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ASTM E313-98

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Calculating Yellowness and Whiteness Indices from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates

Standard Practice for Calculating Yellowness and Whiteness Indices from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates

SCOPE
1.1 This practive provides numbers that correlate with visual ratings of yellowness or whiteness of white and near-white or colorless object-color specimens, viewed in daylight by an observer with normal color vision. White textiles, paints, and plastics are a few of the materials that can be described by the indices of yellowness or whiteness calculated by this practice.  
1.2 For a complete analysis of object colors, by a specified observer and under a specified illuminant, use of three parameters is required. For near-white specimens, however, it is often useful to calculate single-number scales of yellowness or whiteness. This practice provides recommended equations for such scales and discusses their derivations and uses, and limits to their applicability (see also Ref (1)).
1.3  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use .

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Dec-2000
ICS
17.180.20 - Colours and measurement of light
Technical Committee
E12 - Color and Appearance
Drafting Committee
E12.04 - Color and Appearance Analysis
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E313-00 - Standard Practice for Calculating Yellowness and Whiteness Indices from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates
Effective Date
10-Dec-2000

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ASTM E313-98 - Standard Practice for Calculating Yellowness and Whiteness Indices from Instrumentally Measured Color CoordinatesASTM E313-98 - Standard Practice for Calculating Yellowness and Whiteness Indices from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates
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ASTM E313-98 - Standard Practice for Calculating Yellowness and Whiteness Indices from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or
withdrawn. Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: E 313 – 98
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Practice for
Calculating Yellowness and Whiteness Indices from
1
Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 313; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope E 991 Practice for Color Measurement of Fluorescent
3
Specimens
1.1 This practice provides numbers that correlate with
E 1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrophotometric Data for
visual ratings of yellowness or whiteness of white and near-
3
Object-Color Evaluation
white or colorless object-color specimens, viewed in daylight
E 1247 Test Method for Identifying Fluorescence in Object-
by an observer with normal color vision. White textiles, paints,
3
Color Specimens by Spectrophotometry
and plastics are a few of the materials that can be described by
E 1331 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by
the indices of yellowness or whiteness calculated by this
3
Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry
practice.
E 1345 Practice for Reducing the Effect of Variability of
1.2 For a complete analysis of object colors, by a specified
3
Color Measurement by Use of Multiple Measurements
observer and under a specified illuminant, use of three param-
E 1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-
eters is required. For near-white specimens, however, it is often
3
surement by Tristimulus (Filter) Colorimetry
useful to calculate single-number scales of yellowness or
E 1348 Test Method for Transmittance and Color by Spec-
whiteness. This practice provides recommended equations for
3
trophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry
such scales and discusses their derivations and uses, and limits
2
E 1349 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by
to their applicability (see also Ref (1) ).
3
Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional Geometry
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E 1360 Practice for Specifying Color by Using the Optical
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3
Society of America Uniform Color Scales System
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
E 1499 Guide to the Selection, Evaluation, and Training of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3
Observers
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
E 1541 Practice for Specifying and Matching Color Using
3
2. Referenced Documents the Colorcurve System
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3. Terminology
D 1535 Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell Sys-
3
3.1 Terms and definitions in Terminology E 284 are appli-
tem
cable to this practice.
D 1729 Practice for Visual Examination of Color Differ-
3
3.2 Definitions:
ences of Opaque Materials
4 3.2.1 perfect reflecting diffuser, n—ideal reflecting surface
D 1925 Test Method for Yellowness Index of Plastics
3
that neither absorbs nor transmits light, but reflects diffusely,
E 284 Terminology of Appearance
with the radiance of the reflecting surface being the same for all
E 308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by
3
reflecting angles, regardless of the angular distribution of the
Using the CIE System
incident light.
E 805 Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of
3
3.2.2 whiteness, n—the attribute of color perception by
Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
which an object color is judged to approach the preferred
white.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-12 on Appear-
3.2.3 whiteness index, WI, n—a number, computed by a
ance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.04 on Color and
given procedure from colorimetric data, that indicates the
Appearance Analysis.
degree of departure of an object color from that of a preferred
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 1998. Published December 1998. Originally
published as E 313 – 67. Last previous edition E 313 – 96.
white.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
3.2.4 yellowness, n—the attribute of color perception by
this practice.
3 which an object color is judged to depart from colorless or a
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.
4
preferred white toward yellow.
Discontinued; see 1994 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E 313
3.2.5 yellowness index, YI, n—a number, computed by a presented for measurement in the manne
...

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5.1 The most direct and accessible methods for obtaining the color coordinates of object colors are by instrumental measurement using spectrophotometers or colorimeters with either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring systems. This test method provides procedures for such measurement by reflectance spectrophotometry using a hemispherical optical measuring system.  
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5.2.1 All types of object-color specimens to obtain data for use in computer colorant formulation.  
5.2.2 Object-color specimens for color assessment.
5.2.2.1 For the measurement of plane-surface high-gloss specimens, the specular component should generally be excluded during the measurement.
5.2.2.2 For the measurement of plane-surface intermediate-gloss specimens and of textured-surface specimens, including textiles, where the first-surface reflection component may be distributed over a wide range of angles, measurement may be made with the specular component included, but the resulting color coordinates may not correlate best with visual judgments of the color. The use of bidirectional geometry, such as 45/0 or 0/45, may lead to better correlations.
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5.2.3 Specimens with bare metal surfaces for color assessment. For this application, the specular component should generally be included during the measurement.  
5.3 This test method is not recommended for measurement of the following types of specimens, for which the use of bidirectional measurement geometry (0/45 or 45/0) is preferable (Guide E179):  
5.3.1 Object-color specimens of intermediate gloss,  
5.3.2 Retroreflective specimens, and  
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1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of the reflection properties and color of object-color specimens by the use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with a hemispherical optical measuring system, such as an integrating sphere.  
1.2 The test method is suitable for use with most object-color specimens. However, it should not be used for retroreflective specimens or for fluorescent specimens when highest accuracy is desired. Specimens having intermediate-gloss surfaces should preferably not be measured by use of this geometry.  
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ASTM E1247-12(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Detecting Fluorescence in Object-Color Specimens by Spectrophotometry

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4.1 Several standards, including Practices E991, E1164, and Test Methods E1331, E1348 and E1349, require either the presence or absence of fluorescence exhibited by the specimen for correct application. This practice provides spectrophotometric procedures for identifying the presence of fluorescence in materials.  
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4.4 The confirmation of the presence of fluorescence is made by the comparison of spectral curves, color difference, or single parameter difference such as ΔY between the measurements.
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1.1 This practice provides spectrophotometric methods for detecting the presence of fluorescence in object-color specimens.
Note 1: Since the addition of fluorescing agents (colorants, whitening agents, etc.) is often intentional by the manufacturer of a material, information on the presence or absence of fluorescent properties in a specimen may often be obtained from the maker of the material.  
1.2 This practice requires the use of a spectrophotometer that both irradiates the specimen over the wavelength range from 340 nm to 700 nm and allows the spectral distribution of illumination on the specimen to be altered as desired.  
1.3 Within the above limitations, this practice is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument or material.  
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ASTM E1336-11(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Obtaining Colorimetric Data From a Visual Display Unit by Spectroradiometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The most fundamental method for obtaining CIE tristimulus values or other color coordinates for describing the colors of visual display units (VDUs) is by the use of spectroradiometric data. (See CIE No. 18 and 63.) These data are used by summation together with numerical values representing the 1931 CIE Standard Observer and normalized to Km, the maximum spectral luminous efficacy function.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many competent measurement laboratories comply with accepted quality system requirements such as ISO 9001, QS 9000, or ISO 17025. When using standard test methods, the measurement results should agree with those from other similar laboratories within the combined uncertainty limits of the laboratories’ measurement systems. It is for this reason that quality system requirements demand that a statement of the uncertainty of the test results accompany every test result.  
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1.1 This guide is intended for use in establishing the operating characteristics of a visual display unit (VDU), such as a cathode ray tube (CRT). Those characteristics define the relationship between the digital information supplied by a computer, which defines an image, and the resulting spectral radiant exitance and CIE tristimulus values. The mathematical description of this relationship can be used to provide a nearby device-independent model for the accurate display of color and colored images on the VDU. The CIE tristimulus values referred to here are those calculated from the CIE 1931 2° standard colorimetric (photopic) observer.  
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1.1 This guide is intended for use in selecting terminology, measurement scales, and instrumentation for describing or evaluating such appearance characteristics as glossiness, opacity, lightness, transparency, and haziness in terms of reflected or transmitted light. This guide does not consider the spectral variations responsible for color, but the geometric variables described herein can importantly affect instrumentally measured values of color. This guide is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument or material.  
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ASTM E2301-12(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Daytime Colorimetric Properties of Fluorescent Retroreflective Sheeting and Marking Materials for High Visibility Traffic Control and Personal Safety Applications Using 45°:Normal Geometry

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5.1 This test method provides procedures for obtaining tristimulus values, luminance factors and chromaticity coordinates of fluorescent-retroreflective materials by bispectral colorimetry using a 45:0 or 0:45 optical measuring system.  
5.2 The CIE 1931 (2°) standard observer is used to calculate the colorimetric properties of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and markings used in daytime high visibility traffic control and personal safety applications because in practice these materials are primarily viewed from a distance where they subtend less than 4° of the visual field.  
5.3 This test method is applicable to object-color specimens of any gloss level.  
5.4 Due to the retroreflective properties of these materials the colorimetric data may not be suitable for use in computer colorant formulation.  
5.5 This test method is suitable for quality control testing of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials.
Note 1: Separation of the fluorescence and reflectance components from the total colorimetric properties provides useful and meaningful information to evaluate independently the luminescent and diffuse reflective efficiency and consistency of these materials.  
5.6 This test method is the referee method for determining the conformance of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials to standard daytime colorimetric specifications.
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ASTM E1477-98a(2022)(Test Method)
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5.1 Acoustical materials are often used as the entire ceiling of rooms and are therefore an important component of the lighting system. The luminous reflectance of all important components must be known in order to predict the level of illumination that will be obtained.  
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5.4 The use of this test method for determining the luminous reflectance factor is required by Classification E1264.
SCOPE
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