s (in./s)
2 2
g = acceleration due to gravity 981 cm/s (386 in/s )
10.4 Set the theoretical drop height to obtain the desired impact velocity.
10.4 Release the missile, and record the results in accordance with the recommended procedures of the equipment manufacturers.
10.5 Make three consecutive drops at intervals of 1 6 0.5 min, unless otherwise specified (see specified.Annex A1).
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10.6 Ensure the measured drop height corresponds with the theoretical drop height.drop height measured by the test instrument.
11. Evaluation of the Data
11.1 Select the appropriate calculations as the relevant specification.
11.2 G —Determine the maximum deceleration in the time-deceleration history to the closest G.
max
11.3 The drop test data shall be reviewed at the time of testing and evaluated for G , velocity, and anomalies in the data, for
max
example large variation in peak from one drop to the other for the same location, that could affect the validity of the data. The actual
measured drop height shall be compared to the calculated drop height reported by the instrument (A1.19.1) to ensure the missile
trajectory was not impeded in any way.
11.3.1 Where an anomaly is found, the testing shall be terminated and the device brought into compliance prior to proceeding.
12. Report
12.1 Report the following information:
12.1.1 Complete identification of material tested, including type, source, manufacturer’s lot number (if appropriate), thickness (if
measureable),measurable), and any other pertinent information,
12.1.2 Conditions of test, including temperatures, humidity, and any other pertinent data,
12.1.3 Date of test,
12.1.4 Procedure used and missile description, including mass and geometry,Missile used (A or E), manufacturer, model and serial
number,
12.1.5 Method of determining the baseline,Measured impact velocity or drop height as provided by impact test instrument,
12.1.6 Impact velocity,
12.1.6 Average Impact data for each drop and average values of last two of three impacts or as specified,
12.1.7 G , and
max
12.1.8 Head Injury Criterion (HIC) depending on specification.specification,
12.1.9 Date of most recent reference drops, and
12.1.10 Date of most recent calibration certificate of the test instrument.
12.2 Where additional reporting requirements are called for inby the standard that to which the test is being performed to,
performed, this shall be added to that report.
13. Precision and Bias
13.1 Precision Procedure A—The reproducibiltiyreproducibility is estimated to be 615 % between laboratories and 62.5 %
within a laboratory.
NOTE 4—This precision statement is based on a series of round-robin tests. The data were analyzed in accordance with Practice E691.
13.2 Precision Procedure E—In a preliminary inter-laboratory study, three samples (two reference MEP pads and a unitary surface
sample) were tested by five laboratories, using a total of seven different impact test systems. Based on this study the
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inter-laboratory reproducibility limit of the test method is estimated to be 65 % for g-max and 610 % for HIC. The estimate
assumes that laboratories will conform to the equipment requirements of this specification and that the tested specimen has minimal
inherent variability.
13.3 Potential sources of error or deviations that were accounted for in the procedure are as follows:
13.3.1 Variations in the time between impacts required,
13.3.2 Variations in the impact velocity as a result of differences in drop height or friction in the drop guidance system, and
13.3.3 Variations in test laboratory temperatures.
13.3.4 Variations in the anvil, floor, or subbase on which the sample was laid.
14. Keywords
14.1 G ; head injury criterion (HIC); impact; playground; playing surfaces; shock absorbing; surface materials
max
ANNEXES
(Mandatory Information)
A1. APPARATUS
A1.1 Anvil—For tests performed on surface samples in a laboratory, the surface sample shall be mounted on a rigid anvil or base
having a mass at least 100 times that of the missile. A bare concrete floor shall be considered a suitable anvil.
A1.2 Missile:
A1.2.1 The user is to select the appropriate missile as called for in the surface specification. The missile shall have one of the
combinations of mass and geometry specified in Table A1.1. (See also Fig. A1.1.)
A1.2.2 The missile includes cavities and additional components required to accommodate the attachment of sensors or to attach
a supporting assembly. The form of any cavities or additional components shall be generally symmetrical about the Z-axis of the
level missile such that center of mass lies within 0.08 in. (2 mm) of the Z-axis and the moments of inertia about any two horizontal
axes do not differ by more than 5 %. (See Fig. A1.2.)
TABLE A1.1 Missile Mass and Geometry
Missile Impacting Mass Geometry
Surface
Shape
A Cylindrical 9.1 ± 0.050 kg Circular face with an area of 129 ±
(20.0 ± 0.11 lb) 2.0-cm (20 ± 1.0-in. ) and a
circumference-relieved radius of 2 ±
0.25 mm (0.08 ± 0.01 in.) to
eliminate sharp edges
D Cylindrical 2.25 ± 0.050 kg Circular face with a diameter of 50 ±
(4.95 ± 0.011 lb) 0.1 mm (1.97 ± 0.04 in.) and a
circumference-relieved radius of
0.75 ± 0.25 mm (0.03 ± 0.01 in.) to
eliminate sharp edges
E Hemispherical 4.6 ± 0.02 kg Hemispherical face with a diameter
(10.1 ± 0.05 lb) of 160 ± 2 mm (6.3 ± 0.1 in.)
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FIG. A1.1 Schematics Showing Approximate Relative Geometries of the A, D, A and E Missiles
FIG. A1.2 Missile Reference Plane
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A1.2.3 When a supporting assembly (for example, a handle or ball arm) is rigidly attached to the missile as a means of connecting
it to an external guidance system the total mass of the drop assembly, which is the combined mass of the missile, accelerometer
and supporting assembly shall be that defined in Table A1.1. The mass of the supporting assembly alone shall not exceed 30 %
of the total mass.
NOTE A1.1—An additional missile described as Missile “D” has been removed from this revision as it is individually and fully detailed in Test Method
F1702 and Test Methods D5874.
A1.3 Guidance Mechanism for Guided Impact Tests—TestsFor guided impact Missile A— tests, the missile is connected to
low-friction guides (such as a monorail, dual rails, or guide wires) using a follower or other mechanism in order to constrain the
fall trajectory of the missile to a vertically downward path. Missile A and D are guided using a ventilated tube. The guidance
systemMissile A is guided using a ventilated tube. The ventilation shall be sufficient to prevent the air compression caused by the
falling missile from slowing the velocity of the missile. The guidance tube must allow the missile t
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