ASTM D6699-01(2006)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Sampling Liquids Using Bailers
Standard Practice for Sampling Liquids Using Bailers
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
A bailer is a device for obtaining a sample from stratified or un-stratified waters and liquid wastes. The most common use of a bailer is for sampling ground water from single-screened wells (Fig. 1) and well clusters (see Guide D 4448).
This practice is applicable to sampling water and liquid wastes. The sampling procedure will depend on sampling plan and the data quality objectives (DQOs) (Practice D 5792).
Bailers may be used to purge ground water wells prior to sampling, but bailers are poor devices for removing large volumes of water.
Bailers may be used to sample waters and liquid wastes in underground and above ground tanks and surface impoundments. However, the design of the unit and associated piping should be well understood so that the bailer can access the desired compartment and depth. Any stratification of the liquid should be identified prior to sampling.
Note 1—Viscous liquids and suspended solids may interfere with a bailer’designed operation.
Bailers do not subject the sample to pressure extremes. Bailing does disturb the water column and may cause changes to the parameters to be measured (for example, turbidity, gases, etc.).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for sampling stratified or un-stratified waters and liquid waste using bailers.
1.2 Three specific bailers are discussed in this practice. The bailers are the single and double check valve and differential pressure.
1.3 This standard does not cover all of the bailing devices available to the user. The bailers chosen for this practice are typical of those commercially available.
1.4 This practice should be used in conjunction with Guide D 4687, Practice D 5088, and Practice D 5283.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation:D6699–01 (Reapproved 2006)
Standard Practice for
Sampling Liquids Using Bailers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6699; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for sampling strati-
fied or un-stratified waters and liquid waste using bailers.
1.2 Three specific bailers are discussed in this practice. The
bailers are the single and double check valve and differential
pressure.
1.3 This standard does not cover all of the bailing devices
available to the user. The bailers chosen for this practice are
typical of those commercially available.
1.4 This practice should be used in conjunction with Guide
D4687, Practice D5088, and Practice D5283.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D4448 Guide for Sampling Ground-Water Monitoring
Wells
D4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste Sampling
D4750 Test Method for Determining Subsurface Liquid
FIG. 1 Bailer Sampling a Screened Well
Levels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (Observation
Well)
D6051 Guide for Composite Sampling and Field Subsam-
D5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment
pling for Environmental Waste Management Activities
Used at Waste Sites
D6232 Guide for Selection of Sampling Equipment for
D5283 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Re-
Waste and Contaminated Media Data CollectionActivities
lated to Waste Management Activities: Quality Assurance
D6517 Guide for Field Preservation of Ground-Water
and Quality Control Planning and Implementation
Samples
D5681 Terminology for Waste and Waste Management
D6564 Guide for Field Filtration of Ground-Water Samples
D5792 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Re-
D6634 Guide for the Selection of Purging and Sampling
lated to Waste Management Activities: Development of
Devices for Ground-Water Monitoring Wells
Data Quality Objectives
2.2 EPA Standard:
EPA SW 486 RCRA Samples
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.03 on
3. Terminology
Sampling Equipment.
3.1 See Terminology D5681.
Current edition approved May 1, 2006. Published May 2006. Originally
approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D6699-01. DOI:
4. Summary of Practice
10.1520/D6699-01R06.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
4.1 A clean bailer is lowered into the liquid to be sampled
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
using a suspension line (see Fig. 1). The bailer chamber is
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. allowed to fill with the sample. The check valve or valves on
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D6699–01 (2006)
TABLE 1 General Advantages and Limitations of Bailers
bailers close when the bailer stops. The bailer is raised to the
surface where the sample is discharged into a clean sample Advantages Limitations
confiner.
Simple to use Time consuming to use
Some have a low initial cost Valves may leak
Can be made almost any size Tend to expose sample to the
5. Significance and Use
atmosphere
5.1 A bailer is a device for obtaining a sample from Can be constructed of a variety May result in sample
of materials contamination
stratified or un-stratified waters and liquid wastes. The most
No external power source Bailers are not suitable for
common use of a bailer is for sampling ground water from
needed sampling thin surface layers
single-screened wells (Fig. 1) and well clusters (see Guide like thin layers of light non-
aqueous phase liquids
D4448).
5.2 This practice is applicable to sampling water and liquid
wastes. The sampling procedure will depend on sampling plan
and the data quality objectives (DQOs) (Practice D5792).
5.3 Bailersmaybeusedtopurgegroundwaterwellspriorto
sampling, but bailers are poor devices for removing large
volumes of water.
5.4 Bailers may be used to sample waters and liquid wastes
in underground and above ground tanks and surface impound-
ments. However, the design of the unit and associated piping
should be well understood so that the bailer can access the
desired compartment and depth.Any stratification of the liquid
should be identified prior to sampling.
NOTE 1—Viscous liquids and suspended solids may interfere with a
bailer’s designed operation.
5.5 Bailers do not subject the sample to pressure extremes.
Bailing does disturb the water column and may cause changes
totheparameterstobemeasured(forexample,turbidity,gases,
etc.).
6. Sampling Equipment
6.1 Bailers are versatile devices constructed in different
sizes and from a variety of materials. Some bailers are
designed using a threaded section that allows the user to
FIG. 2 Single Valve Bailer
change the volume of the bailer by connecting additional
sections. When sampling for volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) in liquids, specialized bailers that have a sample 6.2.2.1 Asingle check valve bailer is a length of tubing with
control or a draft valve near the bottom of the bailer are used. acheckvalveinthebottom.Thebottomvalveallowsthebailer
Thecontrolvalveallowsasampletobedrainedfromthebailer to fill and retain the sample.
with minimal loss of volatile compounds. 6.2.2.2 The bottom-emptying bailers with controlled flow
valves (Fig. 3) are used for collecting samples for volatile
6.2 Three general types of bailers are a single check valve
bailer, a double check valve bailer, and a differential pressure organic analyses.
bailer (hydrostatic pressure allows the bailer to fill through the 6.2.2.3 Advantages—Low initial cost, and it is mechani-
lower tube and release displaced air through the upper tube). cally simple.
Advantages and limitations of bailers are found in Guides 6.2.2.4 Limitations—Applicable to surface sampling only,
D6232 and D6634. A description of the equipment and the disturbs the sample, and exposes the samples to the atmo-
advantages and limitations of bailers in general and specific sphere.
limitations of the single and double check valve bailers and the 6.2.3 Double Valve Bailers (Fig. 4):
differential pressure bailer are as follows: 6.2.3.1 Adouble check valve bailer has an additional check
6.2.1 General Description and Advantages and Limitations valve at the top of the body that allows sampling at a specific
of Bailers: depth. As the bailer is lowered through the liquid column, the
6.2.1.1 Bailers are available commercially in different liquid flows through the bailer until the sampling level is
lengths, volumes, and check valve density and sample release reached. At the sampling point, the two check valves close to
arrangements. They are typically constructed of PTFE, poly- contain the sample. Because the difference between each ball
vinyl chloride (PVC), stainless steel, and polyethylene (single and check valve seat is the same, both check valves close
use disposable bailer). simultaneously upon retrieval. The valve from the valve seat is
6.2.1.2 General advantages and limitations of bailers are maintainedbyapinthatblocksverticalmovementofthecheck
listed in Table 1. ball. A drainage pin is placed into the bottom of the bailer to
6.2.2 Single Valve Bailer (Fig. 2): drain the sample directly into a sample bottle.
D6699–01 (2006)
FIG. 3 Bailer Emptying Device
FIG. 5 Differential Pressure Bailer
sample size compared to other bailers, the required rapid
lowering of the bailer may disturb the sample matrix, and cross
contamination from potential lea
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